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4УДК 372.881.111.1
Erkenkizi D.
master's degree, KIMEP University (Almaty, Kazakhstan)
METHODOLOGY FOR BUILDING SAT VOCABULARY FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WHOSE NATIVE LANGUAGE IS NOT ENGLISH
Аннотация: this article examines the methodology for developing Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) vocabulary for high school students whose native language is not English. It explores the characteristics of SAT vocabulary and analyzes the main methods and approaches for vocabulary enhancement, emphasizing techniques such as the use of flashcards, reading and analyzing texts, applying words in context, and associative methods. The importance of regularity and a comprehensive approach in the vocabulary learning process is highlighted.
Ключевые слова: Scholastic Assessment Test, vocabulary, exam preparation, teaching methods, high school, ESL, contextual learning, associative methods.
Introduction.
Getting into American colleges entails a complicated and multi-step procedure that demands applicants to have high levels of academic readiness. One crucial aspect in this procedure is the completion of standardized exams like the SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test). The examination is crucial for evaluating students' academic skills and frequently acts as a key factor for admission to top educational institutions in the USA. High school students who do not speak English as their first language face particular difficulties when getting ready for the SAT.
The importance of vocabulary in relation to the SAT is significant. A strong vocabulary directly affects how well students do in the «Reading» and «Writing and Language» sections, as accurately understanding and analyzing texts is crucial.
Additionally, having a good grasp of vocabulary helps enhance essay writing, which plays a crucial role in the exam.
Globalization and migration have led to an increasing number of students around the world hoping to attend American colleges. Even with proficient English abilities, numerous students struggle with the SAT vocabulary because it consists of academic and unfamiliar words. Thus, it is crucial to develop a successful plan for expanding SAT vocabulary. This article aims to suggest a method tailored to assist high school students who are non-native English speakers in enhancing their SAT vocabulary.
Main part. What is SAT, characteristics of vocabulary.
The SAT is the standardized test in the USA for evaluating high school students' knowledge and skills for college and university admissions. This test assesses students' preparedness for college and is used as a factor in determining admission eligibility. The examination includes various parts like Reading, Writing and Language, Math, and an Essay that is not required. The outcomes of the exam aid admissions boards in assessing candidates' skills [1].
The SAT scores are a significant factor, though not the sole component of the application materials. Admissions committees consider extracurricular achievements, recommendation letters, and personal essays, in addition to GPA. Even though the SAT is most commonly used in the USA, certain universities in other countries also acknowledge it. Additionally, international students often opt to take the SAT exam as part of their preparation for studying at American universities [2]. One of the most challenging parts of the exam is the vocabulary section, requiring a deep comprehension of English along with knowledge of academic terminology not typically used in daily life. The SAT vocabulary has distinct features that differentiate it from everyday language and requires thorough study during preparation. This complexity includes the vocabulary, context, uncommon terms, and academic focus of the language used (table 1).
Table 1. Features of SAT vocabulary [3].
Feature Description
Level of difficulty of words The words used in the SAT are generally more complex and less common in everyday speech. Examples include «anomaly» and «pragmatic»
Contextual usage The test evaluates both understanding of word definitions and competency in applying them in different situations. The term «bank» can have various interpretations depending on the context, representing either the side of a river or a financial establishment.
Rare and specialized terms The SAT includes vocabulary that is not commonly used in everyday conversations but is crucial for academic and professional settings.
Morphology and word formation Students should have a good understanding of simple prefixes, suffixes, and roots, as they assist in figuring out the definitions of unknown words. Having the knowledge that the prefix «un-» indicates «not» or «against» and that the suffix «-ment» signifies a process or state, can assist in comprehending the words «unfamiliar» and «development».
Academic and scientific vocabulary Words from the fields of science, arts, and social sciences frequently appear in academic texts. Examples of such words include «hypothesis» «paradigm» and «nuance»
Idioms and phrases The SAT also includes idiomatic expressions that may be challenging to understand, especially for non-native speakers.
Emphasis on accuracy There is a significant importance placed on accurately understanding and using words in given contexts, which requires students to be attentive and focused.
Cultural and historical references The texts may include allusions to cultural and historical events or ideas that international students may not always be familiar with.
