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УДК 80/81 ББК 1
MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES AND THE LEVEL OF USAGE OF THE PREPOSITION «BA=TO» IN THE TAJIK LITERARY LANGUAGE REFERRING TO THE
XVIII-TH CENTURY (on the example of the historical production referred to as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi)
Ismoilov O.B., Ashrapov B.P.
Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov
The study and consideration of new various periods of the development of the history of the Tajik literary language depend on surveying both authoritative prosaic and poetic works referring to the periods of the VIII-IX centuries up to now, in particular, as «in general, the history of literary language can be established on the basis of great men-of-letters creations» [3, p.6]. It is worth mentioning that «determining different periods of the history of the language and its high points of development based on both scientific-historical traces and artistic ones we proceed from the assumption of the actual issues in the field of Tajik linguistics» [1, p.102].
In reference to with, it is impossible to create commonly accepted standard grammar without dwelling on comprehensive analysis of artistic and scientific-historical legacy. The study is aimed at shedding light on the issue beset with morphological peculiarities and level of usage of the preposition «ba=to». The analysis of our corpus is strengthened by the agreeable evidence from «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi including description of different historic events of the Manghtys state, which is supported by and focused on canvassing the theme explored, on the whole. «The research of prosaic works on the example out of this work in regard to this theme pertains to the XVIII-th century.
To begin with, it is important to bear in view that the relevant research work will be also useful for researchers who want to study the linguistic issues dealing with the themes related to ours. A success of any research depends largely on precise comprehension of its objective» [2, p.123]. The system of morphological forms and usage of the preposition «ba=to» in the manuscript in question reveal significant features of its own as any subject under analysis.
It is common knowledge that prepositions occupy a key role as a grammatical tool in the majority of languages of the world in the formation of appropriate expressions. Namely, noun, adjective, verb and useful expressions are formed by dint of prepositions and can express different semantic relations functionally. Thus, the difference between simple and compound sentences reveals another feature of the members of the sentence, that is polysemantic nature of the situation, other members of the sentence is due to the complexity of their meaning and function perform the same grammar obligations.
The object of the corpus of our study is a determination of morphological peculiarities and the level of usage of the preposition «ba=to» in the Tajik literary language referring to the XVIII-th century on the example of the historical production referred to as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi.
The subject of the corpus of our study is the historical production belonging to the XVIII-th century depicting different historic events of the Manghtys' state.
The objectives of the corpus of our study are:
- to canvass the role and place of «ba=to» in terms of its function and meaning;
- to compare the relevance of the theme explored with modern Tajik literary language;
- to dwell on distinguished peculiarities of the preposition «ba=to».
The preposition «ba=to» is considered to be as the very productive one in terms of its meaning and function in our corpus of study. Such feature of this preposition remains in modern Tajik literary language. The preposition «ba=to» possesses several grammatical meanings denoting spatial, non-spatial, and temporal and objective relations, those of cause and purpose, the way of action and situation as well.
Basically, this preposition indicates the direction of action or movement, but depending on verb and noun semantics and the general content of sentence it also denotes spatial, objective and temporal nuances [6, p. 289; 4, 280-287]. In «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» the preposition «ba=to» is used as the most productive ones. In conformity with our statistical method it became clear that the relevant preposition was used more than 4,000 instances. The material we have collected allows us to classify the semantic nuances of this preposition into the following subgroups:
1) As a rule, the preposition «ba=to» comes to express the movement of action towards any object or direction. This leading position of the relevant preposition presents our factual material occurring as very productive and active. From the adduced examples it is clear that «ba=to» is often resorted to before the
names of proper place: ...ba sharoiti nomaho jihati davlatkhohon ba Bukhara va Miyonkolot irsol namudand... (7, 152/302); .bo favje savori karda dar mahozii kala tavaqquf namud, to mardum uro az daryo ba Marv ubur namoyand... (7, 285/567).
