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40
UDC 636
MINERAL METABOLISM, TAKING PLACE IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS IN STANDARD MINKS HAIR COVERING
Balakirev А.N., Staroverova I.N., Post-graduate students Maksimov V.I., Professor Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: irina starovierova@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
It is proved that the content of mineral elements in standard mink organism can be detected by mineral composition of their hair covering. Considerable changes of mineral elements concentrations in mink hair covering are happening with age. This must be taken in account for forming balanced feed rations. To study mineral metabolism taking place in different postnatal ontogenesis phases in hair covering of standard minks, and also for unbiased assessment of the character of interconnection between the concentration of macro and microelement in hair covering, in blood with its concentration in feed rations biological absorption factor was calculated. The obtained results testify that mineral compositions of the rations applied in the farm and mineral compositions of hair covering of standard minks are interconnected and change seasonably and with aging. Thus, hair covering mineral composition, apparently, can be used as test for balanceness by mineral rations elements for every age of standard minks.
KEY WORDS
Mineral substances; Hair covering; Blood; Minks.
Obtaining of high quality production from fur animals depends on sufficient on level and full value condition farm rations [1]. Not only protein level but quantity and quality as well as amino acid correlation are very important [2, 3]. The authors stresses considerable age changes of mineral elements concentrations in different organs and tissues of fur animals [4, 5], that are necessary to consider for feed rations balancing. At that, mineral elements deficit in minks organism can be detected by mineral composition of their hair covering [6, 7].
To study mineral metabolism taking place in different phases of postnatal ontogenesis in hair covering of standard minks, also for unbiased assessment of the character of interconnection between the concentration of macro and microelement in hair covering, in blood with its concentration in feed rations biological absorption factor (BAF) was calculated. It is a quotient from ratio of element concentration in blood or hair covering (Corg, hc) to its concentration in feed ration (Crat): BAF=Corg, h.c./Crat.
Work objective is to study age peculiarities of mineral metabolism in hair covering of standard minks on the ground of change BAF regularities of macro and microelements coming into animal blood and hair covering from feed rations in different phases of postnatal ontogenesis.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
Standard minks males of stud-farm «Saltykovsky» of the Moscow region were taken as research objects. Feeding of standard minks was done with common feed rations stipulated in farm households depending on physiological condition, age and year season [1]. Minks groups were formed according to analogs principle and according to age. Animal physiological condition was controlled by periodical clinical results of animal examination (weighing, condition of skin and hair covering, morphological blood indicators: hemoglobin and total protein). Morphological blood animal content sampled from tail vein mornings before feeding was determined by common methods [8]. Blood, biosubstrates of hair
coverings were sampled from healthy standard minks in transition phase - of the one month old (month); in the natural feeding phase - of 3 months old; of 7 and 12 months old (beginning of sexual and body maturity). We determined macro and microelements: K, Ca, Mg, Na, P, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn in blood, hair covering and feed rations using atom emission and mass-spectrometry on devices 0ptima-2000 DM and ELAN-9000 (Perkin-Elmer, USA).
RESEARCH RESULTS
Stud-farm «Saltykovsky» rations analysis in 2011 proved that the portion of meat-fish feed with mineral substances was from January to December from 98,3 to 78,0%, at this the maximum number - 72-78% was from January to April and in November-December.
Total energy throughout the year varied from 261,3 kkal in February to 462 kkal in August. Protein content varied too, the more bony-bypass (main sources of mineral substances) presents in ration the less protein portion. Minimum number of protein is determined in ration in December - 22,1 g, 26,4 g in January, maximum number 28,6 g in April and 41,3 g in May. The BAF calculations of macro and microelements coming into blood from feed rations of standard minks showed that they change with age (Table 1). Maximum BAF values are observed in the groups of one month or 3-months old animals for all macro and microelements (p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,001), except for cobalt, zinc and manganese, for them the maximum BAF is observed in the groups of 12-months animals, and also phosphorus and sodium, the maximum BAF value in the groups of 7-months animals (for potassium for 3-months, 7-months and 12-months, phosphorus for one month and 7-months animals the differences are not true at p<0,05).
