CC BY
16
DOI 10.14526/01_1111_163
METHODOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS STUDENTS MAIN DIRECTIONS OF PHYSICAL UPBRINGING
IMPROVEMENT
Oleg V. Shinkarenko — candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Vladimir N. Trofimov — candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Elena N. Chekanushkina - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Samara State Technical University 244, Str. Molodogvardiis'ka, Samara, 443100, Russia
E-mail: ld [email protected]
Annotation. Objective regularities of society development restricted considerably muscular activity of a contemporary man, creating the prerequisites for discrepancy between social-biological needs of an organism for physical load and the existing volume of motional activity, which caused hypodynamic syndrome. The problem of students ' health improvement, the level of their physical readiness increase, the need for systematic physical exercises formation demands new model of physical upbringing creation at a higher educational establishment. Materials. This article gives theoretical and methodical substantiation of new approaches importance to physical culture and sport organization at a technical higher educational establishment. A traditional system of lessons doesn't provide a firm interest to physical culture formation. The existing approach to its organization, orientation and content doesn't provide the problems of health improvement, many-sided harmonious development, the needfor regular physical exercises formation solution. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization, testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The article gives the experimental research works results, which show the effectiveness of physical exercises according to the interests; it is necessary to form a steady interest in a chosen kind of motor activity; the leading motives of involving students into different kinds and forms of physical culture and sport lessons. Conclusion. The experimental check of the offered approach to physical upbringing organization among students from technical higher educational establishment students showed its effectiveness. The choice of students motor activity according to interests, abilities, needs provided a systematic and continuous character of muscular load fulfillment, motivational sphere formation. An important direction of physical culture lessons improvement system was an individual choice of physical exercises, which corresponded with the phenotypic peculiarities of the future specialists. Keywords: students, physical culture, sport, pedagogical experiment, physical readiness.
Introduction. Demanded by a modern stage of social development creative-pedagogical paradigm of education conditions the necessity to increase the level of spiritualmoral and physical development of an individual and actualization of his creative potential. Physical culture and sport are a powerful means of upbringing, stimulating intellectual and motional activity. However, the existing practice of physical culture lessons organization and realization at a higher educational establishment doesn't correspond
with the interests and needs of the present time. According to Balsevich V.K., 2000; Lubysheva L.I., Z.M. Kuznetsovs 2011, L.D. Nazarenko, 2013, 2014; Nikolaev Y.M., 2004; and other specialists there is the necessity to determine a new, conceptual basis of physical culture theory and methodology; new program content, which corresponds to the demands of modern life.
Scientific-methodical literature
analysis approves that the urgent questions of personality development by means of physical
culture and sport should be based on the unity of spiritual and physical powers, being oriented at modern humanistic conceptions of the general theory of culture and activity, which consider a person as their main object and subject. Creative potential of young specialists, their ability to think progressively are conditioned by the level of physical and psychic health.
The aim of this research work is scientific-methodical substantiation of the necessity to reveal new approaches to physical culture and sport organization at a higher educational establishment.
Objectives: 1. To reveal the main directions of a technical higher educational establishment students physical upbringing process improvement.
2. To check experimentally the expediency and effectiveness of orientation at the offered approach to physical culture lessons organization and realization.
Material. Objective regularities of society development at a modern stage had a great influence on the character of life; created the conditions, which determined the unbalance between natural needs of a person for muscular activity and a real volume of motional activity and it caused a negative influence on a health state.
An educational process, directed at training for highly-qualified professional activity, is presented by the conditions creation for many-sided, harmonious development; health preservation and improvement, a natural mechanism of life activity regulation strengthening, physical activity optimization.
Muscular activity effectiveness, directed at a progressive development and improvement of an organism, is conditioned by a rational choice of purposeful motional actions, an optimal ratio of their volume and intensity, succession and systematic character of their fulfillment, constant control and self-control realization over a functional state. The aim of a person's physical activity is a new level of functioning achievement, which provides involvement into the process of all recourses of an organism development and improvement - from a cell to brain cortex [2].
During physical exercises fulfillment with a gradual increase of their organizational and structural difficulty cumulative effect appears, which provides natural resources of an organism mobilization and it conditions the increase of the most important motional activity indices: muscular power, quickness, endurance, balance, flexibility, accuracy of movements and others.
Special scientific-methodical literature analysis shows the presence of considerable outer and inner resources for physical-health-improving and sports-mass works effectiveness increase among students, the degree of realization of which is conditioned by the necessity to change the direction and content of physical upbringing process, the role of the system physical exercises realization for development and improvement.
Stepping over the bounds of intellectual, psychological and physical development ideal notions, it is possible to achieve a new level stage of organism functioning, owing to the necessity understanding to set a rational ratio of intellectual and motional activity.
Modern sports-pedagogical science and physical culture practice have a lot of innovative technologies of physical upbringing at higher educational establishments [10]. It determined the necessity to search for new approaches to physical culture lessons organization, based on taking into consideration the interests, abilities and needs of students.