2) Then, the mentioned preposition precedes the additional one sounding as «daruni=in, inside» and denoting the action referring to the object. Additionally, «ba=to» is connected with the compound verb «dokhil shudan=to enter» which perform such function, and this grammatical phenomenon is widely-used [5, p.72, 6, p.289]: Az har taraf devorhoro surokhi karda ba daruni kaTa rekhtan... (7, 37/71, 102/201, 115/227, 133/264/264, 134/265, 136/270, 141/280, 199/395, 206/410, 216/429/430, 238/474, 239/475, 258/513/513, 259/515/516, 261/520); .ba miyoni Hisor dokhil shudan... (7, 247/491).
3) In order for a person to engage in any work or occupation: .az jonibayn dasti tajallud ba tiru kamon va sayfu sinon yozida... (7,10 / 17, 14/26); .az maysarari on jamoai kuffor rasida, dast ba tiru kamon va boz ba silohhoi garon yozidand. (7, 113/224 ,115/228/228, 116/229 ,117/232, 123/244/244 ,133/264, 137/271 ,141/280, 144/285 ,148/294, 152/301 ,199 / 395 ,257/512, 290/577).
It should be noted that the preposition «ba=to» in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi is used extensively in other original and compound productions. There are also a number of words in the corpus of our study that come with this preposition more clearly indicating the function of «bo=with», including: «hamrohi, favj, ulus, jam' and jomea»: .pisar ba hamrohi shash hazor kas surat namuda. (7, 150/297, 162/321, 199/396, 204/405, 210/417, 212/421, 213/424, 252/501, 254/505, 256/509, 258/513, 261/520, 262/521, 262/521, 267/531, 276/550, 278/554, 280/557, 281/559, 287/571); .hamrohi Imomkul mirokhur ba favje karib du hazor savor az muborizoni nomii sobik az harakati. (7, 152, 254/506).
In our factual material the preposition «ba=to» is used as an indication to the cause of action, and in a few of other cases it is resorted to as a synonym of the preposition «az=from» [5, p.73]: .ba istimoi in muzhdai ruhafzo bahoduroni cholok az har samti kala ba shurishi selob mutavajjeh ba daruni on hisor shuda. (7, 134/265).
At the same time, in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» the preposition in question is used as a synonym of the preposition «baroi=for». It is necessary to keep in mind that while coming to such position it expresses the objective attitude with the shade of meaning of purpose and cause. An authorative researcher of the language of the XVI-th century B.C. Sharipov designing on the premise of «Badoe-ul-waqo'e» by Wosifi states that «in the case where this proposition denotes possession and is combined with the hint of causation it is synonymous with the preposition «baroi=to, in order to» [9, p.189; 5, p. 73]. A similar grammatical phenomenon is common in our work. It is obvious from B. Sharipovs statement that in this sense «ba=to» is resorted to a lesser extent: «... .as such meaning appears only twice in the work under study» [9, p.189; 5, p. 73]. However, our observations show that in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» the mentioned preposition is used more in this sense, and it can be concluded that this preposition has undergone a spiritual transformation during these two centuries: .az farti mutoviat va niyozmandii arbobi bashoratro ba khidmati darbori amiri olimiqdor firistodand. (7, 9/15, 10/17, 14/25, 70/136, 70/136, 71/137, 106/210, 145/288, 161/319, 171/340, 175/347, 179/355, 188/374, 198/394, 198/394, 200/397, 205/408, 207/411, 209/415, 210/417, 222/442, 258/514, 258/514, 260/517, 260/517, 260/518, 287/571); . har yakro ba amalhoi shoista sarafroz manuda. (7, 225/447).
In the course of the exploration it became clear that the preposition «ba=to» denoting a person's attitude to an object appeared as a synonym of the original preposition «bar=on, against»: .az taaddi va tazallumi on toifa ba fighon omada budand. (7, 289/576); .az po nishond va-l-ibadu-l-Lohi ba khilofi farmoni nofizu-l-izon amal namoyad. (7, 263 / 524);
It is noteworthy that in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» the preposition «ba=to» is sometimes used to denote a spatial relationship as a synonym for the original compound one.