Table 1 - BAF of macro and microelements, coming into blood and hair covering of standard minks
from feed rations
Mineral elements BAF of macro and microelements, coming into blood from feed rations of standard minks (M ±m)
Age in months (n=20)
1 3 7 12
Ca 0,0012±0,0002 0,0021±0,0004* 0,00076±0,00014***,*** 0,0013±0,0002***,*, *,
Co 0,0086±0,0005 0,0039±0,0003*** 0,0036±0,0003*, *** 0,0130±0,0008***,***,***
Cr 0,0020±0,0003 0,0085±0,0011*** 0,0014±0,0002***,* 0,0031±0,0004***,***,*
Cu 0,0212±0,0019 0,124±0,009*** 0,0177±0,0013***,* 0 029±0 002*** *** **
Fe 0,26±0,02 0,71±0,06*** 0,56±0,05*, *** 0 28±0 02*** *** *
I 0,020±0,003 0,053±0,006*** 0,0140±0,0016***,* 0,0088±0,0016***,***,**
K 0,036±0,003 0,072±0,006*** 0,071±0,006*, *** 0,076±0,008 *, *,***
Mg 0,0062±0,0007 0,0040±0,0004** 0,0045±0,0004*, * 0,0039±0,0003 *, *,**
Mn 0,0067±0,0006 0,0085±0,0009* 0,0035±0,0004***,*** 0,0225±0,0019*,***,***
Na 0,172±0,019 0,19±0,02* 0,28±0,03*,* 0,20±0,02*,*, *
P 0,013±0,002 0,0085±0,0010* 0,016±0,002*, * 0,0037±0,0005***,***,***
Se 0,109±0,015 0,26±0,03*** 0,127±0,018**,* 0,062±0,009**,***,**
Zn 0,053±0,006 0,25±0,02*** 0,28±0,02*, *** 0 52±0 05*** *** ***
BAF of macro and microelements, included into hair covering content in relation to feed rations of standard minks (M ±m), mM/kg
Ca 0,00085±0,00014 0,00108±0,00019* 0,00102±0,00017*, * 0,0010±0,0002*, *, *
Co 0,0068±0,0004 0,0061±0,0006* 0,0025±0,0003***,*** 0,0046±0,0005**,*, *
Cr 0,0115±0,0014 0,0076±0,0010* 0,0057±0,0007*, *** 0,0065±0,0010 *, *,**
Cu 0,37±0,04 0,36±0,03* 0,039±0,004***,*** 0 019±0 003*** *** ***
Fe 0,0040±0,0005 0,0036±0,0004* 0,00185±0,00019***,*** 0,0022±0,0002*, **,**
I 0,0104±0,0013 0,0044±0,0006*** 0,0038±0,0004*, *** 0,0043±0,0004 *, *,***
K 0,00052±0,00010 0,00035±0,00007* 0,00051±0,00004*,*, 0,00035±0,00006*,*, *
Mg 0,0028±0,0004 0,0022±0,0003* 0,00140±0,00010*,** 0,00135±0,00011*, **,***
Mn 0,0029±0,0002 0,0025±0,0003* 0,0018±0,0002*,** 0,0011±0,0001*,***,***
Na 0,021±0,002 0,019±0,002* 0,019±0,003*, * 0,0071±0,0007**,**,***
P 0,00044±0,00009 0,00054±0,00010* 0,00051±0,00010*, * 0,00026±0,00005*,*,*
Se 0,0146±0,0016 0,038±0,006** 0,029±0,004*, * 0,026±0,005 *, *,*
Zn 0,0238±0,0014 0,027±0,003* 0,030±0,003*, * 0 064±0 007*** *** ***
True - * - p<0,05; ** - p<0,01; *** -p<0,001; * not true at p<0,05
Minimum BAF values for all macro and microelements (p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,001), except for potassium and zinc are observed in the groups of 7-months or 12-months animals (for chrome and copper for one month and 7-months; cobalt for 3-months and 12-months; for ferrum for one month and 12- months, magnesium for 3-months, 7-months and 12-months animals, sodium for one month, 3-months and 12-months animals the differences are not true at p<0,05).
The BAF calculations of macro and microelements included into hair covering content of standard minks from feed rations showed that they change with age (Table 1). Minimum BAF values are observed during first 3 months of the most intensive growth and development of standard minks for all macro and microelements (p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,001), except for zinc (for calcium for all ages; potassium for one month and 3-months, sodium and phosphorus one month, 3-months, 7-months animals differences are not true at p<0,05). Minimum BAF values for all macro and microelements (p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,001), except for selenium and zinc are observed in the groups of 7-months and / or 12-months animals (for chrome and iodine for 3-months, 7-months and 12-months animals; potassium for 3-months and 12-months animals differences are not true at p<0,05).
