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144unwritten languages. It replaced preexisting writing systems (such as Malay and Persian) with the new 'Islamic' writing system based on Arabic. Similarly, Latin script was introduced to local unwritten languages in the West, in conjunction with Christianity (ibid).
In general, in the middle Ages, the dependencies between religions and languages were especially diverse and deep. In comparison with modern culture, the Middle Ages is characterized by a closer and biased attention to the word. All these are the features of cultures that developed on the basis of the religions of Scripture.
An additional topic that has drawn some attention, and which concerns the relationship between religion and language, relates to the influence of religion on language maintenance. Probably the most salient case is the effect of Judaism on Hebrew. For hundreds of years Hebrew was not never an official language and nor was it tied to any nationality. Notwithstanding this, Hebrew has survived to become a national language receiving internationally and official recognition (Ferguson, 1982).
According to these researchers, language "shapes our higher cognitive processes, such as social influences and value judgments, by virtue of its inherent involvement in the process of acquiring cultural practices" (Kashima and Kashima, 1998: 462).
III.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:
Summing up the study of religion and language interrelation following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Cultural beliefs, values and customs reflect on a language of a person and the way he communicates in society.
2. Language and religion have their certain content and a style for conveying this content.
3. Language comprises the unpretentious, most elementary picture of the world; religion is the most multipart, while the content of religion includes components of a different psychic nature as sensually optical, logical, emotive, instinctive, and inspirational.
4. Apostolic or prophetic languages are the languages which glorified one religious doctrine.
5. While religious texts are translated to other languages they do not lose their sacredness.
6. Intersection of supra-ethnic cult languages and folk languages are very significant pages in the process of adding up new literary language in written culture.
7. Religious and confessional factors played (and are playing!) an outstanding role in the fate of languages and, more broadly, in the history of human communication.
References:
1. Ferguson, C. Religious factors in language spread. In R. Cooper (Ed.). Language spread: Studies in diffusion and social change. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 95-106. 1982.
2. Geertz, C. Ethos, world-view and the analysis of sacred symbols. The Antioch Review, 17, (4), 421-437. 1957.
3. Geertz, C. Religion as a cultural system, in the interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. London: Fontana Press, 87-125. 1993.
4. Kashima, Y. and Kashima, E. Culture and language: The case of cultural dimensions and personal pronoun use. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 461-486. 1998.
5. Schiffman, H. Linguistic culture and language policy. London: Routledge. 1996.
6. Wolfson N. Speech event and natural speech: Some implications for sociolinguistic methodology. Language in Society, 5(2), 189-205. 1976.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROVERBS WITH COMPONENT DENOTING "MONEY" IN
UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Uzbekistan World State Languages University English second faculty-2 Senior teacher: Polvanova Mahzuna Farxadovna
Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Abstract. This article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of proverbs with component denoting "money" in Uzbek and English languages. And in this article we investigated proverbs with component denoting "money" through analysis of both languages in order to highlight entities that play a role in people's daily life, and to establish the maintain individuality in society. In order to make it easy to perceive for those willing to keep up their educational and scientific carrier in the science of Uzbek and English languages it was purposed to broaden their view on ways of teaching and peculiar features. Moreover proverbs with component denoting "money" c an reflect the wealth of language displaying cultural paradigms of speakers of a particular language. The most attention is paid to the role and place of Uzbek and English proverbs concerning the word "money" and their etymology as well in two countries with the specific features. Except this a language reflects the particular culture of its nation, especially proverbs' role in reflecting national specificities and culture of this nation is considerable. In addition, we can say not only traditions of the people, but also historical places, outstanding people and famous characters of the notion are expressed in proverbs.
Key words: Comparative, component, proverbs, particular language, culture, etymology, national specificities, educational, paradigms, reflect, individuality;
I. Introduction
Phraseology is a popular field of diverse philological investigations. Nowadays a number of scholars turn their attention to the science of phraseology. One of the ideas is connected with the understanding of phraseological units as phenomena of culture and therefore the function is investigated in cultural context. Thus phraseology has entered the sphere of sociolinguists. One of the best definitions of phraseological units is as follows: it is a stable, coherent combination of words with partially or fully figurative meaning. Phraseology is one of the most interesting subjects of investigations in Modern linguistics. Phraseological units and especially proverbs, was investigated in a great number of research works. Phraseology is an integral and virtually prominent discipline of any language with the deep history of evolvement. One of the perceptions concerning to the comprehension of phraseological units as phenomena of culture and therefore the function is investigated in cultural context. Phraseological units reflect the wealth of language displaying cultural paradigms of speakers of a particular language. Phraseological units as a particular section of language shined a light on linguists of the 20 the century and this word combination became the object of scientific investigation.
