CC BY
56
UDC: 332.1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32689/2617-2224-2019-17-2-217-226
Naumenko Konstantin Valerievich,
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Public Administration, Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, 03039, Kyiv, Str. Frometivska, 2, tel.: (044) 490 95 00, e-mail: zuuber1978@ukr.net
ORCID: 0000-0002-7266-3829
Науменко Костянтин Валершович,
старший викладач кафедри публiчного адмтстрування, Мiжрегiональна Акаде-мiя управлтня персоналом, 03039, м. Кшв, вул. Фрометiвська, 2, тел.: (044) 490 95 00, e-mail:zuuber1978@ukr.net
ORCID: 0000-0002-7266-3829 Науменко Константин Валерьевич, старший преподаватель кафедры публичного администрирования, Межрегиональная Академия управления персоналом, 03039, г. Киев, вул. Фрометовская, 2, тел.: (044) 490 95 00, e-mail:zuuber1978@ukr.net
ORCID: 0000-0002-7266-3829
METHODS OF PUBLiC ADMiNiSTRATiON OF CiViL SOCiETY
Abstract. In the present article, features of methods of public administration, which are used in the social environment, are considered. The international experience of normative and legal regulation of social activity is studied. The relationship between social phenomena and peculiarities of state administration in the historical, legal, social, and economic aspects is established. The effectiveness of domestic methods based on international experience has been investigated. The author presents his own classification of methods of state management of civil society. The definition of the concept of civil society as a phenomenon with developed economic, cultural, legal and political relations between its members, independent of the state that interacts with it is given. Hence, the methodology of theoretical and legal analysis of civil society covers all aspects of life, such as the processes of achieving freedom, equality, justice and other human values.
It is noted that the presence of problems in the state administration of Ukraine, in particular ineffective activity of institutes of state power and local self-government, corruption, lack of effective interaction between the state and civil society institutions is the result of ignoring objective scientific approaches
to the formation of a coherent and logically well-established system of management of society; lack of a strategic vision for the improvement and development of the state and its institutes for the long-term and medium-term perspective; lack of methodology for adaptation and introduction of advanced foreign experience of public administration, especially the countries of the European Union. The solution of this problem on the path to the reform of public administration can be realized through the reform of political leadership.
Keywords: public administration, international experience, methods of public administration, civil society.
МЕТОДИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛ1ННЯ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКИМ
СУСП1ЛЬСТВОМ
Анотащя. Розглянуто особливосп методiв державного управлшня, як використовуються в сустльному середовищь Дослщжено мiжнародний досвщ нормативно-правового регулювання сустльно!' дiяльностi. Встанов-лено залежшсть мiж сустльними явищами та особливостями державного управлшня в юторичному, правовому, сощальному та економiчному аспектах. Дослщжено ефектившсть втизняних методiв на основi мiжнародного досвiду. Представлено власну класифшащю методiв державного управлiння громадянським сусшльством. Надано визначення поняття громадянського сусшльства як феномену з розвиненими економiчними, культурними, право-вими i пол^ичними вiдносинами мiж його членами, незалежне вщ держави, який взаeмодie з ним. Методологiя теоретико-правового аналiзу громадянського суспiльства охоплюе таю процеси, як досягнення свободи, рiвностi, справедливосп та iнших людських цшностей.
Зазначено, що наявнiсть проблем в державному управлшш Украши, зо-крема неефективна дiяльнiсть iнститутiв державно!' влади та оргашв мюце-вого самоврядування, корупщя, вiдсутнiсть ефективно!' взаемодй' мiж державою та iнститутами громадянського сусшльства е наслщком iгнорування об'ективних наукових пiдходiв до формування цшсно!' та логiчно правильно вибудовано!" системи управлшня сусшльством; вщсутшстю стратегiчного ба-чення удосконалення та розвитку держави та ïï iнститутiв на довготривалу i середньотривалу перспективу; вщсутшстю методологи адаптацп та впрова-дження передового зарубiжного досвiду державного управлiння насамперед краш - членiв бвропейського Союзу. Виршення дано!' проблеми на шляху реформи державного управлшня може бути реалiзовано через реформу пол^ тичного керiвництва.