One of the prospective directions of physical culture lessons development is, in our opinion, an individual choice of physical exercises, which correspond with phenotypic peculiarities of a student.
Results and their discussion. A pedagogical experiment was held. 142 students of the 1st and the 2nd courses of a technical higher educational establishment (17-19 years-old) took part in the experiment. The control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG) were organized. Each group included 71 students. In the CG lessons were held according to generally adopted methodology in accordance with the program of the Russian
Federation Ministry of Education. In the EG during one term students were free to choose a kind of motional activity: kinds of running (sprint, average distance running, longdistance running); long jump, high jump, triple jump; shot put; sports games: basketball, volleyball, football; and health-improving and sports aerobics; skiing; cross training.
Depending on the choice of the motor activity students got theoretical, methodical and practical training. Simultaneously the peculiarities of motivational sphere were studied, as it conditioned readiness to systematic physical exercises. During motional activity with the help of observation over the character of tasks fulfillment and during group and individual talks, questioning among students the main groups of motives of a kind of physical exercises choice and the attitude to physical culture lessons were revealed.
On the basis of the received results analysis and their comparison with the results of scientific and scientific-methodical literature study the motives were grouped in the following way:
- axiological-forming;
- health improving;
- cognitive-developing;
- social-orienting;
- psychological;
- culturological.
In order to estimate the degree of these motives formation we created the following evaluation criteria:
Axiological-forming motive was oriented at the importance understanding of a purposeful muscular activity for intellectual and motional-coordinating qualities development - the basis of many-sided, harmonious development, personality's moral-volitional features improvement, involvement into general values of physical culture and sport.
The degree of the need formation level for involvement into the values of physical culture and sport was estimated.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - a deep understanding of motor acts positive influence of motor acts on
physiological systems, intellectual activity, psycho-emotional state;
4 points - confidence in the necessity to involve into physical culture and sport values during episodic lessons attendance;
3 points - general notion of physical culture and sport values with the mindset to fulfill systematically physical exercises when there is any free time;
2 points - confidence in the fact that physical exercises fulfillment is a personal decision of every person;
1 point -no desire to fulfill systematic physical activity.
Health improving motive is based on the confidence in the fact that the most effective means of health improvement is physical exercises, which provide central nervous system, cardiovascular, respiratory and other functional systems strengthening; mood improvement, relations optimization with people around.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - physical culture lessons combination with independent fulfillment of physical exercises with a consulting support of a teacher;
4 points - a high level of motional activity at the lessons, desire to fulfill exercises independently, which provide muscular power, quickness, endurance and other motional-coordinating qualities development;
3 points - an absolute importance understanding of a regular muscular load fulfillment in order to strengthen the whole organism and the separate muscular groups. Lessons attendance as it is obligatory.
2 points - confidence in a sufficient volume of motional activity for normal functioning of an organism;
1 point - confidence in the idea that medicine should provide health improvement of population.
Cognitive-developing motive is directed to knowledge and notions broadening concerning physical culture role in potentialities of a person realization: general values in the sphere of physical culture and sport accumulation.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - a vivid interest to the history of physical culture and sport appearance; their content, form of lessons change, attitude to their means use; the place of physical culture and sport in life of different kinds of population;
4 points - information perception about the importance of physical culture and sport at different stages of society development without its critical realization, readiness to broaden and extend information;
3 points - passive attitude to theoretical knowledge in the sphere of physical culture and sport, no desire to use knowledge for own experience gaining;
2 points - unwillingness to percept information about physical culture and sport as a phenomenon of social life;
1 point - no interest in mastering knowledge in the sphere of physical culture and sport.
Social-orienting motive
Systematic physical culture and sports lessons provide contacts setting with people of different age and status; relations of different character development, which creates conditions for the skills of social activity mastering, social activity formation.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - desire to broaden interpersonal contacts; gain knowledge and the skills of judging sports competitions, skills of instructor; desire to take part in physical-health-improving and sports-mass events organization and realization;
4 points - the importance of physical culture and sport understanding as the means of socialization, circle of contacts broadening; readiness to practical participation in helping physical-health-improving activity organization among students of junior courses;
3 points - no initiative in physical-health-improving and sports events organization; necessary contacts setting, concerning the orders of competitions organizers;
2 points - physical-health-improving and sports-mass activity understanding as something obligatory;
1 point - not understanding the role of physical culture and sport in personality socialization.
Psychological motive is directed to self-confidence, own self-rating increase; the skills, self-affirmation formation by means of sports achievements.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - confidence in the fact that sports results increase provides authority increase among friends, students and teachers. The skills of own activity self-analysis formation, ability to make conclusions and correct own mistakes;
4 points - desire to fulfill self-actualization by means of physical culture and sport; readiness to reveal own abilities and skills during physical-health-improving activity;
3 points - the importance of physical-sports activity underestimation as the model of professional qualities formation;
2 points - not understanding the pole of physical culture and sport for self-confidence increase, self-actualization and self-realization;
1 point - no confidence in the fact that physical culture and sport are the effective means of training to the future professional activity.
