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«Premium Caratino» Local irritating red palm oil was studied on white rats weighing 160-200 grams, and guinea pigs, weighing 350-500 grams. Red palm oil «Premium Caratino» was applied to the pre-shaved abdominal skin of animals the size of 2x2 cm in the form of the native drug. Animals were fixed for 4 hours. In the observation period the animals were observed death of any toxic symptoms were noted. In the face of such a 4-hour exposure to samples of red palm oil «Premium Caratino» — is not marked in white rats and guinea pigs, the clinical manifestations of toxicity and functional and structural disorders of the skin. This suggests that red palm oil «Premium Caratino» has no skin-irritant.
The study of local action on the mucous membranes of the eyes was performed on rabbits. When administered in the conjunctival sac of the rabbit eye 0.05 g «Premium Caratino» red palm oil was a weak conjunctival hyperemia and lacrimation weak for 20 minutes, corneal sensitivity is not impaired. After 1 hour, fundus unchanged, all the phenomena of irritation have left their mark.
Consequently, the research findings have shown that the «Premium Caratino» the studied red palm oil does not irritate the mucous eye.
Allergenic effect of samples of red «Premium Caratino» palm oil — was investigated by a single intradermal sensitization in guinea pigs. The experimental animals were injected in the skin of the ear of 0.02 ml of the sample solution and control animals the same amount of saline. Within 11 days after a single course of sensitization carried
apicotomy of an application applications. The severity of the allergic reaction was evaluated by blood cell reactions — specific lysis and agglomeration of leukocytes (RSLL and RSAL) and provocative skin tests.
Testing conducted after a single course of sensitization and apicotomy of an application applications, revealed the lack of red palm oil «Premium Caratino» — sensitizing properties.
When opening the animal pathological changes have been identified data on body weight gain are consistent with the results of morphological and biochemical blood tests, which show that under the influence of the test red palm oil «Premium Caratino» basic metabolism in the organism of white rats were within the physiological range.
Thus, our studies suggest that prolonged detention rats on a diet with the introduction of red palm oil «Premium Caratino» is not accompanied by — or significant that go beyond physiological limits, changes made at integrated monitoring blood parameters in rats. It was found a positive effect of the studied products on the health and body weight gain of white rats.
Conclusion
Red palm «Premium Caratino» oil, Malaysia's production — has no negative impact on the health of the animals after prolonged entry into the body, does not cause locally-irritating to the skin and irritating to the mucous membranes, it does not have sensitizing properties.
References:
1. Общая токсикология/Под. ред. А О. Лойта. - СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб., 2006. - С. 32-68, 107-108.
2. Методические рекомендации по изучению кожно-резорбтивного действия химических соединений при гигиеническом регламентировании их в воде. - М., 1981. - С. 7-13.
3. Руководство по экспериментальному (доклиническому) изучению новых фармакологических веществ. - М., 2000. - С. 165.
4. Клинические лабораторные исследования. - М.: Медицина, 1984.
5. Рубинина Х. М., Романчук Р. А. Вопросы медицинской химии. - М., 1961. - Вып. 6. -Т. 7. - С. 652.
6. Шолохов В. М., Кижааев Е. В., Верин Д. М. Гигиена и санитария. - М.: Медицина, 1980, - № 2. - С. 60-61.
Saatov Botir Talatovich, Post-doctoral student Department of Dermatology, Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Dermatology and Venereology, Uzbekistan Public Health Ministry E-mail: botir.saatov@mail.ru Ibragimova Elvira Akhmedovna, Senior researcher Laboratory of Metabolomics, Acad. O. A. Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences E-mail: t.saatov@yandex.ru
Microelement composition of the skin and scalp hair in healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo
Abstract: Mean concentrations of 20 chemical elements in the skin and 23 chemical elements in the scalp hair of healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo, residing in the Republic of Uzbekistan, were established. Comparative analysis of micro- and macroelement composition of the skin and scalp hair in healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo demonstrated pronounced imbalance in concentrations of the most essential elements taking place in vitiligo to be a potential factor to aggravate onset and progression of the dermatosis.
Keywords: composition, concentration, microelements, skin, scalp hair, vitiligo.