Ключовi слова: державне управлшня, мiжнародний досвiд, методи су-сшльного управлiння, громадянське суспiльство.
МЕТОДЫ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКИМ
ОБЩЕСТВОМ
Аннотация. Рассмотрены особенности методов государственного управления, используемых в общественной среде. Исследован международный
опыт нормативно-правового регулирования общественной деятельности. Установлена зависимость между общественными явлениями и особенностями государственного управления в историческом, правовом, социальном и экономическом аспектах. Исследована эффективность отечественных методов на основе международного опыта. Представлена собственную классификацию методов государственного управления гражданским обществом. Дано определение понятия гражданского общества как феномена с развитыми экономическими, культурными, правовыми и политическими отношениями между его членами, которое независимое от государства, взаимодействует с ним. Методология теоретико-правового анализа гражданского общества охватывает такие процессы, как достижение свободы, равенства, справедливости и других человеческих ценностей.
Отмечено, что наличие проблем в государственном управлении Украины, в частности неэффективная деятельность институтов государственной власти и органов местного самоуправления, коррупция, отсутствие эффективного взаимодействия между государством и институтами гражданского общества является следствием игнорирования объективных научных подходов к формированию целостной и логически правильно выстроенной системы управления обществом; отсутствием стратегического видения совершенствования и развития государства и его институтов на длительную и среднесрочную перспективу; отсутствием методологии адаптации и внедрения передового зарубежного опыта государственного управления прежде всего стран - членов Европейского Союза. Решение данной проблемы на пути реформы государственного управления может быть реализовано через реформу политического руководства.
Ключевые слова: государственное управление, международный опыт, методы общественного управления, гражданское общество.
Formulation of the problem. In
the conditions of modern Ukraine, the mechanism of public administration of civil society should be improved.
This need is due not only to the logical positions regarding the management of civil society, but also to the need to improve the normative and legal regulation of social activities used in the social environment.
The legal essence of civil society, as a social phenomenon, develops in the context of the entire historical process as one of its sides. The formation of the
logical construction of civil society implies the need for its legal analysis. This approach allows us to positively address the issues of civil society as a legal phenomenon. It should be emphasized that the law and all its elements are mainly investigated by means of legal science. The definition of the role of law in the provision of life, the structure of legal reality, and the methodological problems of the functioning of the legal system of society are given from the standpoint of jurisprudence.
Civil society is a phenomenon with developed economic, cultural, legal, and political relations between its members, independent of the state interacting with it. Hence, the methodology of theoretical and legal analysis of civil society covers all aspects of life, such as the processes of achieving freedom, equality, justice, and other human values.
Most fully and vividly, the structure of the theoretical study of civil society, law, and state is shown in Table. It includes characteristics of civil society and its relations with law, the development of society under the influence of law and state, as well as the most impor-
tant legal issues of the life of civil society. Political science differs from other ones by its specific subject of study, those aspect making the same phenomenon object of study of many sciences and caused by the need to integrate current knowledge about the interaction of law, state, and society. This fact makes us specially, albeit schematically, to include the legal interests to the interests of civil society, to identify the theoretical and legal perspective, and to distinguish it from the adjacent fields of social studies.
Law and order in the civil society are directly related with the mechanism of legal regulation and its main structural
Structure of theoretical study of civil society
№ Characterization of the civil society and of its relationships with law and state Development of civil society under the influence of law and state study of the most important legal issues of the civil society life
1 The main directions of the methodology of theoretical and legal analysis of civil society Strengthening the legal framework of civil society Civil society as a subject of legal studies
2 Extension of the interrelations of law and state within civil society Active role of the state of law in the development of civil society Methodological aspects of civil society, law, and state
3 Development of legal relations with consideration of the interests of civil society Perfection of the theoretical and legal mechanisms of the interconnections between civil society and the state Contractual theories of formation of state and civil society. Contemporary contractualism. The paradigm of a new vision of the process of civil society and state formation at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries
4 Strengthening the relationship between civil society, individual, and law Changing the dynamics of law and state relationship in civil society Legal status of the individual in civil society: historical and contemporary aspects
5 changing the balance of private law in civil society Action of private law and public law contracts Establishment and development of private law in Ukraine. Public-legal methods of relations regulation in civil society
Developed by the author.
elements — the norms of law, legal relationships, acts of realization of legal rights and responsibilities, and legal order, as a goal of legal regulation of social relations.