There are many phraseological units and proverbs that contain monetary system. The same as other proverbs or phraseological units, they came from people's everyday life, prose and poetry, myths, fables, slang, novels and other sources. Quite a few proverbs with component denoting money are familiar to people of different nationalities, and in order to show the tradition, culture or personality of the nationality. It's natural that a learner wants to know how to say those colorful expressions in different languages. It's more interesting to analyze historical version and modern version of proverbs with form of comparison in two different languages. By learning proverbs our youth can be cleverer and extend their speech.
II. Literature Review:
A proverb is a popularly known, repeated and concrete saying with complete utterance; they express as truth based on common sense or the practical experience of people. According to the linguist W.Mieder's point about proverb he considers: "A proverb is a short , generally known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical , fixed and memorable form and which is handed down from generation to generation" [W. Mieder, 1993 p-27]. It is clear from the definition that proverbs are usually based on metaphor and have figurative meaning. History shows that the creative practice of writers normally was successful in case when author developed meaning of words according to the rules of internal language development. The impact of internal rules of language development reveals the fact that alongside with direct meanings figurative meanings also appear as a result of metaphorization process. Development of meanings of words can be vividly traced in the phraseological innovations of writers, in which words put into new and unusual contacts assume quite different meanings. V.V.Vingradov said: "it is quite necessary to dwell on the nature of enriching and complicating meanings of the words belonging to the lexicon of language, as the semantic development of the lexicon words is related to enriching standard language phraseology". Formation and extension of figurative meanings in the words belonging to the lexicon result in creating phraseological units included into the lexicon of language. [Arnold.I.V, 1996. p295]
Proverbs have greatly history around the world. From ancient proverbs were among the people. In this issue the most attention is paid to the comparison of Uzbek and English proverbs concerning the word "money" and their etymology as well in two countries with the specific features. During the conversion the usage of the word "money" can be encountered frequently according to the condition and proverbs about the money also utilized in most cases in order convey the people's situation in an appealing way. Uzbek language has evolved for a long time and during this period it gathered substantial amount of phraseological units that people considered successful and famous with the favor of omnipotent culture and national traditions. A language reflects the particular culture of its nation, especially proverbs' role in reflecting national features and culture of this nation is considerable. As for English country people use proverbs in speech so often, those proverbs will be a valuable help to the advanced people of the language. English proverbs are attractive because they involve a small mass of comparatively accessible material. Proverbs are, moreover, easy to group and to execute. Proverbs are so much the common property of all Englishmen that in conversation it is often enough to repeat just the beginning of a proverb; the rest easily supplied by the other collocutor. By studying English proverbs we can know the history of that country. We introduce the political, economic, social life of the country. Moreover, our issue is closely connected with tradition and culture of people and explains the origin of a large number of phraseological units and proverbs with component denoting money. If we examine them, the dominant subtype of phraseological units and proverbs, we observe that they involve elements regarded as relevant for various reasons: natural elements, being a good or bad man, salient aspects of everyday life and others.
Additionally we can say not only traditions of the people and national notions, but also historical places, outstanding people and famous characters of the notion are expressed in proverbs. The proverbs have been given in order to show wisdom, instruction, understanding, justice, judgment, subtlety to the knowledge, discretion, learning counsel and to understanding a proverb and interpretation the words of the wise and their dark sayings. [N. F.Ochilova, 2014 p-14].
It is obvious that appearing and forming of proverbs, besides, admitting them into live conversations by the nation takes sometimes considerably long period of time. The English and Uzbek languages are believed to have long history. English has background that comes from the Latin language, therefore a huge number of English proverbs or phraseological units stock have Latin bases; some of them are identical to the historical forms, some of them faced to changes in comparison with the old ones. Through many years, other languages have been affecting to the English language, too. As a result, some proverbs are often borrowed from them in the way of translating proverbs into English as well. W. Mieder introduces the four major sources four common European proverbs, including English, namely the Greek and the Roman Antiquity, the Bible, the Medieval Latin and the loan translations [W. Mieder 1993, p. 6]. The Uzbek language possesses also long background. It is true that this language was given the name of "Uzbek language" recently, but this language has existed since approximately XXI century. A huge number of proverbs, sayings and aphorisms are considered as a great wealth of the Uzbek culture. [U.K Yusupov. 2013, p 27 ] The main sources may be classified as followings: some characters from religious sources and the borrowed translations (mainly from the Arab, Tadjik, Persian and Russian languages). Moreover, there are some proverbs that come from sayings created by the mass media (TV, radio or social nets), expressions of films and songs, and even advertising slogans in all languages including English and Uzbek. However, they need some time to become or to form new proverbs as well.