Synonyms and antonyms The SAT often includes questions on identifying synonyms and antonyms, which demands a deep understanding of word meanings and their nuances. For example, knowing that «happy» and «elated» are synonyms, while «happy» and «sad» are antonyms, is a crucial skill for success
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The author believes that studying the challenging characteristics of SAT vocabulary is crucial, despite its complexity. Having an in-depth understanding of intricate and uncommon words, being able to analyze them in different contexts, grasping their nuances and structure, as well as knowing their academic and scientific applications, are essential elements of education. These characteristics present additional challenges for high school students who are not native English speakers, as many words on the SAT are rarely encountered in daily conversations, making them harder to remember and use.
Principles of vocabulary formation: identifying important words to learn.
The initial stage of SAT preparation begins with a thorough analysis of each student's current level of English proficiency. This involves conducting specific assessments focused on reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary skills. The test results help establish the initial learning point and identify key areas in need of improvement.
Personalized study programs are created after analyzing the initial level. This involves selecting materials, activities, and instructional approaches that align with the student's individual needs and current skill level. A personalized approach leads to better outcomes in English language acquisition.
Mastering the basic vocabulary commonly used on the SAT is the next crucial step toward passing the test successfully. In the initial phase, it is important to review past exam editions to identify the words and phrases that appear most frequently. This vocabulary typically spans many subjects and is used in various contexts, making it essential for the examination. Using frequency dictionaries compiled from analyzing numerous tests can also be beneficial, as they highlight the words most commonly found on the SAT. These dictionaries assist in prioritizing the study of the most important words [4]. The next task involves organizing words into thematic clusters, facilitating the study process and enhancing comprehension of how they are used in context.
Considering the starting level of English proficiency is crucial when selecting the key vocabulary to focus on for study. Advanced students can be exposed to more
complex and uncommon words, whereas beginners should concentrate on fundamental vocabulary. Regularly reviewing studied words and practicing with online resources, flashcards, and other tools is necessary to reinforce knowledge. Methods of memorizing words
Different methods and approaches can assist people in efficiently absorbing and retaining unfamiliar vocabulary. These methods are beneficial for learning new languages, getting ready for tests, or enhancing the vocabulary in your mother tongue. They are grounded in cognitive psychology and neuroscience principles with the goal of enhancing long-term memory and speeding up the learning process. There exist various primary techniques for remembering vocabulary, all of which come with their own benefits (fig. 1).
Methods of compilation vocabulary for the SAT
г 4 Mnemonics, Щ 1г д! Examples, ¥ г ^ Applications,
associations, suggestions, online platforms,
stories я context L . crosswords к. A
Figure 1. Methods of memorizing words [5].
Associative techniques for remembering SAT words involve linking new words with familiar concepts, images, or sounds. These techniques are based on the idea that information is more easily recalled if it is connected to something known or emotionally impactful. By using an associative method, students can connect a novel word with visual images, auditory comparisons, or personal anecdotes to strengthen their understanding and retention. For instance, a student could form a mental picture of someone being honest without exaggeration when learning the word «candid». Table 2 showcases the various forms of associative memory techniques.
Table 2. Types of associative memorization methods [6].
Method Description Example
Visual associations Creating mental images: connecting the word with a vivid or unusual image in the mind. To remember the word «balloon» you can imagine a bright balloon rising into the sky.
Sound associations Finding words in the native language that sound similar: associating them with the meaning of the English word. The word «knight» can be remembered by associating it with «night» due to the similarity in sound with the word «night»
Rhymes and puns Creating rhyming phrases or puns: incorporating the word into a phrase that enhances memorization. «Bright light» can be used to remember the word «bright»
Use of personal associations Linking new words with personal experiences or life situations. If the word «beach» is associated with your favorite vacation spot, it will help you remember it more easily.
Creating a story Inventing a short story or scene: using the new word helps to connect words together and remember them in context. For the word «cat» you could come up with a story about a cat that found a secret key.
Use of word chains Creating a sequence of words: where each subsequent word is related to the previous one. To remember the words «apple» «tree» and «bird» you can imagine a bird sitting on a trwith an apple growing on it.
Acronyms and abbreviations Creating acronyms: where each letter represents a word to be remembered. To memorize the sequence of rainbow colors in English, you can use the acronym «ROYGBIV» (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
Synesthesia Connecting the word with sensations: such as smells, tastes, sounds. «Aromatic» you can imagine the smell of freshly brewed coffee.
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These strategies operate on both perception and memory levels, enabling students not only to remember words but also to apply them in various contexts, a crucial element for achieving success on the SAT. This approach encourages creativity and originality in the learning process, enhancing the effectiveness and enjoyment of memorization.