Introduction
Microelements are considered as the factors producing a significant effect on the course and orientation of metabolic processes. Reacting with chemical regulators of metabolism, microelements participate in various biochemical processes, stimulate and normalize metabolism [1, 5-28]. Various microelements are necessary for a human organism to develop normally [2, 163-168; 3, 45-48]. Excess or insufficiency of microelements in a human organism has been shown to underlie metabolic disorders and many pathologies [4, 212-220; 5, 67-71]; 6, 1151-1161; 7, 235-244; 8, 261-266]. Vitiligo is one of the pathologies to name here. It is a widely spread human disease with mean prevalence in the world population of 1-2% ([9, 541-544; 10, 505-516; 11, 11-13; 12, 1-9; 13, 893897]. According to the epidemiological findings, its prevalence in Uzbekistan is 1.2%; among the skin diseases its prevalence is 8.2% ([14, 9-66]. Recently, number of patients with vitiligo has intensively increased among children, young adults and persons ofwork-able age, in particular, significantly deteriorating their life's quality and imparting social value to the dermatosis. Despite sufficient number of studies on the problem of vitiligo, many aspects of this disorder's pathogenesis remain unclear; methods to manage the disease are far from perfect.
Imbalances in microelement composition of human skin and scalp hair are thought to be significant in pathogenesis of vitiligo [15, 38-40]. Copper is necessary to stimulate activity of tyrosinase, a copper-dependent enzyme, participating in the synthesis of melanin. Zinc and manganese take an active part in the synthesis of melanin as well [16, 1-13]. Selenium deficiency leads to reduction in concentration of glutathione peroxidase [5, 70; 7, 239]; in its turn this reduction results in induction of lipid peroxidation in the skin, and, consequently, to intensification of oxidative stress and death of melanocytes [17, 406-411; 18, 9-12; 19, 1-6]. Of note, there are
only few publications on chemical composition both of the human skin and the scalp hair, as well as on the role chemical elements play in the onset and progression of vitiligo. Accordingly, study on the composition and determination of concentrations of chemical elements in the skin and scalp hair of healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo is of theoretical and practical value; the findings of the study are thought to help form novel approach to understanding of mechanisms underlying onset and progression of vitiligo, and develop efficient methods for its treatment. The purpose of the study was to compare compositions of chemical elements and their concentrations in the skin and scalp hair of healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo.
Materials and methods
The skin bioptats and samples of the scalp hair taken from healthy volunteers and patients with vitiligo referred to the Republican Medical Center of Dermatology and Venereology, Uzbekistan Public Health Ministry were the object of the study. Biochemical investigation was conducted at the laboratory of metabolomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences. We examined the skin bioptats from 34 patients with vitiligo aged 19 to 63 years and samples of the scalp hair from 37 patients with vitiligo aged 18 to 58 years. Samples of the skin and scalp hair from 33 healthy volunteers of matching age were used as the control ones. Samples of the skin taken from the depigmentated areas and from those apparently undamaged in patients with vitiligo were examined separately. Neutron activation analysis was used to determine element composition of the skin and scalp hair from healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo [20, 53-55]. The statistical data were processed by means of Microsoft Excel XP.
Results and discussion
We have managed to determine presence of 20 elements in the skin bioptats of healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo (Table 1).
Table 1. - Mean concentrations of chemical elements in the skin of healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo (|g/g of dry tissue)
Chemical elements Skin of healthy subjects, M ± m Skin of patients with vitiligo
Apparently undamaged area, M ± m Depigmentated area, M ± m
I 137.7 ± 10.9 10.4 ± 0.8 10.9 ± 1.9
Cl 7837.3 ± 759.5 9140.0 ± 202.2 8453.3 ± 291.2
Mn 0.5 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.09 0.9 ± 0.03
Na 6530.0 ± 568.3 5250.0 ± 69.8 5106.0 ± 38.6
K 3165.0 ± 267.06 2556.6 ± 50.6 2903.3 ± 93.4
Ca 570.0 ± 45.1 876.6 ± 62.9 886.6 ± 76.03
Cu 23.4 ± 1.3 11.9 ± 0.8 9.5 ± 0.6
Au 0.016 ± 0.002 0.013 ± 0.0005 0.016 ± 0.001
Br 2.73 ± 0.2 2.56 ± 0.07 3.1 ± 0.067
La 0.01 ± 0.002 0.022 ± 0.006 0.02 ± 0.003
Se 0.23 ± 0.005 0.38 ± 0.01 0.35 ± 0.017
Hg 0.001 ± 0.0002 0.017 ± 0.002 0.006 ± 0.001
Cr 2.15 ± 0.48 3.53 ± 0.16 5.5 ± 0.09
Ag 0.015 ± 0.003 0.026 ± 0.007 0.014 ± 0.002
Sc 0.047 ± 0.0001 0.012 ± 0.001 0.0075 ± 0.00051
Rb 2.83 ± 0.3 2.84± 0.05 3.0 ± 0.07
Fe 109.3 ± 3.6 133.7 ± 7.3 154.3 ± 3.9
Zn 24.5 ± 1.3 41.2 ± 3.2 61.6 ± 10.9
Co 0.044 ± 0.003 0.062 ± 0.004 0.071 ± 0.002
Sb 0.004 ± 0.001 0.038 ± 0.006 0.023 ± 0.002
Microelements in the skin of healthy subjects
In healthy subjects proportions of chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) turned out to be the highest. Thus, mean concentrations of Cl, Na, K, and Ca were respectively 7837.3,
6530, 3165 and 570 ^g/g of dry skin tissue. Proportion of iodine was rather high too (137.7 ^g/g of dry skin). Mean concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were respectively 109.3,
24.5 and 23.4 ^g/g of dry skin tissue. Mean concentrations of bromine (Br), chromium (Cr), rubidium (Rb) and manganese (Mn) were respectively 2.73, 2.15, 2.83 and 0.5 ^g/g of dry skin tissue. Concentrations of lanthanum (La), mercury (Hg) and silver (Ag) were the lowest; amounts of these elements could be considered as trace. Concentrations of other chemical elements in the skin of healthy subjects ranged from 0.01 to 0.047 ^g/g of dry skin tissue.