By analyzing the word "money" in etymological point of view, it was clarified that, the word money refers to two concepts: the abstract unit of account in terms of which the value of goods, services, and obligations can be compared and anything that is widely established as a payment. English people use proverbs in speech so often, that proverbs will be a valuable help to the advanced people of the language. English proverbs are attractive because they involve a small mass of comparatively accessible material. Proverbs are, moreover, easy to group and to execute. By studying English proverbs we can know the history, political, economic and social life of the country. When we glance to history of the proverbs about money, there are some sources that were effective in development of the folk and culture.
For instance, the proverb "Get the money honestly if you can." English proverb appeared early 19th century in the poetry of Horace (65-8BC). The English proverb "Money has no smell" used firstly in 20th century, but originally deriving from a comment made by the Roman Emperor Vespasian (AD 9-79), in response to an objection to a tax on public lavatories.[ http://blog.oup.com ] And in Uzbek language also there are majority amount of proverbs about money and its saving like "Suvdek kelgan pul suvdek oqib ketadi", "Pul-belga, quvvat", "Pul jigardan bunyod bo'ladi.".
In Uzbek language all of the proverbs and sayings about money represent nations' deep history and custom that possess deep meaning and morality. [T.Mirzayev, A.Musoqulov, 2009] So, English and Uzbek proverbs have very rich and different sources of enlarging which make them brighter and colorful, providing interests to a people's attitudes and outlook to the life. Moreover, Uzbek and English language also there are considerable amount of proverbs related to the word money and their usage. While translating them with the help of phraseological translation could be found the proverbs with the same meanings. Phraseological translation include the use in the text of stable units of varying degrees of proximity between a unit of English language and the corresponding unit of Uzbek - from full and absolute equivalent to approximate phraseological correspondence. In order to talk further about if method of translation, we will give a definition of the phraseological equivalent. Phraseological equivalent- it is phraseologizm on translation language, by all indicators equal to the translated unit. [N.D. Djalilova, 2019 p 49-50].
According to the analysis of the proverbs concerning to "money" in two countries, there could be founded some similar equivalents that can be compatible and akin completely from lexical point of view. For example:
- "A fool and his money are soon parted" [https://www.myenglishteacher.eu] - means that people spend their money on foolish things will lose their money and become poor. This is something that often happens to people who suddenly get a lot of money, especially if that money comes in one lump sum or over the period of a few years. In Uzbek form it can be similar with the proverb "Xisobini bilmagan hamyonidan ayrilar."
- "A good name is better than rich " - means that a good reputation is worth more than any amount of money .Uzbek form is "Boy bo 'lay deb izzatingdan ayrilma". Nonetheless, it can be identified significant amount of similar proverbs in two languages according to the meaning, the perspectives and viewpoints are various considerably. In English language the word "money" is used more positively. This word somewhat means power and superiority in English as "Money makes the world go round" while in Uzbek language this word take negative sign like "Pul- qo 'lning kiri" in the light of the impact historical events. This is usually said to encourage someone to either not be disappointed because they feel are lack of money. Or in order to remind he people those who are focusing too much money.
- "Cash is King"- means that, in many places around the world, credit cards and other kind of payments and investments are not believed to be as reliable as cash. Uzbek form is "Naqd asl, nasiya kasal".
- "It takes money to make money"-this proverb is used when speaking about investments and ways to make more money. Usually, to make money you have to have some already. Uzbek form is "Pulni pul topar. "
- "Money talks" -means that, money can be great power and influence compared to promises or words alone. Uzbek form is "Og 'zi qiyshiq bo 'lsa, boyni bolasi gapirsin. "
- "A penny saved is a penny earned. "-means that, not spending money is almost the same as earning it, because it will still be in your pocket. Uzbek form is "Don ayagan donga yetar ".
