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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF WORD FORMATION OF A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES Akramova N.M.1, Akhmadjonova Sh.T.2 Email : Akram [email protected]
'Akramova Nozima Muzaffarovna — Senior Teacher, TEACHING LANGUAGES" DEPARTMENT, MANAGEMENT IN PRODUCTION FACULTY, FERGHANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE; 2Akhmadjonova Shakhnoza Tolibjohn qizi — Undergraduate, DEPARTMENT LINGUISTICS (ENGLISH LANGUAGE), FOREIGN LANGUAGES FACULTY, FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article attempts to systematize the available theoretical material in the field of functional styles of the English language. The author of the article considers that functional styles are language subsystems, each of which has its own specific features in lexicon and phraseology, in syntactic constructions, and sometimes in phonetics. Occurrence and existence of functional styles is caused by specific conditions of communication in different spheres of human activity. Each style represents a system of closely connected lexical, grammatical and phonetic means. The name functional style is very successful, because the specificity of each style follows from the features of language functions in this area of communication. Thus, for example, the publicistic style has its main function of influencing the will, consciousness and feelings of the listener or reader, while the scientific style - only the transmission of intellectual content. The functional styles are well studied, and the differences in their distinction concern only the style of fiction prose and the single newspaper style.
Keywords: functional, scientific language style, official business, journalistic, newspaper, artistic language style, process, phenomena, clarity, coherence, activity, abundance, use, speech, fixed, terms, text, document.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГАЗЕТНОЙ СТАТЬИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ И УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ Акрамова Н.М.1, Ахмаджонова Ш.Т.2
'Акрамова Нозима Музаффаровна - старший преподаватель, кафедра обучения языкам, факультет управления в производстве, Ферганский политехнический институт; 2Ахмаджонова Шахноза Толибжон кизи — магистрант, направление: лингвистика (английский язык),
факультет иностранных языков, Ферганский государственный университет, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья рассматривает вопром словообразовательных характеристик газетной статьи в английском и узбекском языках. Автор статьи считает, что функциональные стили являются подсистемами языка, каждая из которых обладает своими специфическими особенностями в лексике и фразеологии, в синтаксических конструкциях, а иногда и в фонетике. Возникновение и существование функциональных стилей обусловлена спецификой условий общения в разных сферах человеческой деятельности. Каждый стиль представляет собой систему тесно связанных лексических, грамматических и фонетических средств. Название функциональный стиль представляется очень удачным, потому что специфика каждого стиля вытекает из особенностей функций языка в данной сфере общения. Так, например, публицистический стиль имеет своей основной функцией воздействие на волю, сознание и чувства слушателя или читателя, а стиль научный - только передачу интеллектуального содержания. Функциональные стили изучены достаточно хорошо, и расхождения в их выделении касаются только стиля художественной прозы и единого газетного стиля.
Ключевые слова: функциональный, научный языковой стиль, официальный бизнес, журналистский, газетный, художественный языковой стиль, процесс, явления, ясность, последовательность, активность, изобилие, использование, речь, фиксированный, термины, текст, документ.
UDC 81.25
There are many views on how text should be classified according to its style and type. Here are some of them. B.A. Kukharenko distinguishes the following functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, newspaper, artistic. The scientific style, according to V.A. Kukharenko, is used in the professional communication [1]. The most characteristic features of this style are the abundance of terms referring to objects, phenomena or processes typical of any narrow sphere of the human activity. The scientific style is also characterized by high accuracy, ultimate clarity and logical coherence of speech. This is achieved mainly through the use of established phrases and cliches, which are repeatedly used in all texts of this style. Official business style is the style of official documents and business correspondence. V.A. Kukharenko considers this style the most conservative, as texts of this style are made according to a common template established for each text type. They also use many syntactic structures and words considered to be archaic and fixed as terms in texts. The structure of the text of a document is strictly regulated by the norms of its writing (such components as address, signature, reasons for address, etc.). The texts of this style categorically prohibit the use of emotional, simple and evaluative vocabulary. The publicistic style is a style known for its pragmatic function, aimed at convincing the reader of something, its task is to influence the reader and form a certain opinion about the narrated subject, coinciding with the author's opinion. The text of this style clearly shows an active argumentation of his position in relation to the problem and a high degree of subjectivity, reflecting the personal feelings of the author and his emotions about the described problem. Thus, it is possible to draw a conclusion that personal pronouns, direct references, emotional-evaluation vocabulary, and syntactic constructions aimed at calling to action will be widely used in texts of the publicist style.
Newspaper style is used in the texts of newspapers. But not all the texts published in the newspapers, according to Kukharenko, belong to the newspaper style. The author notes that the newspaper style refers only to those texts that can be found only in newspapers and cannot be found in other printed publications, such as magazines, booklets, posters, etc. The purpose of a newspaper text is to attract the reader's attention. Therefore various special graphic means are widely used, such as a special format of the title, non-standard arrangement of the text on the page, color selection, etc. In such texts, there are a large number of dates, names of their own, names of organizations and geographical names. The texts of newspaper articles are usually objective, impersonal and do not reflect the personal attitude of the author to the described event. Therefore, such texts are often anonymous and lack the author's personal evaluation. But, nevertheless, emotionality is present in such texts, and the position and attitude to the problem described in the article are clear. This is achieved through the use of emotional vocabulary and is clear from the topic of the article itself [1].