Microelements in the skin of patients with vitilig
As compared with healthy controls, significant differences in macro- and microelement composition of the skin in patients with vitiligo could be clearly seen. Differences in concentrations of iodine were the most significant. Thus, in patients with vitiligo mean concentrations of iodine in the skin bioptats from the depig-mentated and apparently undamaged areas were 10.8 and 10.4 ^g/g of dry skin tissue, respectively, while in the skin of healthy subjects mean iodine concentration was 137.7 ^g/g of dry skin tissue. In the skin ofpatients with vitiligo significant reduction in concentrations of sodium, potassium and copper could be observed. The levels of these elements declined by 27.8%, 9% and 246.3%, respectively, in the depigmentated skin areas and by 24.3, 23.8 and 196.6%, respectively, in the apparently undamaged ones. Copper can be seen to decline in vitiliginous skin more sharply. In contrast to normal parameters, in both depigmentated and apparently undamaged areas of the skin in patients with vitiligo concentrations of chlorine, manganese, calcium, chrome and zinc increased. Of special note, in vitiligo concentrations of heavy metals, such as mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and antimony (Sb) were found to increase significantly. Concentrations of other chemical elements in the skin of patients with vitiligo turned out to be in the normal limits. It should be emphasized that upon comparison of composition and concentrations of chemical elements in the depigmentated and apparently undamaged skin areas of patients with vitiligo the parameters were found to have changed as compared with those in healthy subjects more significantly in the depigmentated ones.
Microelements in the scalp hair of healthy subjects
According to some authors, concentrations of microelements in a person's scalp hair can provide information about metabolism in his/her organism [5, 70; 6, 1151; 21, 53]. Hence, we studied chemical composition in scalp hair of healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo to determine concentrations of chemical elements there. Neutron activation analysis allowed determining twenty three chemical elements both in healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo (Table 2). Similarly to concentrations of chemical elements in the skin, those of chlorine, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, copper and zinc in the scalp hair of healthy subjects were found to be the highest, while concentrations of scandium (Sc), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), lanthanum (La) and gold (Au) were the lowest. Thus, mean concentrations of chlorine were 740.0 ± 32.2 ^g/g (range: 650-850 ^g/g). Mean concentrations of zinc and iron were respectively 182.8 ± 7.3 ^g/g (range: 160-260 ^g/g) and 26.2 ± 2.7 ^g/g (range 18-34 ^g/g). Mean levels of cobalt and lanthanum in the scalp hair of healthy subjects were respectively 0.04 ± 0.003 ^g/g (range: 0.003-0.048 ^g/g) and 0.02 ± 0.00022 ^g/g (range: 0.014-0.027 ^g/g).
