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Eshboev B. associate professor Xalilova E. student
Department of Geography Karshi State University
FORMATION OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL PROCESSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREAL
Abstract. In the article, the influence of the geological and geomorphological features of the region on the occurrence of natural geographical processes occurring in this region and its scope, the main orographic forms of Uzbekistan and their role in the formation of geographical processes have been determined.
Key words: geographical processes, geomorphological influence, relief
forms.
Introduction. Three quarters of the territory of our republic consists of plains and one part of mountains. The lowest lands are located in the lower reaches of the Amudarya and on the shores of the Aral Sea. They are only 60-100 m above sea level. The land surface of Uzbekistan gradually rises from the west and northwest and north-west to the east and south-east. In front of the mountains in the east and south-east, there are elevated lands, which are called hills.
The main part. Plains: The western and northwestern parts of Uzbekistan consist of plains. These are part of the Turonian Plain and were the site of the Tethys Sea in geological times. After the sea receded to the west, small rocks were deposited as a result of water runoff from the mountains in the east. Later, the wind blew these rocks from one place to another, forming dunes and dunes in sandy areas. Among the rocks that brought water, besides sands, there were also clays. Thick layers of clays are mostly accumulated in the foothills and river valleys. The largest flat land in Uzbekistan is located in Kyzylkum. Here, low mountains - Bokantou, Tomditou, Ovminzatou, Kuljuktou, in the west Sultan Uwais and other mountains rise between sandy plains.
Among the mountains there are large depressions (Mingbulok, Ayokogitma, etc.). To the east and south of Kyzylkum, there are clay deserts composed of soft rocks. Mirzachol, Dalvarzin steppe, Karnab, Yozyavon, Karakaljuk and Karshi deserts in the Fagana valley are among them. In some places of these deserts, spring rainwater has washed away the soft clay (loess) rocks and created ravines. The part of the plains of Uzbekistan on the shores of the Aral Sea is covered with sand. in sandy lands, furrowed sand dunes, sandy
loams, barhans, and river beds are common. In the Amudarya delta, alluvial rocks are about 100 m thick.
In the north-west of our republic, there is the Ustyurt plateau, which is much higher than the surrounding plains. The steep cliffs rising from the surrounding plains are called chink. The Ustyurt plateau is made of limestone, an ancient marine bed. The surface of the Ustiurt is uneven. It has Karabovur ridge, Borsakelmas and Sarikamish depressions.
Mountains: The mountains of our republic belong to the system of the Tyan-shan and Aloy mountain ranges. Only their western and southern branches are located in Uzbekistan. These mountains decrease to the south and west in the territory of the republic and join the plains. Their highest peaks are in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Mountain systems, which appeared many millions of years ago in the place of ancient seas occupying Central Asia and its nearby territories, the internal forces of the earth created folds from the earth's layers, and high mountain ranges were created from them. But as the mountains got higher, external forces began to affect them more and more. Changes in air temperature during the day and night, glaciers, flowing water, and winds continuously eroded the rocks. Flowing waters washed away the mountain slopes and carried the eroded rocks down to the plains and hollows between the mountains. Concave Mountains are much lower, and the depressions are filled with mountains brought by water, ice, and wind.
Talas olatou in Kyrgyzstan stretches along the geographical latitude. Piskom, Chatkal, Kurama ridges spread like a claw to the southwest. These mountains are all together. it is called western Tyan-shan. The ridges are separated from each other by the Piskom, Chatkal, Ohangaron river valleys. There are permanent snows and glaciers on the mountains. In the north, the mountain of the Chatkal ridge rises from the southern coast of the Chatkal ridge. The peaks of Katta Chimyon (3309 m) and Qizilnura (3267 m) stand out in the lower part of the south-western side of the ridge in the territory of Uzbekistan. The Kurama ridge runs from southwest to northeast, its northern slope faces Uzbekistan. It occupies areas bordering Ohangaron valley.
To the north of the Fagana valley are the mountains of Chotkal, to the east of Fagana, and to the south of the Aloy-Turkestan range. The main high part of these mountains is in Kyrgyzstan, and the lower hills formed from sedimentary rocks are in the territory of Uzbekistan. The main part of these ridges is composed of limestones, shale and igneous rocks folded during the Hersian uplift.
The highest part of the Turkestan range is the Molguzar mountain, and the Nurota range extends from the mountain to the west. The Sangzor river flows through the depression between these two mountains. The narrow part of Sangzor valley is called Temurlang gate. This gorge was formed by the erosion of the mountain by the river.
The average height of the Nurota ridge is 1180 m. Its northern side is steep, and its southern side is sloping. The highest point of the mountain range is the peak of Hayotboshi, the height of which is 2165 m.
The main high part of the Zarafshan range is in Tajikistan. This ridge becomes much lower when it crosses the border of Uzbekistan. These mountains have been greatly eroded under the influence of external forces and are located in the southwestern part of the Hisar mountain range of Uzbekistan. The highest peak in Uzbekistan (4643 m) is located here. The Hisar ridge surrounds Kashkadarya from the east and the Surkhandarya valley from the north. Hisar mountain is made up of some younger mountains. Deposits of the Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Anthropogenic periods occupy the main place. Boysun Mountain (4425 m) is separated from the Hisar ridge. There are only two large glaciers in the western part of the Hisar ridge: Botirboy and Seversov glaciers.
Valleys: In the mountainous terrain of Uzbekistan, valleys occupy a separate place. They were formed as a result of the subsidence of the earth's crust and the washing away of the earth's layers by rivers. Later, these valleys were filled with all kinds of sedimentary rocks eroded and washed down from the mountains, and got their present shape. Rivers flow through the highlands. Rivers formed terraces in the valleys. all terraces are made of sedimentary rocks brought by these rivers.
The lower and middle part of the Chirchik valley consists of a wide plain, and the upper part penetrates between the western Tien Shan mountain ranges. There are also terraces in the Chirchik valley, one of which is the city of Tashkent. Ohangaron valley is between the mountains of Chatkal and Kurama ridge. The lower part of this valley has widened and merged with Chirchik valley.
Fagana valley is one of the most important valleys in Uzbekistan. It consists of a tectonic basin surrounded by high mountains on all sides. Only on the west side is it connected to the Dalvarzin desert through a narrow passage between Mogultou and the mountain of the Turkestan ridge. The central part of the Fargana valley consists of sandy and clay deserts, as well as fertile lands. They are surrounded by hills. The north and south sides of Zarafshan valley are surrounded by mountains. There are Nurota mountains in the north, and the western branches of the Zarafshan range in the south. In this valley, the Zarafshan river created a number of terraces.
The surface of the Kashkadarya valley slopes from east to west, and the Kashkadarya flows through it. In the high eastern part of the valley there is the Kitab-Shakhrisabz pond. The Surkhandarya valley extends from the foothills of the Hissar ridge in the north, to the Amudarya in the south, and expands in this direction. Here are the settlements of primitive man - Teshiktash and Zarovutsay.
Conclusion. The geological and geomorphological structure of Uzbekistan is diverse. The processes of Caledonian, Hercynian, Alpine mountain formation that took place in the history of the earth took place here. Various sedimentary and massive igneous rocks are widespread. The territory of Uzbekistan was
occupied by the Tetis Sea, which was formed in the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era, and islands appeared in it. Since the end of the Silurian, the whole territory of Uzbekistan has been covered by the sea. Its coast was in the place of Hisar mountains. The mountains of Zarafshan and Nurota ridges are slowly rising, and volcanoes are forming in some mountains.
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