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11Медицина труда и промышленная экология — 2019; 59 (9)
Introduction. Respirable crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources is a proven human carcinogen [1]. Therefore, several initiatives have been undertaken to derive exposure response curves and to control exposure to this carcinogenic agent.
Methods. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) and the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS) of Utrecht University in The Netherlands pooled subjects from 14 case-control studies from Europe and Canada with detailed smoking and occupationalhistories. A quantitative job-exposure matrix was used to estimate quartz exposure by occupation, time period, and geographical region. Logistic regression models were used to estimate exposure-disease associations and the joint effects of quartz exposure and smoking on risk of lung cancer. IRAS also teamed up with the International Minerals Association Europe to manage a prospective Dust Monitoring Project (IMA-DMP) databasecontaining the results of personal re-spirable dust and quartz measurements. Recently, temporal trends in exposure concentrations based on almost 32.000 measurements from163 sites owned by 35 companies located in 23 countries (including Russia) were analysed using linear mixed effect models.
Results. The SYNERGY study included 16,901 cases and 20,965 controls. Lung cancer odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.15 (95% CI 1.04-1.27) to 1.45 (95% CI 1.31-1.60) for the groups with the lowest and highest cumulative quartz exposure, respectively [2]. Increasing cumulative quartz exposure was strongly associated with increasing lung cancer risks in current, former, and never smokers. Increasing cumulative exposure was
also associated with increasing subtype risks of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Synergistic effects were observed forquartz exposure on overall lung cancer risks and in all three cancer subtypes. Consistent and Statistically significant downward trends were found for both exposure to respirable dust (-9% per annum) and respirable quartz (-4% per annum) in the IMA-DMP database over a 15-year period [3]. A direct detrimental effect of the global economic crisis on these downward trends was apparent.
Conclusion. Exposure to respirable quartz appeared to be associated with lung cancer even at low cumulative exposure levels. Exposure-response relationships were robust and present regardless of smoking history and cancer subtype. Prevention of lung cancer and other respiratory diseases among workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica should have priority. The IMA-DMP project shows that further control of these exposures is feasible, but local and global economic developments might delay timely and adequate control.
REFERENCES
1. IARC Monograph volume 68 Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid Fibrils and volume 100C Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts, IARC, Lyon, France.
2. Ge C. et al. Occupational exposure to silica, smoking, and the risk of lung cancer subtypes: a pooled analysis of case — control studies. In preparation.
3. Zilaout H, Houba R, Kromhout H. Temporal trends in re-spirable dust and respirable quartz concentrations within the European industrial minerals sector over a 15-year period (2002-2016). Submitted.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-834-835 Olsson A.
Lung carcinogens
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France, 69372
Lung cancer is the most common cancer globally, with more than 2 million new cases per year. It is also the cancer that causes most deaths, i.e. about 1.7 million annually or 18% of all cancer deaths. In the Russian Federation, lung cancer is the most common cancer among men, while still relatively rare among women. In Northern and Western Europe, lung cancer rates in men have decreased in the last 20 years, while the rates in women keep rising. These global patterns are largely influenced by the national smoking prevalence in the previous decades for respective sex. Environmental and occupational risk factors also contribute to the burden of lung cancer, but the extent of this contribution varies over time and by location. There is a large potential for preventing lung cancer development by reducing and eliminating external risk factors. Keywords: lung cancer; carcinogens
For citation: OlssonA. Lung carcinogens. Med. truda iprom ekol 2019; 59 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-834-835 For correspondence: Olsson A., E-mail: [email protected] Funding. The study had no funding.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Олссон В.
Легочные канцерогены
Международное агентство по изучению рака (МАИР/ВОЗ), 150 cours, Albert Thomas, Лион, Франция, 69372
Во всем мире рак легких является наиболее распространенным видом злокачественных новообразований с более чем 2 миллионами новых случаев в год. Этот вид злокачественных новообразований является причиной наибольшего числа смертей, то есть около 1,7 миллиона в год или 18% всех смертей от злокачественных новообразований. В Российской Федерации рак легких является наиболее распространенным видом злокачественных новообразований у мужчин, в то время как у женщин он встречается относительно редко. В Северной и Западной Европе показатели заболеваемости раком легких мужского населения за последние 20 лет снизились, а женского — продолжают расти. На эти глобальные тенденции в значительной степени влияет распространенность курения в стране в предыдущие десятилетия среди
Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology — 2019; 59 (9)
представителей соответствующего пола. Экологические и профессиональные факторы риска также вносят свой вклад в бремя рака легких, но степень этого вклада варьируется в зависимости от времени и места. Существует большой потенциал для предотвращения развития рака легких путем сокращения и устранения внешних факторов риска. Ключевые слова: рак легких; канцерогены
Для цитирования: Олссон В. Легочные канцерогены. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2019; 59 (9).
http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-834-835
Для корреспонденции: Олссон В., E-mail: [email protected]
Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.
Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Introduction. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the global lung cancer burden and the recent trends by continent and sex, as well as what is currently known about external and modifiable risk factors.
Methods. The review is based on CANCER TODAY providing data visualization tools to explore estimates of cancer specific incidence and mortality for 185 countries and territories of the world in 2018; the IARC Monographs identifying environmental factors including chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans; and results from epidemiological research projects carried at IARC.
Results. The highest lung cancer rates, age standardised to the world population, (>49 per 100.000) in men are observed in Micronesia, Polynesia, and Central and Eastern Europe; and the lowest rates (<5 per 100.000) are recorded in Africa. In women, the highest rates (>25 per 100.000) are currently observed in North America followed by Northern and Western Europe; and the lowest rates are again found in Africa [1-3].
The most important risk factor for lung cancer is tobacco smoking. Environmental and occupational risk factors also contribute to the burden of lung cancer. An individual's risk of developing lung cancer depends on multiple factors including potential genetic predisposition; and potency, frequency, and intensity of exposures to external risk factors. It has been estimated that between 19% of lung cancer in men in France 2015 were due to occupational exposures, while <3% in women. Today, diesel motor exhaust, crystalline silica dust, and radon-222 and its decay products are among the most
frequent exposures to lung carcinogens. Outdoor air pollution is a growing hazard worldwide, while indoor air pollution is a hazard restricted to regions using coal for cooking. Emissions from household combustion of coal are carcinogenic to the lung [2].
Conclusions. Lung cancer is a relatively common lethal disease affecting individual patients, their families, and whole societies. Exposure to most lung carcinogens can be reduced or eliminated so efforts to do so on individual and the societal level via regulations and protection measures are warranted.
REFERENCES
1. Bray F, FerlayJ, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018). Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68(6): 394-424.
2. Claire MarantMicallef, Kevin D Shield, Isabelle Baldi, Barbara Charbotel, Pascal Guénel, Anabelle GilgSoitIlg, Béatrice Fervers, Ann Olsson, Lesley Rushton, Sally J. Hutchings, Kurt Straif, Isabelle Soerjomataram. Occupational exposures and cancer: a review of agents and relative risk estimates. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2018; 75 (8).
3. Claire MarantMicallef, Kevin D Shield, Jérôme Vignat, Isabelle Baldi, Barbara Charbotel, Béatrice Fervers, Anabelle GilgSoit-Ilg, Pascal Guénel, Ann Olsson, Lesley Rushton, Sally J. Hutchings, EnoraCléro, Dominique Laurier, Pascale Scanff, Freddie Bray, Kurt Straif, Isabelle Soerjomataram (2019). Cancers in France in 2015 attributable to occupational exposures. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 222 (1): 22-9.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-835-836 Perov S.Y.1, Belaya O.V.1, Nemeth B.2
Conductive suit shielding properties assessment in different power frequency electric field exposure
1Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, 31, Budennogo Ave., Moscow, Russia, 105275; 2BUTE, Muegyetem rkp, 7-9, Budapest, Hungary, 1111
Shielding properties of conductive protective suits were tested by currents and power frequency electric field strengths for different exposure conditions. The differences between torso and head shielding factors, as well as shielding factors with and without face screen were determined. Near wire and in air capacity exposure test setups were the most valid for head shielding factor assessment.
Keywords: power frequency; electric field; shielding factor; conductive suit; test method
For citation: Perov S.Y., Belaya O.V, Nemeth B. Conductive suit shielding properties assessment in different power frequency electric field exposure. Med. truda iprom ekol. 2019; 59 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-835-836 For correspondence: Sergey Yu. Perov, E-mail: [email protected] Funding. The study had no funding.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. УДК 614.875
Перов С.Ю.1, Белая О.В.1, Немет Б.2
Оценка экранирующих свойств проводящих комплектов в условиях экспозиции электрическим полем промышленной частоты
