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17Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology — 2019; 59 (9)
farmers, and living and working conditions, was introduced. The percentage was calculated and the action plan for their safe work improvement was discussed.
Results. The study found out that the forty percent of the farmers showed low knowledge level of pesticide use, the moderateand high level for thirty-three and twenty-seven percent, respectively [1,2]. The result revealed that farmers receive information and suggestions related to pesticides from pesticide retailers. They have been trained about self-protection and safe pesticide use. Seventy percent showed safety behavior when using pesticide at the good level. Among unsafe behaviors, it was found that they do not use rubber gloves during chemical mixing process and do not read the chemical container label. While no using of personal protective equipment, grove and apron, was the problem when pesticide spraying [3]. For the environmental concern, it was found that most of farmers did not dispose the used pesticide containers properly after their work finished.
Conclusions. The safe use of pesticide behavior of migrant farmers demonstrated at good level but it was very interesting
that they showed low level of knowledge in pesticides use. It meant that they perform working protocol following the suggestion from pesticide retailers and some colleagues. Therefore, the improving of knowledge should be necessary for the sustainable chemical safety improvement. The need of appropriated knowledge dissemination must be urgent considered for better understanding of migrant farmers.
REFERENCES
1. Bureau of Occupational and Environmental Disease (2015): The report of occupational and environmental disease and hazard 2014. http://envocc.ddc.moph.go.th/uploads/situation/
01_envocc_situation_57.pdf
2. Foreign Workers Administrative Office (2017): Statistics of Registered Migrant Workers. https://www. doe.go.th/prd/assets/ upload/files/alien_th/94ec1760f83293298787bf9d0fd3496a. pdf
3. Tangtong C, et al. (2017).Efficiency Improvement for the Supervision of Agrochemical Shop to Reduce Pesticide Residue Problem in Agricultural Commodities. Prawarun Agr. J. 14 (2): 199-207
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-833-834 Kromhout H.
Silica and lung cancer: it can be controlled
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
In 1997 IARC ruled that there was sufficient evidence for inhaled crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources to be a proven human carcinogen This verdict was reaffirmed in 2009 by the established mechanistic event of impaired particle clearance leading to macrophage activation and persistent inflammation. Several initiatives, most notably the Industrial Minerals Association Europe's Dust Monitoring Programme and the European Network for Silica initiative in which 15 industry sector organisations and their counterpart trade union federations collaboratively try to control exposure to respirable crystalline silica and provide adequate health care to its workers, has been initiated since the early 2000's. There is evidence that collaboration between industry, occupational health services and academia has resulted in lower exposures of the workforce and it has shown that in economic hard times it is hard to keep the momentum of ever improving control and lower (lung cancer) risks. Keywords: respirable crystalline silica; lung cancer; epidemiology
For citation: Kromhout H. Silica and lung cancer: it can be controlled. Med. truda i prom ekol. 2019; 59 (9).
http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-833-834
For correspondence: Kromhout H., E-mail: h.kromhout@uu.nl
Funding. The study had no funding.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Кромхаут Х.
Диоксид кремния и рак легких: возможность контроля
Институт наук по оценке риска, Университет Утрехта, Утрехт, Нидерланды
В 1997 г. МАИР были получены доказательства того, что вдыхаемый кристаллический кремнезем в форме кварца или кристобалита в условиях профессионального воздействия является доказанным канцерогеном, что было подтверждено в 2009 г. установленным механическим явлением нарушения клиренса частиц, приводящим к активации макрофагов и стойкому воспалению. С начала 2000-х деятельность 15 промышленных секторов совместно с профсоюзами в рамках программы мониторинга пыли Европейской Ассоциации промышленных минералов и Европейской сети по Кремнезему позволяет контролировать воздействие вдыхаемого кристаллического кремнезема и предоставлять адекватную медицинскую помощь своим работникам что указывает н возможность контроля и снижения риска рака легких. Ключевые слова: респирабельный кристаллический кремнезем; рак легких; эпидемиология
Для цитирования: Кромхаут Х. Диоксид кремния и рак легких: возможность контроля. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2019;
59 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-833-834
Для корреспонденции: Кромхаут Х., E-mail: h.kromhout@uu.nl
Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.
Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Медицина труда и промышленная экология — 2019; 59 (9)
Introduction. Respirable crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources is a proven human carcinogen [1]. Therefore, several initiatives have been undertaken to derive exposure response curves and to control exposure to this carcinogenic agent.
Methods. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) and the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS) of Utrecht University in The Netherlands pooled subjects from 14 case-control studies from Europe and Canada with detailed smoking and occupationalhistories. A quantitative job-exposure matrix was used to estimate quartz exposure by occupation, time period, and geographical region. Logistic regression models were used to estimate exposure-disease associations and the joint effects of quartz exposure and smoking on risk of lung cancer. IRAS also teamed up with the International Minerals Association Europe to manage a prospective Dust Monitoring Project (IMA-DMP) databasecontaining the results of personal re-spirable dust and quartz measurements. Recently, temporal trends in exposure concentrations based on almost 32.000 measurements from163 sites owned by 35 companies located in 23 countries (including Russia) were analysed using linear mixed effect models.
Results. The SYNERGY study included 16,901 cases and 20,965 controls. Lung cancer odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.15 (95% CI 1.04-1.27) to 1.45 (95% CI 1.31-1.60) for the groups with the lowest and highest cumulative quartz exposure, respectively [2]. Increasing cumulative quartz exposure was strongly associated with increasing lung cancer risks in current, former, and never smokers. Increasing cumulative exposure was
also associated with increasing subtype risks of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Synergistic effects were observed forquartz exposure on overall lung cancer risks and in all three cancer subtypes. Consistent and Statistically significant downward trends were found for both exposure to respirable dust (-9% per annum) and respirable quartz (-4% per annum) in the IMA-DMP database over a 15-year period [3]. A direct detrimental effect of the global economic crisis on these downward trends was apparent.
Conclusion. Exposure to respirable quartz appeared to be associated with lung cancer even at low cumulative exposure levels. Exposure-response relationships were robust and present regardless of smoking history and cancer subtype. Prevention of lung cancer and other respiratory diseases among workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica should have priority. The IMA-DMP project shows that further control of these exposures is feasible, but local and global economic developments might delay timely and adequate control.
REFERENCES
1. IARC Monograph volume 68 Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid Fibrils and volume 100C Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts, IARC, Lyon, France.
2. Ge C. et al. Occupational exposure to silica, smoking, and the risk of lung cancer subtypes: a pooled analysis of case — control studies. In preparation.
3. Zilaout H, Houba R, Kromhout H. Temporal trends in re-spirable dust and respirable quartz concentrations within the European industrial minerals sector over a 15-year period (2002-2016). Submitted.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-834-835 Olsson A.
Lung carcinogens
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France, 69372
Lung cancer is the most common cancer globally, with more than 2 million new cases per year. It is also the cancer that causes most deaths, i.e. about 1.7 million annually or 18% of all cancer deaths. In the Russian Federation, lung cancer is the most common cancer among men, while still relatively rare among women. In Northern and Western Europe, lung cancer rates in men have decreased in the last 20 years, while the rates in women keep rising. These global patterns are largely influenced by the national smoking prevalence in the previous decades for respective sex. Environmental and occupational risk factors also contribute to the burden of lung cancer, but the extent of this contribution varies over time and by location. There is a large potential for preventing lung cancer development by reducing and eliminating external risk factors. Keywords: lung cancer; carcinogens
For citation: OlssonA. Lung carcinogens. Med. truda iprom ekol 2019; 59 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-834-835 For correspondence: Olsson A., E-mail: olssona@iarc.fr Funding. The study had no funding.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Олссон В.
Легочные канцерогены
Международное агентство по изучению рака (МАИР/ВОЗ), 150 cours, Albert Thomas, Лион, Франция, 69372
Во всем мире рак легких является наиболее распространенным видом злокачественных новообразований с более чем 2 миллионами новых случаев в год. Этот вид злокачественных новообразований является причиной наибольшего числа смертей, то есть около 1,7 миллиона в год или 18% всех смертей от злокачественных новообразований. В Российской Федерации рак легких является наиболее распространенным видом злокачественных новообразований у мужчин, в то время как у женщин он встречается относительно редко. В Северной и Западной Европе показатели заболеваемости раком легких мужского населения за последние 20 лет снизились, а женского — продолжают расти. На эти глобальные тенденции в значительной степени влияет распространенность курения в стране в предыдущие десятилетия среди
