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Nazarov Makhsud Geldiyevich, Researcher of geography Karshi state University E-mail: [email protected]
FACILITIES OF PLAIN LANDSCAPES OF UZBEKISTAN AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Abstract: The article describes the historical and geographical stages of the geological age of the occurrence, formation and sustainable development of Uzbekistan's landscape and a special place in the history of landscape development. Dynamic development of the landscape in the period is detailed in the example of the Zarafshan Ditch and the Kashkadarya Basin.
Keywords: Ore Landscape, History of Development, Geographical and Archaeological Periods, ancient settlements, Neolithic and Bronze Periods, Geoecological Situation, Protection, Mapping, Forecasting.
Anthropogenic landscape landscapes, which have a special place in the present-day geosystems and are an integral part of them, are a specific historical category. The occurrence, formation and development of the archeological landscape are part of a certain geological era and play a special role in the history of the landscape sphere. In order to know the history of formation and formation of anthropogenic landscape lands in any region, its development should be based on palaeo-geographic, historical-genetic and archaeological methods. By studying the history of the formation of anthropogenic landscapes and their age, F. N. Milkov [1, 11-27], V. Jekulin [2, 6-7], A. A. Abdulqosimov [3, 16-21] and others engaged in. At the same time, all the geosystems emphasized that the morphological structure of the anthropogenic landscape landscapes of each region is a historical category.
According to the zonal stratification characteristics of anthropogenic landscapes, they began to form at different times and formed. According to F. Milkov and V. Jekulin, the origin of anthropogenic landscapes in the central and northernmost plains of the Eastern European plains suggests that neolithic origin began in Neolithic, and later in the northern foothill zone, in Mesopotamia and even in the Middle Ages, in Me-solithic and even Neolithic.
A. A. Abdulqosimov has analyzed the history of formation and formation of anthropogenic landscape landscapes in Central Asia and Uzbekistan, explaining that they were formed and developed under the influence of human activity in various geographical and archeological epochs. Based on these historical genetic and archeological methods, A. A. Abdulko-simov defined the following major historical and geographical centers of anthropogenic landscape landscapes in Central Asia and Uzbekistan: South-West Turkmenistan, Southern Turkmenistan, South-East Turkmenistan, Southern Uzbekistan, Khorezm, Ferghana, South Kyzylkum and Samarkand Historical and Geographical Centers. Each of these centers
differs from one another at the time of their appearance and formation. The Samarkand Historical and Geographical Center, which is one of the largest centers of nine anthropogenic oocynal landscapes, is based on the origin and formation of the above mentioned Zaporozhny shrubs.
The first impact of the ancient people on the first natural wildlife landscapes in the Zarafshan ditty began from the mid-Pleistocene 100-40 thousand years ago, or from the Middle Paleolithic period of archaeologists. The most ancient people of Zarafshon were the oldest people on the slopes of Oman-qoton on the northern slope of the Zarafshan mountain range and near the ancient Kuchumbulak waterfall in the Narpay district, located in the plains of the prolific plain. According to Archeologists, Neanderthal type ancient people lived in medieval paleolithic sites. They affected the nature of the surrounding habitat, including the animal world. This is evidence of paleozoological materials found in middle paleolithic basins. For example, ancient people living in the cave of Omanqota were engaged in hunting and were found in the cultural layers of the archaeological excavations conducted by the bones of animals such as arches, deer, horseradish, brown beard, rabbit, Nearly 10,000 stone weapon and various stone materials found in Middle Paleolithic. In the cave of Ammanu found work tools of diorite, quartz and lightning stones - cutting blades, pens, and pillars. Hence, ancient people have also used the rocks forming the basis of natural landscapes.
In the upper Pleistocene, the ancient people gradually abandoned the caves in the mountains and began to come to the central parts of the Zarafshan ridge, to the upper terraces of the Zarfshon River, to the delta of the large rocks. More than 40-12 thousand years ago, the people of the Great Paleolithic era settled around the gardens in the central part of present-day Samarkand. This location is studied in detail by archaeologists, and it is called the ancient city of Samarkand. Older people living in the High Paleolithic eras were occu-
FACILITIES OF PLAIN LANDSCAPES OF UZBEKISTAN AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
pied with open-air dwellings, engaged in tree cutting, hunting, fishing, and hunting. The impact of the economic activity of people in this period covered the valleys and delta landscapes of the rivers. About 7500 hunting and labor weapons, found in the Samarkand settlement, are made of solid rocks such as green silicon, diorite, amphibolite gneiss, extracted from the Choponta hill by A. Askarov and DN Lew [4, 21-30]. The Upper Paleolithic men were engaged in hunting Przewalsky horse, wild beasts, various herbs, Pleistocene cattle, and influenced the nature of the wildlife around Samarkand.