Microelements in scalp hair ofpatients with vitiligo
As compared with healthy controls, significant differences in macro- and microelement composition of scalp hair in patients with vitiligo could be clearly seen. First of all, in scalp hair of patients with vitiligo concentrations of chromium (3.6 ^g/g vs 0.28 ^g/g) and manganese (4.7 ^g/g vs 0.6 ^g/g) were found sharply increased. In addition, as compared with concentrations in the scalp hair of
healthy subjects, concentrations of chlorine, calcium, potassium, cadmium and mercury were found higher in vitiligo, while copper, selenium, cobalt, iodine and silver were deficient. Copper is a vital chemical element and a constituent of some vitamins and hormones, participating in the metabolic processes and cell respiration [2, 164]. It is a constituent of essential enzymes, to name cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase, ascorbic oxidase and others. A cofactor of superoxide dismutase, copper in human organism is present in the system of antioxidant defense participating in neutralization of oxygen free radicals. Participation in the synthesis of melanin by activation of tyrosinase, a copper-dependent enzyme, is essential function of copper. In its turn tyrosinase converts tyrosine into melanin. Selenium is another essential element producing significant effect on metabolic processes [7, 239]. Selenium deficiency has been established to contribute to reduction of glutathione peroxidase resulting in higher level of lipid peroxidation. Together with glutathione selenium protects cells from damaging effect of peroxy radicals. In scalp hair of patients with vitiligo mean concentration of selenium was 0.3 ^g/g; that is, two times lower than those in healthy subjects. Similarly, concentrations of iodine in scalp hair of patients with vitiligo were found to be two times lower than those in healthy subjects. Iodine deficiency is known to underlie the thyroid function abnormality, as well as onset and progression of the goiter [22, 219-229]. As our findings demonstrate, in vitiligo cobalt deficiency is the most pronounced one. Thus, concentrations of this microelement were found two times lower than in the healthy controls. Of note, concentrations of strontium, gold, lanthanum, cobalt and cadmium were the lowest in scalp hair of patients with vitiligo.
Our findings demonstrate that concentrations of almost all chemical elements both in healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo widely varied. Some authors reported on the similar results in their studies [23, 23-39; 5, 67]. As to concentrations of sodium, calcium, scandium, chromium, cobalt, gold and antimony, our data are consistent with those reported by Rodushkin I. and Alexsson M. D. [23, 26]. At the same time, concentrations of iron, zinc and rubidium in our study were higher than those reported by other authors [16, 4]. According to Fraga C., manganese, iron, copper, zinc and selenium are trace elements, that is, those required in minute concentrations for normal growth and development and, thus, held essential to physiology of a living organism [7, 240]. Deficiency of any of these microelements results in deleterious consequences for health; onset and progression of any pathology associated with the deficiencies can be avoided by adequate supplementation of the microelements lacking.
There is sufficient evidence for significance of mineral content of the human skin for maintaining its metabolism normal and for its role in onset and progression ofits pathologies [24, 789; 11, 11-12; 25, 35; 26, 33]. According to Brown H., in the human skin there is a definite correlation between concentrations of calcium and magnesium (Mg) [24,789-794]. In the skin of elderly persons concentrations of silicon (Si) are found low. To correct the degenerative changes in the skin typical of elderly persons, this author recommends silicon supplementation. Concentrations of zinc are reported low in elderly persons as well. In their study Frydrych et al. found that concentrations of zinc in the epidermis of elderly persons were significantly lower than those in the epidermis ofyoung people [16, 4]. According to these authors, low concentrations of zinc in the epidermis of elderly persons are the result of age-induced reduction in activity of epidermal enzymes. Of note, along with deficit of copper, zinc deficiency is a significant cause of melanogenesis inhibition [16, 4] and, consequently, the onset ofvitiligo.
Table 2. - Mean concentrations of chemical elements in the scalp hair of healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo (|g/g)
Chemical elements Scalp hair of healthy subjects, M ± m Scalp hair of patients with vitiligo, M ± m
Na 170.0 ± 11.40175 335.0 ± 27.24335
Cl 740.0 ± 32.24903 841.8 ± 17.87288
Ca 500.0 ± 25.0998 1070.0 ± 43.93177
Sc 0.0046 ± 0.000346 0.00588 ± 0.000508
Cr 0.26 ± 0.030332 3.68 ± 0.185472
Mn 0.6 ± 0.028284 4.7 ± 0.2
Fe 26.2 ± 2.764055 33.4 ± 1.32665
Co 0.04 ± 0.003033 0.0216 ± 0.001208
Ni 5.0 ± 0.250998 5.0 ± 0.250998
Cu 17.0 ± 0.707107 13.0 ± 1.140175
Zn 182.8 ± 7.317103 163.0 ± 3.962323
K 175.0 ± 24.18677 310.0 ± 9.082951
Se 0.5 ± 0.0251 0.3 ± 0.022804
Br 0.3 ± 0.022804 0.81 ± 0.034205
Rb 0.5 ± 0.032249 0.5 ± 0.042778
Ag 0.25 ± 0.026646 0.1 ± 0.006892
Cd 0.0294 ± 0.00275 0.084 ± 0.054019
Sb 0.02 ± 0.001517 0.04 ± 0.003033
I 3.04 ± 0.150333 1.6 ± 0.121326
La 0.0208 ± 0.002223 0.02 ± 0.001517
Au 0.0412 ± 0.004543 0.029 ± 0.00228
Hg 0.03 ± 0.003225 0.0698 ± 0.002223
U 0.274 ± 0.038678 0.1066 ± 0.02603
From the data above it is evident that to function normally a human organism needs various microelements [2, 164]. According to some authors, there is potential correlation between changes in some bioelements in human organism and onset of some diseases [27, 195-201; 28, 457-460]. For instance, Ren et al. registered in patients with cancers lower concentrations of copper than those in healthy people [29, 1823-1831]. As tukasiak et al. proved, copper deficiency contributes to atherosclerosis [30, 241-244]. According to these authors, in contrast to healthy subjects, higher concentrations of copper in the scalp hair are registered in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostatic hyperplasia and arterial hypertension. Excessive accumulation of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) in scalp hair is found associated with higher incidence of disorders in endocrine, nervous and respiratory systems
[3, 45]. Excessive accumulation of magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium and chromium can be seen to be associated with higher incidence of infectious diseases, as well as those of the skin and hypoderm [3, 47]. Thus, the data above allow concluding that excessive accumulation or deficiency of microelements in the scalp hair of adult people is associated with a variety of diseases.
