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1
Eshboev B. associate professor Abduraimov B. student
Department of Geography Karshi state university
NATURAL - GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS OF USING THE MOUNTAIN AND NEAR-MOUNTAIN AREAS OF KASHKADARYA
REGION
Abstract. The article describes the natural geographical basis of the use of mountain and sub-mountain areas of Kashkadarya region, their impact on landscapes is evaluated, geographical and geo-ecological problems of mountain and sub-mountain natural complexes are described.
Key words: tog" va tog" oldi hududlari, tabiat komplekslari ta'siri, geografik muammolar, geomorfologik muammolar.
Introduction. There are many laws and laws of change and development of nature, learning and knowing them will facilitate the optimal use of resources, the development of landscapes in the direction of destruction, pollution of the environment and impoverishment of resources will be prevented. The natural complexes of mountain slopes, valleys and mountain plains are constantly changing under the influence of gravitational force, large slope, oil-valley winds, underground and surface water flow and other factors. As a result of human economic activities, the placement of industrial enterprises on mountain slopes and valleys, the influence of the above factors causes environmental pollution, destruction, and out of circulation. Man has implemented large-scale creative projects in the mountain and sub-mountain regions and is constantly developing the production forces based on the use of available resources. These large-scale anthropogenic changes (reservoirs, floodplains, railways and highways, canals, hydroelectric nodes, tunnels, various engineering structures) have a long-term stable function if they are compatible with the influence of local natural conditions and factors of the area.
The main part. The use of nature is planned, staged, standardized, acting with a view to the distant future, a tactic of putting resources into circulation in a scientifically based manner, economy, wide use of renewable natural resources if there is another non-renewable alternative (wind, solar energy, etc.), It relies on more use of secondary resources in the production, timely and high-quality reclamation, regular use of low-waste and no-waste technology, full maintenance of environmental cleanliness, achieving favorable environmental conditions, and other principles.In the process of using the natural environment, it is necessary to apply measures for its protection at the same time and some of them in advance,
to replace the toxic chemical substances used against diseases and insects in plants with biomethods as much as possible, for polluting and destroying it during the use of nature. it is also important to apply large fines and to apply taxation in some cases to the process of nature use in general.
a) Change of mountain and sub-mountain landscapes. The variability of mountain and sub-mountain complexes is determined by factors such as the composition of the rocks that make them up, the slope of the slope, the level of vegetation cover, and the nature of human economic activity. People often carry out economic activities without fully taking into account the landscape condition, dynamic and development stages of the slopes. The anthropogenic impact can exert different pressure on the current state of the landscape, its dynamic variability and the general direction of development. When the most important resources are used unreasonably, negative changes in the structure and dynamic state of mountain landscapes begin to occur. As a result of this, the law of natural interdependence and influence between landscape components and complexes is violated.
b) Natural geographical problems of mountain and sub-mountain complexes. Since mountain and sub-mountain areas are single, interconnected natural complexes, taking into account the exchange of matter and energy and their one-way movement, they can be called a whole geosystem in a certain sense. Mountain complexes are created, formed and developed at the expense of mountain geosystems. Taking this law into account, all structural and dynamic changes occurring in mountain complexes depend on the scale of natural and anthropogenic functional phenomena and processes. The changes that occur in the cone spreads: the increase or decrease in the thickness of coarse rocks or loess deposits depends on the speed of erosion and floods that occur on the mountain slopes. The presence of heavy metals in the soil of the foothills of the Fergana Valley cones is explained by the production activities of industrial enterprises located on the slopes of low mountains (Zevardi, Zarmas, Karatag, etc.).
c) Current geomorphological problems of mountain and sub-mountain plains. During the former Soviet Union, the main task of geological, geomorphological, glaciological and natural geographical research in Central Asia was to collect data and put them into a system. Many research scientists have dealt with these issues. However, perfect associations were not created based on the comparative analysis of regional data. Below, we will think about some problems that have been published on geomorphology and natural geography and need to be solved by comparative analysis of the data in them. One such problem is the concept of a mountain in family and high school geography education and its classification according to its height.