However, despite all correctness of the above points of view, the problem remains unresolved: the scope of the study included only those aspects of the study of the state which are legal in nature, but other ones connected with the analysis of the nature, origin of legal society, its social and legal nature and correlates, remain excluded.
Thus, the discovery of the nature of philosophy and law and the solution of the problem of the place and role of civil law within the system of modern humanities are not two separate problems but single one since only the analysis of civil society, social phenomena, and, above all, civil law, reveals the specifics of the legal study of such a phenomenon as the interaction of the institutions of the whole society. Otherwise, the naturalistic approach to social reality, civil society, and history, despite all declarations, may prove to be insurmountable. The very logic of the analysis of the connection between civil society and law appeals to the problems of jurisprudence, in accordance with the specifics of its knowledge of social phenomena, including legal ones.
Thus, despite the known number of scientific approaches to the civil society management, the problem of improving the methods of state governance remains unresolved, since there are no standardized mechanisms for the identification of the civil society needs, no criteria for such requirements, and no classification of the appropriate state governance mechanisms.
Analysis of recent research and publications. Recently, the state's economy has deteriorated severely.
The good point is the continuation of the cooperation with the IMF. If it continues, Ukraine may get $ 3,5 billion tranche in 2018 which will help stabilize the hryvnia exchange rate and successfully repay its external debts.
In 2019, a moratorium ends on the payment of debt to private owners of Ukrainian bonds; into this period, presidential and parliamentary elections fall as well. That is why, year 2018 is the most comfortable for negotiations on the restructuring of external debt and postponement of payments.
Factors stimulating economic development: consumption and state expenditures, investments, net export. The main factor is investments stimulating the creation of jobs, of import-substituting industries, or of those which products are exported. In this case, foreign investments are very important. Every year, Ukraine needs to attract $ 20 billion of investments in order to grow [1].
The basis of the scientific potential lies in scientific discoveries, thesis researches, scientific developments, and articles. However, with the informatization of the society, science becomes more accessible for citizens. According to the order of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (hereinafter — MES) № 1518 of October 31, 2013 [2], and to the Law № 2053-VIII of May 23, 2017 [3, p. 322], the availability of science for Ukrainians is increasing, as Law № 2053-VIII guarantees state support for the education of citizens with special needs at all levels — from school to university. This makes it, in
turn, possible to employ the scientific potential of people with special needs.
Corruption is a widespread problem in Ukraine. [4] [5] In 2017, in the Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index, Ukraine ranked 131st out of 176 countries surveyed (along with Myanmar and Mexico) [6]. Back in 2007, Ukraine ranked 118th (out of 179 countries surveyed during the year) [7]. In 2012, international auditing company Ernst & Young put Ukraine in the top three most corrupt countries in the world together with Colombia and Brazil [8]. The United States diplomatic service described Ukraine during the presidency of Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yushchenko as kleptocracy, as it follows from the leakage of Wikileaks [9]. Since 2014, corruption in Ukraine has increased [10]. In April 2017, the same Ernst & Young has put Ukraine first in the world in terms of corruption among the 41 countries surveyed (including Africa) [11] [12].
The main priorities of the state anticorruption policy in Ukraine should be defined in a special regulatory act — the Anti-Corruption Strategy. The AntiCorruption Agency has developed the Anti-Corruption Strategy for 20182020 [13].
The war in the east of Ukraine or the War at the Donbass is a military conflict launched by Russian troops that invaded Ukrainian Donbass' territories in April 2014 after the Crimea capture by the Russia, a series of pro-Russian appearances in Ukraine, and the proclamation of "state sovereignties" of "DPR" and "LPR". The conflict is of an international nature [14] and became a continuation of Russian armed aggres-
sion against Ukraine. Its geographical scale is local; it covers the isolated districts of the Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine.