In addition to being a synonym for prepositions «ba=to» it is also used as a synonym of the following conjunctions «va=and, hangomi=while, when» in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni». Although this grammatical phenomenon is seldom used in the corpus of our study, it is normal in the language of the historical production in question: .bar nosiyai mazallati kizilbosh kard khisorati nishasta ba salomati ahvoli khudro maksadi aqso donistand (7, 111); .dar silsilai khuddomi jahonpanohi insibot yoft, ba shunidani in payghomi kuduratfaro Dustmuhammadbiy va Iskandar. (7, 195/387).
Conclusion: Adducing the results of the analysis and observations one can come to the conclusion that the preposition «ba=to» in the Persian-Tajik literary language referring to the XVIII-th century is similar to modern Tajik literary language structurally and grammatically. The relevant proposition in the historical production in question is considered to be one of the most productive ones and it is used both as an original preposition and as a language element in formation with compound prepositions. At the same time, we encountered with nominal compound prepositions which are characteristic only for the work under consideration. For instance, the compound preposition «ba savbi=in front of» is not typical either for modern Tajik literary language and for other languages of scientifico-historical productions belonging to different periods. This preposition not only serves as the original one, but is used as the following
conjunctions «hangomi=when, while, va=and» either. The preposition «ba=to» is frequently-used in compound adverbs and such kind of grammatical event is one of its distinguishing peculiarities.
LITERATURE
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MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES AND THE LEVEL OF USAGE OF THE PREPOSITION «BA=TO» IN THE TAJIK LITERARY LANGUAGE REFERRING TO THE
XVIII-TH CENTURY (on the example of the historical production referred to as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi) The article dwells on morphological peculiarities and the level of usage of the preposition «ba=to» in the Tajik literary language referring to the XVIII-th century (on the example of the historical production referred to as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi). It is underscored that prepositions occupy a key role as a grammatical tool in the majority of languages of the world in the formation of appropriate expressions. It is worth stressing that the preposition «ba» is considered to be of very productive ones in terms of its meaning and function. The author of the article makes an endeavor to classify the semantic nuances of this preposition into several subgroups. According to the statistical method it became clear that the relevant preposition is used in more than 4,000 instances.
It is concluded that the preposition «ba» in the Persian-Tajik literary language of the XVIII-th century is similar to that one used in modern Tajik literary language structurally and grammatically.
Key-words: modern Tajik language, preposition, compound preposition, comparative analysis, morphological peculiarities and level of usage, «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi.
МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И УРОВЕНЬ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРЕДЛОГА «БА=К» В ТАДЖИКСКОМ ЛИТЕРАТУРНОМ ЯЗЫКЕ XVIII ВЕКА (на примере исторического произведения «Тухфат-уль-хони» Мухаммадвафои
Карминаги)
В статье рассматриваются морфологические особенности и уровень употребления предлога «ба=к» в таджикском литературном языке XVIII века (на примере исторического произведения «Тухфат-ул-хони» Мухаммадвафои Карминаги). Подчеркивается, что предлоги в качестве грамматического средства в большинстве языков мира играют ключевую роль в образовании апробированных выражений. Стоит подчеркнуть, что предлог «ба» считается одним из очень продуктивных по своему значению и функции. Автор статьи делает попытку классифицировать семантические оттенки этого предлога на несколько подгрупп. По статистическому методу выяснилось, что соответствующий предлог употреблен более 4000раз.
Делается вывод, что предлог «ба=к» в персидско-таджикском литературном языке XVIII века близок современному таджикскому литературному языку структурно и грамматически.
Ключевые слова: современный таджикский язык, предлог, составной предлог, сравнительный анализ, морфологические особенности и уровень употребления, «Тухфат-ул-хони» Мухаммадвафои Карминаги.