A hill, height or ridge made of Mesocene deposits cannot be called a mountain. For example, Beltog - Lower Amudarya, Mokhovtog - Fergana Valley, etc. were said to be the wrong mountain by local residents, and the mountain was also written on the maps. However, their absolute height does not exceed 300 m.
Hills with a meso-Cenozoic layer and steep slopes, with skirts and above the sea level can be called a mountain. Z.A. Svarichevskaya (1965), who analyzed the hypsographic curve of the earth's land, classified the mountains according to their height as follows: low mountains - up to 2000 m, medium-high mountains - up to 3000 m, high mountains - up to 5000-5500 m and the highest mountains - more than 5000 m. Taking into account that the average height of land is +875 m, the scientist believes that places with a height of 900 m can be called mountains.
Poslavskaya.O.Yu. (1980-1989) classifies the mountains used for the orography of the territory of Uzbekistan as follows: low mountains - from 350400 m to 1000-1200 m, medium mountains - from 1000 m to 2500-3000 m to, high mountains - more than 3000 m. He believes that the highest mountains are not in the territory of Uzbekistan (Hazrati Sultan - 4648 m).
It is appropriate to accept the alternative of Z.A. Svarichevskaya's classification of mountains according to the height of the world. In our opinion, it is possible to consider low mountains up to 2000 m, medium-high mountains up to 3000 m, high mountains up to 5000 m, and the highest mountains over 5000 m, but some scientists say 6000 m. m. This classification corresponds to the morphological and geological structure of the world's mountains.
Location of soils in mountain and sub mountain regions
Soils Area, thousand Comparison ratio, Height above sea
hectares % level, meters
High mountain light 540 4,0 2800-3500
brown soil
middle mountain 1662 12,4 1700-2800
brown and brown
soils
Dark gray soils 1055 7,9 750-1200
Typical gray soils 3051 22,7 500-750
Light gray soils 2592 19,3 250-500
Meadow gray and 781 5,8 250-500
gray-meadow soils
Alluvial soils of gray 748 5,6 250-500
soil regions
Slopes 3000 22,3 -
TOTAL: 13429 100
4616 hectares of dry land located in this region have 350-900 mm of precipitation on 1371, 1 thousand hectares and are fully supplied with moisture. 2009 thousand ha had 280-300 mm of precipitation, semi-provided with moisture, and 1235, 8 thousand ha had 250-280 mm of precipitation - not supplied with moisture. The ongoing land report shows that the irrigated land area of Uzbekistan on January 1, 2002 is 4,300,000, which makes up 95% of the agricultural production of our republic. Development of new land is decreasing year by year due to water shortage in our republic. As a result, taking into account the fact that the growth rate of the population is higher than the irrigated land, the irrigated
land area per capita is sharply decreasing. In 1980, it was 0.26 ha per capita, in 2000 it was 0.20 ha, in 2010 it was 0.17 ha and in 2020 it was 0.15 ha.
Conclusion. As a result of large-scale floods in the mountainous and mountainous regions, lands used for agriculture are eroded, the fertile soil layer is washed away, and ravines are formed. Incorrect use of land, insufficient volume of work against erosion, incorrect placement of agricultural crops, and irregular grazing of livestock are the reasons for the increase of such processes. The only way to eliminate these shortcomings is to plant fruit and decorative trees on terraces on the basis of special projects, using organizational-economic-agrotechnical, forest melioration and hydrotechnical measures in mountainous regions.
As a result of the conducted scientific and calculation works, it is known that the expenses will pay for themselves in 6-8 years. Judging by the results of the research project carried out in Kashkadarya region, there is an opportunity to plant more than 100,000 ha of fruit trees in mountainous lands in our Republic. The use of such an opportunity is of great importance in the development of agriculture, prevention of water and wind erosion, and preservation of the ecological environment.
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