To sum up, comparative analysis of micro- and macroelement composition of the skin and scalp hair in healthy subjects and patients with vitiligo demonstrated pronounced imbalance in concentrations of the most essential elements taking place in vitiligo to be potential factor to aggravate onset and progression of the dermatosis. Our findings are intriguing both from theoretical and practical points of view, and can be useful in development of efficient regimens for treatment of vitiligo.
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9. Karadag A. S., Tutal E., Ertugrul D. T. Insulin resistance is increased in patients with vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol., 2011, 91, P.541-544.
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11. Verkhoglyad I. V. Balance in micronutrients in patients with vitiligo. Dermatology and venereology, 2014, 17, 11-13.
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16. Frydrych A., Arct J., Kasiura K. Zinc: a critical importance element in cosmetology. J. Appl. Cosmetol., 2004, 22, 1-3.
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27. Forte G., Alimonti A., Violante N., Di Gregorio M., Senofonte O, Petrucci F., Sancesario G., Bocca B. Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, silicon and zinc content of hair in Parkinson's disease. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2005, 19, 195-201.
28. Kolmogorov Y., Kovaleva W., Gonchar A. Analysis of trace elements in scalp hair of healthy people, hyperplasia and breast cancer patients with XRF method. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 2000, 448, 457-460.
29. Ren Y., Zhang Z., Ren Y., Li W., Wang M, Xu G. Diagnosis of lung cancer based on metal contents in serum and hair using multivariate statistical analysis. Talanta, 1997, 44, 1823-1831.
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Sattarov Alisher Rakhimovich, PhD Kobilov Azizjon Orziqulovich, free researcher Saidov Sokhib Saidmurodovich, free researcher Aziz Rakhmatov Mirzakulovich, ordinatory National Center of Rehabilitation and Prosthesis of Disabled's. Tashkent city. Uzbekistan E-mail: dr_sssnan@mail.ru
The priority of Vertebroplasty for treatment of symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas
Abstract: The study included 82 patients having symptomatic vertebral hemangiom with local pain syndrome as a main clinical manifistation. Patients were operated on by use of percutaneous unilateral transpedicular vertebroplasty. Keywords: symptomatic and agressive vertebral hemangioma, percutaneous vertebroplasty.
Hemangioma is a congenital malformation with a benign vascular tumor process. In 75% of caseshemangiomas are localized in the spine. Vertebral hemangiomas (VH) emissions constitute 2-3% of all spinal tumors and occur in 10-12% of cases in the population [8, 166-168].
The aim of our research is the analysis of results of treatment of symptomatic and aggressive VH by the method of puncture vertebroplasty.
Material and methods: In the National Center of Rehabilitation and Prosthesis of Disabled people in 2013 -2014. method
puncture vertebroplasty operated on 82 patients (45 men and women) with symptomatic VH. The patients were aged 26 to 72 years (mean age 41.2 years). In all the analyzed cases ofVH were isolated and localized only to one vertebrae. None of the patients in the VH group was not associated with systemic or genetic diseases.
All patients had local pain syndrome without neurological symptoms and encouraged to consult a neurologist or neurosurgeon.
All patients had a pronounced persistent character of the pain, which is aggravated in the upright position, with tilt, swivel and dur-
