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Matnazarov Akmal Ruzivoyevich, Ph.D., student, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Karakulov Nurbol Maidanovich, lecturer, the Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: nkaraqulov@mail.ru
GLACIERS OF THE PSKEM VALLEY
Abstract. This article describes the types, size, retention and reduction of mountain glaciers and their characteristics in the Pskom River basin. The article also lists the major mountain glaciers in the Pskom River basin.
Keywords: glacier, parallel, mountain, the Ugam ridge, regions, active melting, the meantime, eradicate, evolution, adjacent, watercourse, tributary, the territory, Western Tianshan, axis, remarkable, breakdown, altitude, cryogenic plains.
Most of the mountain glaciers in Uzbekistan are located in the Western Tianshan mountain ridges, and the western Tianshan is located in the northeastern part of Uzbekistan, forming its bases in the western foothills of Qorjontog, Ugam, Pskom, Kuksuv, Chotqol, forming ridges, which are parallel to one another and extend from the northeast to the south-west. Here are some of the most favorable conditions for mountain glaciers: glacial valleys, tannins, and cryogenic plains adjacent to the mountain slopes. Therefore, large and dozens of smaller glaciers such as Tekishsai, Tachoshuv, Chotan, Tuzoshuv, and TalasO-latov's western part of the Uzbek territory have been formed.
One of the largest ridges in the northern part of the Western Tien-Shan is the Ugam Ridge, with an average altitude of 3.500 m above sea level. This situation creates favorable geomorphological conditions for glaciers in Ugam Mountain. However, due to the fact that the Ugam ridge is part of Uzbekistan's southernmost part of the watercourse, its offspring constitutes an unfavorable environment for the formation of glaciers. Therefore, glaciers along the main water-bearing parts of the Ugam ridge are only very rare.
The highest point of the Ugam ridge in the territory of Uzbekistan corresponds to the place where it connects with Talas Olatov, reaching 4.131 meters. The main glaciers of the Ugam range are formed in these regions. These regions are divided into two groups: the first region is the southern Maydontol group, which has developed in the right corner of the Ugam ridge toward the Maydontol Ridge. It is about 20 km south-west. In the meantime, 33 glaciers were formed. The second group has 47 glaciers, the largest of which are Chotan-1 (length 4.1 km), Chotan-2 (3.9 km) and Chotan-4 (3 km) long.
The Pskom mountain range is more stable than the Ugam mountain range. In the north-eastern part of the Pskom ridge, it rises to more than 4000 m. On the northern slopes of the
A source of information on the retreat of mountain glaciers in Central Asia, including the territory of Uzbekistan, and some of them are completely eradicated (Shetinnikov A. S., Podko-paeva L. D., Ni A. [1; 3]). Scientific research works by gliaciolo-gists and observations that mountain glaciers in the territory of Uzbekistan are currently undergoing a regressive phase. Uzbekistan's mountain glaciers are currently undergoing regressive stagnation (melting, diminishing the area), but their decline is continuing. At the same time, the interval period decreases, and then goes into growth. However, the glaciers are gradually retreating. There is no clear scientific information about the time when the glaciers' retreat from Uzbekistan began.
In today's global climate change, the glaciers are increasingly facing upstream in the hilly mountain regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which results in shortening of their area, breakdown and, finally, some of the glacial abolition.
In the natural habitats of the mountains of Central Asia and Uzbekistan, the snow line passes about 3.500 m, but the high altitude rates make up less than 20% of the country's territory. Therefore, mountain glaciers are formed in the territory of Uzbekistan along the Western Tyanshan, Gissar mountain ridges. According to recent data on Uzbekistan, 564 mountain glaciers are located in Pskom and Chatkal, Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya basins. These glaciers are 100%, 52% of which are mountainous glaciers (about 3% of the Chatkal basin in Uzbekistan) are located in the Chirchik river basin. The total area of mountain glaciers in the basin is 127.8 km2.