Culturological motive forms the necessity realization to increase motional culture, the culture of interaction with different people; the skills of psycho-emotional state regulation while communicating with people around.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points -the importance of physical culture and sport realization as a part of people general culture. A clear perception of physical culture and sport values as a result of activity experience accumulation of people from different countries, directed to a person's development;
4 points - treating physical culture and sport as a compulsory component of each individual's life, without which it is impossible to achieve an optimal level of culture;
3 points - a formal perception of physical culture and sport as the phenomenon
of cultural development of people, underestimation of their role and place in general and motional culture increase;
2 points - inability to place physical culture and sport according to the force of influence on a person together with literature and art;
1 point - not understanding the importance of physical culture and sport as a phenomenon of cultural development of people.
With the help of these criteria of different physical-sports activity motives evaluation a group of independent experts-physical culture teachers from other higher educational establishments (5 people) revealed the level of their formation among students from the CG and the EG. The received results analysis didn't reveal considerable differences (p>0,05).
Before the pedagogical experiment a test was held in order to reveal the initial level of physical readiness indices among students. The following control exercises were used in this test: 60 meters running (seconds); shuttle running 3x11 meters (seconds); standing longjump (centimeters); stuffed ball throwing (1 kg) with the right and the left hand; chinup (quantity); leaning ahead standing on a gymnastic bench. The research results analysis didn't reveal valid differences according to the level of physical readiness in the CG and the EG (p>0,05).
In the EG, where physical culture lessons were held according to the interests, great attention was paid to motional activity motives formation, taking into consideration individual peculiarities of students, the level of their physical readiness, phenotypic features, interest in physical culture and sport. The students from the EG were given the information about the values of physical culture and sport, formed by previous generations; physiological mechanism of muscular load influence on an organism was revealed; the examples were given rehabilitation by means of physical culture among people after hard injuries; the possibilities were considered to change a world view and character with the help of a special
system of physical exercises. All this provided full notions formation among students of physical culture importance in a person's life, their place and role at different stages of social development and it had a great influence on the character and structure of motivational activity, attitude to physical culture lessons.
After the end of the pedagogical experiment one more test of physical readiness was held. The research results showed, that physical readiness level increased among students from both groups: the CG and the EG, however, in the EG the increase was higher. In the CG in 60 meters running (seconds) with the initial results 8,14±0,54 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased to 1,71% (р>0,05); in the EG with the initial indices 8,17±0,51seconds the increase was 2,12 % (р>0,05); in the CG in standing long-jump (centimeters) with the initial results 212,69±0,18 centimeters after the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved to 7,32% (р<0,05); in the EG with the initial results 214,56 ±14,58 centimeters the increase was 11,27%, ( р<0,05). In the CG with the initial results in a stuffed ball throwing (1kg)10,62±0,12 meters to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased to 8,44% (р<0,05); in the EG with the initial results 10,57±0,11 meters the increase was 12,33% (р<0,05). The same tendency of a considerable indices increase in the EG was revealed according to other control exercises.
The results of the pedagogical experiment showed considerable changes according to the level of motivational sphere formation. In the CG with the initial results of axiological-forming motive 2,73±0,14 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased to 0,78% (р>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,69±0,14 points the increase was 9,77% (р<0,05); in the CG with the initial results of health-improving motive formation level 3,28±0,19 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved to 2,91%(р>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,34±0,27 points the increase was 17,46% (р<0,05); in the CG with the initial indices of cognitive-developing motive demonstration 2,41±0,17 points to the end of
the pedagogical experiment the results increased to 1,37% (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results of the studied parameter 2,32±0,13 points the increase was 21,17% (p<0,05). The same tendency was revealed according to other motives.
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment prove the necessity to introduce a new paradigm into higher educational establishments system of physical upbringing among students. The existing system of lessons doesn't provide a steady interest formation in physical culture. The results of our research work showed the expediency of a kind of motional activity choice according to interests; a gradual work organization connected with motivational sphere formation taking into consideration different its demonstrations. It provides introduction of special information into the content of each lesson. This information students can master while fulfilling special exercises for the leading motional-coordinating qualities development, which don't need thorough thinking. Without a formed system of knowledge in the sphere of physical culture and sport, convincing facts, visual examples, it is difficult for the future specialists to accept physical culture and sport as a phenomenon of cultural social life.
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Submitted: 07.11.2016 Received: 11.11.2016
Oleg V. Shinkarenko — candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Samara State Technical University, 244, Str. Molodogvardiis'ka, Samara, 443100, Russia
Vladimir N. Trofimov — candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Samara State Technical University, 244, Str. Molodogvardiis'ka, Samara, 443100, Russia
Elena N. Chekanushkina — candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Samara State Technical University, 244, Str. Molodogvardiis'ka, Samara, 443100, Russia