Tribes living in the valleys of the Zarafshan River and in the delta of the big rocks begin to engage in irrigated agriculture during the Bronze Age. From the first half of the Bronze Age to the Greater Holocene, a variety of anthropogenic landscapes are formed that are associated with the development of the personality society. Agriculture plays a major role in agriculture in that era. During the Bronze Age, people were digging the ground and digging the canals to sow crops along with wheat, barley, and tares. Thus, natural landscapes in the terraces of the Zarafshan ditch and the delta of the large sediments were changed as a result of the economic activity of people, and instead of anthropogenic oak landscapes. Gradually the development of irrigated agriculture enabled the expansion of the irrigated landscape landscape and the formation of the city's selector landscapes.
It should be noted that during the Bronze Age the influence of man on natural landscapes has changed from quantity to quality change. In areas where irrigated farming is concerned, natural plants are replaced by cultivated crops -agrolandshaft, irrigated soils are formed by agro-rehydration deposits, and anthropogenic breakdowns occur in irrigated erosion areas. However, the anthropogenic landscapes, especially those of the ooche landscape, were local (local) in the first half of the upper Holocene. The primitive people of the Bronze Age were also engaged in the art of their time and culture. 20 km south of the city of Samarkand, depicting the wildlife hunting scenes of the primeval hunters on the rocky cliffs of the Ellisoy Valley of the Mount Karatepa and the Kara-gaskasoy valley of Mount Ho'bdin. More than 50 photos have been found. In the rock are pictures of animals, various animals, including goats, camels and other animals. Archeologists say that these pictures are of bronze and iron age.
The second half of the top golocene corresponds to the iron age of archaeologists. During this period, the state of iron control over the material culture of the population and the weapons of mass destruction, the process of formation of the class society and the great states began. From the millennium BC, ie, in the culture of the population, the development of the forces of production will accelerate, the technique will grow, and human nature will begin to widerly exploit it by
studying the laws of nature. At the same time, a new phase of human impact on the landscape complexes of the Zarafshan ridge begins. During this period a number of urban selector landscapes were erected in the valley of the Zarafshan ditch, on the shores of the northern slopes of the Zarafshan ridge and in the north of the Yangirabot castle of the Khatirchi district. These are cities such as Afrosiyob, Kofirqal, Chldhortepa, Kuldortepa, Ishtixon, Rabinzhon, Dabusiya, Kushani, Ho-jaqurgan. At present, these ancient cities are anthropogenic hills that have been devastated and ruined, and that the mad-phoids are in the form of landscaped landscapes [5, 9-13].
In the Zarafshan Dynasty, the formation of a class society and state led to the expansion of urban and rural landscapes and the creation of large cultural centers such as Sughd and Afrosiab. At the beginning of the Iron Age, people engaged in the production of minerals, other than farming and animal husbandry. They built salt from silver, iron, and salt lakes in the surrounding mountains. As a result, there are also technogenic anthropogenic landscapes of local significance.
Hence, in some parts of the Zarafshan River, high gravitates have been intensively shaped by various types and types of anthropogenic landscapes, including arid landscapes, urban and rural seliph landscapes, on the alluvial plains of the Zarafshan River, overlain terraces, and plains proluvial plains. In particular, the area of the oceanic landscapes went down the valley of the Zarafshan River compared to the mountainous plateau. The new era of development of urban and rural landscapes, in particular the role of the present-day era, is enormous. By that time, people were armed with powerful technical equipment, acquired atomic energy, mastered spacecraft, built large reservoirs and major canals, and opened unprotected and ravenous terrain.
Occurrence and formation of the oasis landscapes in the Kashkadarya basin began shortly after the Samarkand and Khorezm landscape landscapes. According to Archeologists, the population at the beginning of the Eneolithic period, at the beginning of the 4th-3th millennium BC, had been cultivated by irrigated agriculture, along with the cattle breeding, along the rivers and streams, and the agrolandshaft and smaller settlements. During the Bronze Age, the Bactrian region of Kashkadarya became a part of the cultivated culture, creating its wheat, barley, oats, cotton and hinges on the loose and abundant lands, creating and forming simple elements of the landscape landscape, and gradually expanding their area. During the Iron Age, irrigation facilities are being built, irrigated agriculture develops, agrolandish and rural selector landscapes are built, and the landscape areas of the oceanic landscape become widespread. Due to the increase in the number of settlements such as Karshi, Shakhrisabz, Kitab, Dehkanabad and Nishan in the Kashkadarya basin, the landscaping of rural
and urban selector lands, the area of agrolandish shores are expanding and the landscape landscapes are steadily developing.
As a result, the landscape of the anthropogenic oasis developed steadily, extending from the eastern part of the Zarafshan stony to the western part of the storm. At the earliest possible stage, the fullest use and transformation of various natural landscape complexes of the inhabitants of Zarafshan
bog, the most urgent problems such as forecasting of negative and positive changes in regional and local natural conditions under the influence of geo-ecological, nature protection and anthropogenic factors, is coming. This, in turn, requires a comprehensive study of the oasis landscapes, a thorough study of emerging geo-ecological situations, serious attention to their protection, and mapping in various sizes.
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