Contextual learning involves using words in their natural setting to effectively learn a new language. Studying words in context through this method improves comprehension and memory of vocabulary. This technique aids in both remembering words and understanding their usage in various situations, which is crucial for passing the test.
Reading is one of the most efficient methods for contextual memorization. Students should begin by searching for articles, books, or other resources in English that align with their interests and skill levels. While reading, it is important to focus on unfamiliar words encountered in the text. Students should aim to understand how words are used in sentences rather than just memorizing their definitions. For example, when encountering the term «ambiguous», it can be beneficial to observe its usage in a specific context: «The guidance given was ambiguous, causing confusion within the group of students». Understanding how a word interacts with other words and its function in a sentence can strengthen its significance [7].
Creating personal sentences using new vocabulary is another essential element of associative learning. When students incorporate a new word into their own environment, they not only remember what it means but also develop the ability to use it accurately. For example, when a student is learning the term «gregarious», they could create a sentence like, «Every weekend, my sociable friend enjoys throwing parties». This practice helps with remembering the word and also improves English sentence structure skills.
Moreover, the use of contextual flashcards can greatly improve memory retention. Instead of just defining a word, students can write the word, its definition, and a sentence demonstrating its use. For example, you could write «meticulous» on one side of the card and «displaying great attention to detail, a meticulous researcher
thoroughly verifies all his discoveries» on the other side. This method allows students to sthe word in use and to recall it not only as a standalone idea but also within a specific context.
Another effective approach involves working with texts and analyzing them. Students can choose texts with an extensive vocabulary and conduct an analysis. These could be fictional works or academic articles. When working with written materials, students can mark unknown words, discuss their definitions with teachers or classmates, and incorporate them into their own writing. This method not only helps with word recall but also enhances critical thinking and analytical abilities.
Contextual approaches may also involve the use of audiovisual resources. Listening to podcasts, watching movies, or viewing videos in English enables students to hear words in authentic speech, which aids in strengthening their understanding and application. Listening to native speakers use vocabulary in conversations and real-life scenarios helps learners better grasp and remember the words.
These methods help students not only memorize words but also develop the ability to apply them in real-world scenarios, a crucial aspect of effectively passing the test.
Designed with the concept of learning through fun, SAT vocabulary memorization apps and game-based approaches create a relaxed learning environment for students. They offer excellent opportunities for successful learning and reinforcement of new vocabulary.
Creating flashcards is a simple and effective way to recall words. Students can choose to make flashcards manually or utilize apps like Anki to create electronic versions. On one side of the card is the word, while the other side contains its definition, example of usage, or association. Adding a competitive element can improve this method by allowing students to compete in memorizing as many words as possible within a limited timeframe.
Word games involve players forming words using letters or given words, promoting the practical use and retention of new vocabulary. A few instances of games are Scrabble, Boggle, and Words with Friends. Word games have a twofold function:
they provide entertainment and encourage players to think about the significance and applications of words.
Engaging in role-playing games where new vocabulary is used to create and act out scenarios can be very beneficial. For instance, students can act out scenarios in order to show words being used in a practical context. This assists in recollecting vocabulary while also improving language skills and self-assurance.
Quies and competitions involve participants answering questions about word meanings or usage, which can be both fun and educational when organized as events. Teachers or students can organize these activities in the classroom, fostering a competitive atmosphere that encourages memorization.
Apps for memorizing vocabulary aid students in effectively retaining words. Game elements are frequently integrated to boost user engagement. Some apps like Quizlet, Memrise, and Duolingo are good examples.
Game-based methods and vocabulary memorization apps make the learning process more engaging and effective. They provide numerous opportunities for active interaction with the language and help high school students whose native language is not English confidently develop their vocabulary. It is essential to remember that the best approach to learning is a combination of various methods, which helps to maximize material retention.
Conclusions.
The approach to SAT vocabulary is crucial for non-native English high school students in effectively preparing for the exam. Various methods, including forming connections and mental images, repeating information over time, learning in context, and using flashcards, aid students in both remembering and comprehending new vocabulary in practical scenarios.
Memorizing words is not something that can be done once but is an ongoing activity that requires consistent practice and repetition. Utilizing interactive technologies such as language learning apps and educational games enhances the engagement and effectiveness of the learning process.
Ultimately, becoming proficient in SAT vocabulary helps students not only earn a high score on the test but also creates new opportunities in academic and professional realms. It increases their self-confidence and motivates them to continue learning English. A successful future and expanded horizons are outcomes of a strong vocabulary-building approach for all learners.
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