- "God help the rich, the poor can beg"- means that, in most occasions riches are more successful than poor people. Riches can resolve any problem by only one action or words, when poor people may spend whole life for this implementation because of financial deficiency. Uzbek form is "Boy ham boyga, Xudo ham boyga."
By knowing the history of proverbs we can compare the idea of proverbs some centuries ago and now. There are, furthermore, curious details of cultural history in some proverbial comparison and these must be examined and interpreted Example: "Bad money drives out good.", "Money can't buy happiness.", "Money isn't everything"or "as good as gold" and Uzbek proverbs such as "Hamma narsani pul bilan o 'Ichab bo 'Imaydi", "pul topguncha aql top " they refers to the good and bad behavior or features of people characters. Some proverbs are related to some folk practice and customs. For example, every cloud has a silver lining. In the past English believed that, nothing was wholly dark or full of unmixed sorrow or gloom. There was some good in every evil. In history, as we know, it was not easy to live, there were a lot of difficulties. Some proverbs came from ancient people deeply rooted beliefs such as their superstitious tendency and belief. In the past English people believed that if the person waked up early, he would be lucky. In turn English people have got a proverb "the early bird catches the worm" or it has another version "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise " and it refers to waking up early in the morning and going to bed early allows for people to have a productive day. Going to bed early will assure that one has a good night's sleep, and waking up early allows for one to have an entire day to get things accomplished. For this reason they believed that, an early riser is sure to be in luck with both morally and financially. Our Uzbek people also agree with this proverb and in Uzbek it is used as "Erta turganga Hudo berar" and means, the one who is prompt to seize is opportunities achieves success.
There are many synonym words and phrases in a language, proverbs can be synonymous to one another. Sometimes their meanings are similar and they can substitute one another in a context. However, many of synonym proverbs cannot be absolute synonyms even they resemble one another semantically. Because, expressiveness in their meanings differs in some degree from each other, consequently they are used in different cases and situations - so they own different pragmatic and sociolinguistic features: some of them are mostly applied in formal (official) cases while some of them often appear in informal (oral) conversations. Though the proverbs that given above have several synonyms they cannot substitute one another in a context, otherwise the semantic or stylistic balance would be destructed roughly.
1. Example: Money makes the world go round - Pul bo 'lsa changalda sho 'rva, Puling bo 'lsa hamma quling, tog'u tosh ham bo 'lar yuling [https://www.myenglishteacher.eu]; [T.Mirzayev, A.Musoqulov, 2009]
In these proverbs it is said money is an important part of everyone's daily life around the world. Without money, many things we do or need would not be available to us. In semantic point of view, these two proverbs seem identical, but their pragmatic features are different: the English proverb is usually used in more formal and literary styles, in its turn the Uzbek one is mostly applied in colloquial speech and second one in literary form.
2. Example: Money is a good servant/slave, but a bad master. -Pul topguncha-aql top.
It means that money is beneficial to buy what we need and pay for things. But, using all of our time trying to earn more money and missing out on things that are more important, such as family, means that money is controlling us like a master controls his servant or slave. The concept of these proverbs in two languages is close to each other.
3. Example: A friend in court is better than a penny in purse. - Boylik boylik emas, birlik boylik (Wealth is not wealth, solidarity is wealth). The main meaning of these proverbs (4) represents that friendship is more valuable or necessary than money, it is real wealth. The existence of the cultureme "penny" proves that it belongs to the English nation. The English culture compares friendship with the currency and it says friends are better than pennies; being friends is equalized to real wealth in the Uzbek one.
Furthermore, it should be stated that, while translating the proverbs into another language especially should be taken into consideration the main types of translation of phraseological conformities including complete, partial and absence conformities. Complete conformities, "Money does not grow on the trees"-"Pul daraxtda o 'smas. "there is a complete coincidence of the form and of the meaning. Example: Stop asking for things you do not need and don't really want. Money doesn't grow on trees as you know. Partial conformities, "A penny saved is a penny earned."-"Pulpulni topar"-they are figuratively close, but differ in lexical composition, morphological number and syntactic arrangement of the order of the word. Example: I heard that millionaire lost everything in his divorce; it is proof that money can't buy happiness. And the last one is absence of conformities, "Money talks"- "Og'zi qiyshiq bo 'lsa, boyni bolasi gapirsin." Based on real words that denote objects, phenomena, a typical the certain people. There is no closeness between the proverbs according to structure and word choices, only the meaning is remained but not form. Example: If you want them to let you into the club, give them some money, money talks.