The language of the newspaper certainly has a certain specificity that distinguishes it from the language of fiction or scientific literature, from spoken speech. This is the result of a long selection of language expressive means that are the most appropriate for the social task that the newspaper performs as the main media. Expressive means of language and stylistic techniques are widely used in the fiction text. In other words, the use of stylistic means is a characteristic feature of the style of fiction. This does not mean, however, that stylistic means are not used in other functional styles. The English newspaper text is more characteristic of the original, spoken, individual, developed stylistic devices, which make the newspaper text expressive and appreciated. Unlike the English newspaper language, the Uzbek newspaper language contains traditional, linguistic and erased stylistic techniques in more sustainable expressions.
One of the characteristic features of a newspaper article is the widespread use of neologisms. As is well known, neologisms are words and word combinations created for notions of political, scientific or general use, formed according to the word education models and laws in force in the language, or borrowed from other languages. The development of a language is largely conditioned by the development of its word formation system, changes in the existing ones, increasing or decreasing their productivity and many other factors of the word formation process [2].
The creation of new words is carried out, first of all, as a reflection in the language of the needs of the society in the expression of new concepts constantly arising from the development of science, technology, culture, social relations, etc. In English, examples of neologisms are the words that have appeared relatively recently:
Half -life- период полураспада; tracer atom- меченый атом; advertology -наука о рекламе; ambush interview заранее не обусловленное интервью (например, вопросы, застающие интервьюируемого врасплох, неожиданное интервью); televiewer- телезритель; bedrock audience -постоянная аудитория (зрителей, читателей, радиослушателей); combination head- общий заголовок; dutchman - короткая заметка (служащая для заполнения неиспользованной газетной полосы); gee-whizz journalism - проф.сенсационная журналистика; penny press -бульварная пресса; spot news экстренное сообщение, новости "в последний час".
In Uzbek newspaper language the examples of neologisms are the words that appeared after the country's independence:
- social-political terms: vazir, vazirlik, devonxona, hokim, tuman, agrofirma, fermer, kirakash and others;
- economic terms: diler, lizing, injenering bozor infrastrukturasi;
- scientific and technological terms: internet, kompyuter, diskovod, skaner; akademik litsey, kollej, dastur.
Obviously, such words are only perceived as neologisms until the concepts they express become familiar, after which they are firmly included in the vocabulary and are no longer perceived as new. It should be noted that neologisms tend to emerge from the existing language tradition, using the formation tools already available in the language.
By its structure and method of formation, the neologisms in the language of newspapers are represented by several variants. The most characteristic ways of neologisms in the language of the English newspaper is the word formation, affixing, conversion, abbreviations, changing the meaning of words and borrowings from other languages. In the Uzbek newspaper text, neologisms are formed due to internal and external language factors. The internal factors of the language include expansion due to the meaning of a word and the use of derivation. External factors include borrowing. Each of them has its own characteristics, so they should be disassembled separately [3].
References / Список литературы
1. Kukharenko V.A. Practical course of stylistics of the English language. Moscow, 1986. P. 61-62.
2. Cannon K.I. Word structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 236.
3. Usmonova D.S. Rol' i osobennost' somaticheskikh frazeologizmov razlichnykh yazykov. // "Mirovaya nauka"№ 9 (30), 2019. [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://science-j.com/domains_data/files/30/Usmonova3.pdf/ (date of access: 10.02.2020).
SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A COMPONENT-ORNITONYM IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES Makhmudova N.R. Email: [email protected]
Makhmudova Nargiza Ravshanovna — Teacher, ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT, FOREIGN LANGUAGES FACULTY, FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article under discussion considers semantic features of phraseological units with an ornithonim component in English. There are many stable combinations that give the language of any nation a special flavor. Phraseological units are a special layer of vocabulary in any language. They are figurative and capacious language units, which most clearly record the images created by man, i.e. zoo idioms. In languages, there are often phrases with an ornithonim component - ornithonim idioms which concretize the general concept of "zoonym" and specialize in birds. The study of ornithonyms and the phraseological units including them occupies a special place in linguistics and linguoculturology, as it allows learning a lot about the cultural component of the people's consciousness and their everyday experience.
Keywords: language, ornithonym, bird, vocabulary, special, flavour, layer, phraseological, image, culture, unit, linguistics, concept.
СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ С КОМПОНЕНТОМ-ОРНИТОНИМОМ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ Махмудова Н.Р.
Махмудова Наргиза Равшановна — преподаватель, кафедра английского языка, факультет иностранных языков, Ферганский государственный университет, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