The presence of problems in the state governance of Ukraine, including ineffective activities of state institutions and local self-government institutions, corruption, lack of effective interaction between the state and civil society institutions, is a consequence of disregard of the objective scientific approaches to the formation of a coherent and logically well-established system of public administration; of lack of a strategic vision for the improvement and development of the state and its institutes for the long-term and medium-term perspective; of lack of methodology for adaptation and introduction of advanced foreign experience of public administration, especially of the member states of the European Union.
The solution of this problem in course of the reform of public administration can be realized through the reform of political governance. Putting partners and civil society in a relationship of interdependence, as well as decentralization and transfer of public administration functions to lower levels of government, requires them to be able to perform these functions. Problems of coordination of the government functions also need to be addressed.
The purpose of the article is as follows: Analysis of the peculiarities of the implementation of the public administration methods used in the social environment; study of international experience of legal regulation of social activity; analysis of the relationship between social phenomena and peculiarities of state administration in histori-
cal, legal, social, and economic aspects; study of the effectiveness of domestic methods of public administration based on international experience.
Presenting main study material. The need to investigate the problems of civil society is due to the fact that it serves as a kind of founder of a legal democratic state. This is especially true for transitional societies, where there are significant transformations and also a number of contradictions.
To this issue, the scientific works are devoted of many domestic scientists, such as M. O. Baimuratov, V. Yu. Bar-kov, V. V. Gorlenko [15], Yu. M. Oboro-tov [16, p. 58], M. P. Orzikh [17, p. 6768], V. F. Pogorilko, T. V. Rozova, Yu. M. Todyka [18, p. 187], O. F. Fry-zsky etc. The mentioned authors pay attention to the processes of formation and interaction of civil society and the state of law — a democratic environment for the realization of civil values: freedom, justice etc. At the same time, it should be noted that the state of development and development of civil society in Ukraine is studied insufficiently in the doctrinal aspect. The basic conceptual provisions about the civil society were formulated by such prominent thinkers as J. Locke, A. Ferguson, S. L. Montesquieu, I. Kant, G. Hegel, A. de Tocqueville etc. Later, starting in the second half of the 19th and the second half of the 20th century, the phenomenon of civil society was almost forgotten, and only in the 80s of the XX century, it was remembered again in political practice. Despite all the diversity of interpretations of this phenomenon, the idea of civil society, according to Yu. M. Oborotov, was called for urgent need "to outline the
range of such relations, which the state cannot interfere" [19, p. 58]. This opinion was followed by Yu. M. Todyka, who understood the civil society as "the system of individual social institutions independent from state and relations providing conditions for the realization of private interests and needs of individuals and groups, for the life of the social and spiritual spheres, for their reproduction and transmission from generation to generation" [20, p. 187]. But the most successful systemically and methodologically verified characteristic of civil society was given by M. P. Orzikh, who understands civil society as following: firstly, the association of people in which every person is free as having inalienable rights, is equal with other members of the association, and is independent in the choice of a civil status; secondly, non-state (institutionalized in public associations) associations of people by social, ethnic, religious, and other affiliation, political, as well as by economic, professional, and other interests; thirdly, the formation, on the above-mentioned principles, of social (non-state) relations developing and operating on a self-governing basis, as well as through the self-expression of the interests and will of separate individuals and their associations, operating in the law-free (free of state and legal influence) space of society [21, p. 67-68].
According to Article 1 of the Constitution of Ukraine, Ukraine is a democratic state of the law. However, in fact, for today, Ukraine is not such a state. This is primarily due to the fact that civil society has not yet been created in our country. After all, as you know, one of the four levels, in which democracy
must be strengthened, apart from ideology, institutions, and culture, is a civil society [22].
The reason for this state of affairs is the lack of experience of the existence of a civil society or at least attempts to create it for many centuries of existence of the Ukrainian state.
Conclusions. Analysis of the peculiarities of the use of public administration methods in Ukraine has shown the absence of unified, standardized approaches, which testifies to the lack of perfect management policy.
The study of international experience in the regulation of social activity made it possible to highlight the most important aspects of public administration, in particular: the consolidation of civil society and government bodies; transparency of management activity of political circles; democratic nature of the political institutions of the state and politicians' credibility.
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