100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -i 50 -
H
o
40 -30 -20 -10 -0 -
Figure 1 - Age differences BAF of macro- and vital elements coming from farm rations into blood and
hair covering of standard minks
As the result of mineral metabolism taking place in different phases of postnatal ontogenesis with different intensity in standard mink organism age, differences of BAF values of macro- and vital elements coming from farm rations into blood and hair covering of standard minks can be observed (Fig. 1).
At this BAF values of elements coming from farm rations into blood of standard minks (Fig. 1.), change with age, BAF of macro-elements: magnesium and sodium - by 38 %; potassium -52 %; calcium - 64%; phosphorus - 77%; BAF of vital elements: chrome - by 55%; ferrum - by 63%; cobalt - by 72%; selenium - by 76%; manganese, iodine, copper and zinc - by 83- 90%. BAF of elements coming from feed rations into hair covering of standard minks (Fig. 1), change with age: calcium - by 23%, potassium - 33%; magnesium - 52%; phosphorus - 55%; sodium - 67%; selenium and chrome - by 50%; ferrum - by 55%; manganese and cobalt - by 62 % and 63%; iodine - by 69%; zinc - by 75%; copper - by 95%.
Thus, BAF of all, except for zinc, mineral elements, coming into blood and hair covering from feed rations and for blood, except for cobalt and manganese, change with age and have definite values for every phase of postnatal ontogenesis. At this maximum BAF for the majority of macro and microelements is observed in the phases of the most heavy growth and development of all organs and tissues of all standard minks (to 3-months age, in transition phase and in phase of establishing natural nutrition), when primary and secondary hair coverings are forming [9, 10], after this intensive growth and development of minks are changed with the period of slowing down of growth, that is characterized with minimum BAF
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mg
Mn
Na
Se
Zn
K
P
values of macro and microelements, which are corresponded to phases of sexual and body maturity, it means that animals’ organs and tissues are completely formed, all the metabolic processes in organism are stabilized, when winter hair covering is formed and matured and skin covering is changing into state of rest, and also in phase of mature body at the beginning of coat shedding [10].
The carried out researches showed that between mineral compositions of rations and age changes of mineral compositions of blood and hair coverings of standard minks the following strong, medium and weak (positive and negative) correlation relationships are observed (Table 2). At the same time we admitted weak positive correlation relationship between parameters (T), if correlation rate is r<0,3; weak negative (I), if r>-0,3; medium positive correlation relationship (||), if correlation rate is 0,3< r< 0,69; medium negative (II), if -0,69< r< -0,3; strong positive correlation relationship (ITT), if r> 0,69; strong negative correlation relationship (III), if r<-0,69.
It is proved that between mineral compositions of rations and age changes of mineral compositions of blood of standard minks strong and medium (positive and negative) correlation relationships are observed for all elements except potassium, cobalt, copper and manganese.
Table 2 - Correlation relationships between age changes of mineral compositions of rations and age changes of mineral compositions of blood and hair coverings of standard minks.
Mineral elements rations
blood hair
Ca TT TTT
Co T TTT
Cr u TTT
Cu TTT
Fe II TTT
I II TTT
K T TTT
Mg TTT TTT
Mn I TTT
Na TTT
P TT TTT
Se TTT TT
Zn TT
All in all minks have medium (positive, negative) and strong (positive, negative) correlation relationships on 9 elements. Thus, the obtained results showed that mineral compositions of rations and mineral compositions of blood of standard minks are interconnected. At the same time strong (positive, negative) correlation relationships of minks are observed only for separate elements.
The carried out researches proved the presence of strong and medium positive correlation relationships between mineral compositions of common in farm rations and age changes of mineral compositions of hair coverings for all 13 elements, at the same time strong correlation relationships are observed for 12 (for all except selenium).
CONCLUSION
Thus, the obtained results proved that mineral compositions of the used in farm household rations and mineral compositions of hair coverings of standard minks are interconnected and change according to year seasons and age. Hence, apparently mineral composition of hair covering can be used as a test for balanceness by mineral elements of rations for every age of standard minks.
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