Early researches on mountain glaciers in the territory of Uzbekistan began with the study of mountain glaciers in the western Tianshan. In this regard, D. L. Ivanov's research on the existence of mountain glaciers, formed in 1879, at the beginning of the Maydontol's right tributary, is remarkable. In his research, he informs us about 9 smaller glaciers in the Maydontol area.
GLACIERS OF THE PSKEM VALLEY
Pskom ridge, we can count up to 19 smaller (up to 1.2 km) glaciers to Beshtor (4291 m).
There are 19 smaller (up to 1.2 km) glaciers before the cliff. After the peak of BeshtorShovursoy rises to a height of 4318 m. Therefore, in the Pskom ridge, there are 71 major (3,6 km long tropical) glaciers. Although Talas is located at Olatov, the highest point of the Western Tianshan is Manas (4484 m in Kyr-gyzstan), but its overall altitude is slightly lower than the Pskom axis. Hence, here, Tuzoshuv, Shovursoy, seven, with a length of up to 1.8 km and an average of about 1.0 km are formed.
The Tekishsoy mountain valley, located in the Pskom River basin, is experiencing a decline. Its length in the 1960s was 3.2 km long. This ice cover has dropped by 1.3 km over the next 30 years. Thus, the glacial language dropped to 3.9 m annually. In the upper part of the Bariran River, the Bariran, the Left Bariran and the Lower Bariran glacier were actually a massive iceberg. In recent years, their rapid evolution has led to the separation of three glaciers separately (Table 1). The following table shows the glaciers in the Pskom and Chatkal Basins of the Republic.
Table 1. - Geographical distribution of mountain glaciers along Pskom and Chatkal river basins
№ River Basin Number of mountain glaciers Total area glacier (km2) Additional information
1. Pskom 250 127.8 -
2. Chatkal - - Total 124 ice caps in the basin area, of 51 km2 in Kyrgyzstan
Note: The table was made up based on date of Podkopayev L.D., Shetinnikov А. S.
Table 2.- Large mountain glaciers, located in the Pskom River basin (over 1 km2)
The name of the mountain ice Location (river basin) Area (km2) Length (km) Ice-capped slopes
1. Ayutur-2 Pskom 3,9 3,8 North
2. Ayutur-3 Pskom 3,8 3,8 North
3. Kalesnik Pskom 3,6 3,6 -
4. Chotan-2 Pskom 3,4 3,9 North
5. Chotan-4 Pskom 3,0 3,0 Northwest
6. Barqroq Pskom 2,9 3,2 -
7. Paxtakor Pskom 2,8 3,6 North-East
8. Chotan-1 Pskom 2,4 4,1 South-East
9. Tastorsoy Pskom 2,8 3,6 North-East
10. Torshuv-6 Pskom 2,1 2,2 North -1
11. Termatosh Pskom 2,0 3,0 Northwest
12. GeneralAyutur Pskom 1,8 3,2 North-East
13. Onaolgan Pskom 1,8 3,2 North-East
14. L owerTuproqbel Pskom 1,8 1,0 South-East
15. Tuyaqorin-1 Pskom 1,8 3,6 North-East
16. Shovursoy-2 Pskom 1,8 2,8 North
17. Lower Lake Pskom 1,7 1,1 Northwest
18. Ayutur-2a Pskom 1,7 2,2 North-1
19. West Isinoman Pskom 1,4 1,1 North-East
20. South-EastOqqopchigoy Pskom 1,4 1,8 North-East
21. Middle Lake Pskom 1,4 0,4 Northwest
22. Tastorsoy-1 Pskom 1,6 3,2 North-East
23. NorthOqqopchigoy Pskom 1,2 2,7 South-East
24. Chotan-3 Pskom 1,1 about 1 km North
25. Tastorsoy Pskom 1,0 2,4 North-East
Note: The information was created by the author on the basis of the data
The glaciers in the Pskom River basin account for about 11% of the annual flow of the Pskom River. The active melting of glaciers in the basin falls on July-September.
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