As the result we can say that proverbs are the outcome of language. They come from people and are used by people. Proverbs, as a prominent scholar once said the mirror of a nation and the living fossil of a language, do play an important role in different languages and cultures.
III. Conclusion:
To sum up, proverbs come to be a very numerous parts of the English and Uzbek languages. They differ semantically, structurally, stylistically and even pragmatically from one another. Proverbs cover many drawbacks of the culture of a nation. Proverbs serve to describe, define and express the culture of the language in which they exist. One can see national notions, things, feelings, traditions, well-known ancestors, even the names of places -cultural points in the fund of a language. The function of proverbs is to teach and advise people what they see in
their lives. Many English proverbs guide people to adopt a correct attitude towards life and to take a proper way to get along well with others. Some other proverbs tell people what to do and how to do it, so the proverbs guide people's daily life. From the proverb, people can broaden their knowledge to avoid making mistakes, with keen observation of people stand to benefit greatly. Proverbs are short sayings of folk wisdom of well-known facts or truths compendious expressed and in a way that makes them easy to remember. On the one hand, the cognitive view permits to access the universal principles that underlie the cognition of proverbs. Also the social and pragmatic view allows us to look beyond the linguistic structure of proverbs in order to explore the reach amount of background knowledge and cultural beliefs they portray.
English and Uzbek proverbs connecting with the components denoting "money" reflects the mentality, culture and traditions of a nation and takes important place in the language of this nation. In both languages, proverbs about money are various, besides synonymous or antonymous proverbs can be found among them. But their synonymic and antonymic relations are not considered to be absolute, because they are chosen according to a context, as a result their meanings may be also slightly changed. Therefore, applying a proverb in an appropriate place makes a speech clear and fluent.
REFERENCES
1. W. Mieder. International Proverbs Scholarship. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993. -p 27
2. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка. - Москва: Высшая школа, 1996. -295 с.
3. N. F.Ochilova . Semantic structures of English phraseological units and proverbs with proper names. 2014 .- p14
4. T.Mirzayev, A.Musoqulov. O'zbek xalq maqollari - Toshkent: G'ofur G'ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi, 2009.
5. N.D. Djalilova The analysis of idioms comparison in Uzbek and English Languages. 2019.- p 49-50
6. Yusupov U.K. Contrastive Linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Tashkent: Akademnashr, 2013. P. 27-262.
7. http://blog.oup.com
8. https://www.myenglishteacher.eu
9. https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/english-proverbs-about-money/
PENETRATION OF TERMINOLOGICAL UNITS INTO COMMON VOCABULARY
Ortiqova Iroda Shuhratovna
Teaching English methodology department, UzSWLU, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Abstract. Author illustrates the transition of terms into everyday language in her article, is called determinologization. But like many other questions in thermal science, this question has not received an unambiguous solution. Attraction of the problem of determinologization is due to several reasons. Firstly, the penetration of special lexical units into a common language is an active process in many languages, including Uzbek, Russian and English. Many linguists say, that about 80-90% of new vocabularies are terms. The impetus for such an intellectualization of language was given by the general informatization of society. However, in linguistic works there is no orderly picture of this problem, which is primarily expressed in the ambiguous interpretation of the term "determinologization" itself.
Key words: determinologization, term, language lacuna, everyday language, terminologization, despecialization, speech register, semantics._
The philosophical concept of our time asserts a complete priority of information ov er other components of being. The linguistic side of the information pulsar of modern life is fixed in the fact of the mass penetration of terms into everyday speech. According to S.V. Grineva [2000: 3] "the increase in the number of terms of various sciences overtakes the increase in the number of commonly used words of the language, and therefore, at present, the number of terms of individual sciences exceeds the number of commonly used words."
This state of affairs could not but affect the linguistic space of the mass media (media), fiction, advertising and conversational discourse. Entering a different functional environment affects the terminological essence of the special unit, and investigatively entails the emergence of new regularities for the existence of terms.
The high socionomicity of terms in the general discourse leads to the need to describe, systematize and analyze the mechanisms of terminology migration, the peculiarities of their perception and use by naive native speakers, which makes an attempt to give comprehensive coverage of special vocabulary outside their own style register.
The deepening international integration contacts determine the importance of a comparative study of this process in English and Russian.
In connection with the massive transition of new terms to the Common Usage, there is a need for interpretation termolexes that transcend the boundaries of special Uses and operate in a non-special register, identify the most