Cведения об авторах:
Исмоилов Олимхуджа Бурхонхуджаевич - Худжандский государственный университет имени академика Б.Гафурова, кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры персидского и китайского языков. Адрес: 735700, Республика Таджикистан, г. Худжанд, Мавлонбекова 1. E-mail: [email protected] Тел.: (+992) 927-00-05-60 Ашрапов Баходурджон Пулотович - Худжандский государственный университет имени академика Б.Гафурова, соискатель кафедры грамматики арабского языка. Адрес: 735700, Республика Таджикистан, г. Худжанд, Мавлонбекова 1. E-mail: [email protected] Тел.: (+992) 929-08-83-44
About the authors:
Ismoilov Olimkhuja Burhonkhujayevich - Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov, candidate ofphilogical sciences, senior lecturer of the department of Persian-Chinese languages. Address: 735700, Tajikistan Republic, Khujand-city, Mavlonbekova 1. E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+992) 927-00-05-60
Ashrapov Bahodurjon Pulotovich - Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov, applicant of the department of Arabic grammar. Address: 735700, Tajikistan Republic, Khujand-city, Mavlonbekova 1. E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+992) 929-08-83-44
ОСВЕЩЕНИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРАЗДНИКОВ В «НАРОДНОЙ ГАЗЕТЕ»
Эшонкулова Л. Т.
Российско-Таджикский (Славянский) университет
Национальные праздники таджиков Навруз, Мехргон, Сада, Тиргон - это социокультурные явления, связанные с природными явлениями, истоки которых заложили наши арийские предки. Согласно историческим данным согдийцы, бактрийцы, хорезмийцы и другие арийские народы признавали и уважали эти праздники как способ взаимодействия человека и природы, личности и общества, любви к Родине. Великолепие этих праздников восходит к временам правления Сасанидов и Саманидов.
Они свидетельствуют о том, что начиная от падишахов и везирей до трудолюбивых простых людей - все с особым торжеством отмечали вышеуказанные праздники.
Литераторы, наряду с развитием других жанров, начали писать свои наврузнаме, как в стихах, так и в прозе. Хотя «Наврузнома» Умара Хайяма, ученые считают одним из первых трактатов в этом жанре, но исследования показывают, что и до Умара Хайяма существовала маленькая брошюра под названием «Наврузнома», которая и является первым наврузнаме в истории персидско -таджикской литературы. Она оказала большое влияние на развитие этого вида жанра.
Обращаясь к источникам, сохранившим нашу национальную идентичность, бесценным произведениям наших великих писателей и ученых, такими как «Шахнаме» Абулькасыма Фирдавси, «Осорулбокия» Абурайхона Беруни, «Наврузнома» Умара Хайяма и других, через которых мы узнаем о славном прошлом наших исторических личностей, добродетелях нашего народа, обрядях и традициях, которые олицетворяют духовный и культурный образ нашей нации.
Например, «Шахнаме» Абулькасыма Фирдавси является бесценным источником для установления истории Сада, его обычаев и традиций.
Если мы пойдем глубже и поищем более древнюю информацию, обратившись к более старым книгам, в частности священной книге «Авесто», найдем упоминание об этих древних праздниках.
Исследователь Ризо Шаъбони в своей книге «Этикет и обычаи Навруза», опираясь на данные Абурайхона Беруни задается вопросом: ««Что такое Навруз? и сам же отвечает - это первый день месяца Фарвардин, и по этой причине он называется «новым днем», потому что это начало Нового года» [19, стр 3].
Умар Хайём же в своем «Наврузнаме» отмечает: «У Солнца имеется два оборота, один из которых таков, что каждые триста шестьдесят пять дней и четверть суток оно возвращается в первые минуты созвездия Овна в то же самое время дня, когда оно вышло. Когда царь Джамшед постиг этот день, он назвал его Наврузом и ввел в обычай праздник, впоследстви чего и другие цари и народ пследовали за ним [19, стр 21].
То же самое отмечено в «Толковом словаре таджикского языка»: «Навруз, первый день солнечного года, который приходится на 21 марта, и в этот день наступает Новый год» [20 стр 881].
Национальные праздники как общекультурное явление давно стали предметом многостороннего научного анализа и осмысления. В мировой социогуманитарной науке достаточно изучены антропологические, социологические, религиозные, искусствоведческие и другие аспекты этого явления [1]. Однако, их освещение в периодической печати Таджикистана, пока остается малоизученным феноменом, точнее, рассмотрены лишь его отдельные аспекты. В этой статье мы постарались выявить осмысление места и роли национальных праздников в периодической печати в частности в издании Правительства Республики Таджикистан «Народная газета».
