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3представителей соответствующего пола. Экологические и профессиональные факторы риска также вносят свой вклад в бремя рака легких, но степень этого вклада варьируется в зависимости от времени и места. Существует большой потенциал для предотвращения развития рака легких путем сокращения и устранения внешних факторов риска. Ключевые слова: рак легких; канцерогены
Для цитирования: Олссон В. Легочные канцерогены. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2019; 59 (9).
http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-834-835
Для корреспонденции: Олссон В., E-mail: olssona@iarc.fr
Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.
Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Introduction. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the global lung cancer burden and the recent trends by continent and sex, as well as what is currently known about external and modifiable risk factors.
Methods. The review is based on CANCER TODAY providing data visualization tools to explore estimates of cancer specific incidence and mortality for 185 countries and territories of the world in 2018; the IARC Monographs identifying environmental factors including chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans; and results from epidemiological research projects carried at IARC.
Results. The highest lung cancer rates, age standardised to the world population, (>49 per 100.000) in men are observed in Micronesia, Polynesia, and Central and Eastern Europe; and the lowest rates (<5 per 100.000) are recorded in Africa. In women, the highest rates (>25 per 100.000) are currently observed in North America followed by Northern and Western Europe; and the lowest rates are again found in Africa [1-3].
The most important risk factor for lung cancer is tobacco smoking. Environmental and occupational risk factors also contribute to the burden of lung cancer. An individual's risk of developing lung cancer depends on multiple factors including potential genetic predisposition; and potency, frequency, and intensity of exposures to external risk factors. It has been estimated that between 19% of lung cancer in men in France 2015 were due to occupational exposures, while <3% in women. Today, diesel motor exhaust, crystalline silica dust, and radon-222 and its decay products are among the most
frequent exposures to lung carcinogens. Outdoor air pollution is a growing hazard worldwide, while indoor air pollution is a hazard restricted to regions using coal for cooking. Emissions from household combustion of coal are carcinogenic to the lung [2].
Conclusions. Lung cancer is a relatively common lethal disease affecting individual patients, their families, and whole societies. Exposure to most lung carcinogens can be reduced or eliminated so efforts to do so on individual and the societal level via regulations and protection measures are warranted.
REFERENCES
1. Bray F, FerlayJ, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018). Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68(6): 394-424.
2. Claire MarantMicallef, Kevin D Shield, Isabelle Baldi, Barbara Charbotel, Pascal Guénel, Anabelle GilgSoitIlg, Béatrice Fervers, Ann Olsson, Lesley Rushton, Sally J. Hutchings, Kurt Straif, Isabelle Soerjomataram. Occupational exposures and cancer: a review of agents and relative risk estimates. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2018; 75 (8).
3. Claire MarantMicallef, Kevin D Shield, Jérôme Vignat, Isabelle Baldi, Barbara Charbotel, Béatrice Fervers, Anabelle GilgSoit-Ilg, Pascal Guénel, Ann Olsson, Lesley Rushton, Sally J. Hutchings, EnoraCléro, Dominique Laurier, Pascale Scanff, Freddie Bray, Kurt Straif, Isabelle Soerjomataram (2019). Cancers in France in 2015 attributable to occupational exposures. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 222 (1): 22-9.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-835-836 Perov S.Y.1, Belaya O.V.1, Nemeth B.2
Conductive suit shielding properties assessment in different power frequency electric field exposure
1Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, 31, Budennogo Ave., Moscow, Russia, 105275; 2BUTE, Muegyetem rkp, 7-9, Budapest, Hungary, 1111
Shielding properties of conductive protective suits were tested by currents and power frequency electric field strengths for different exposure conditions. The differences between torso and head shielding factors, as well as shielding factors with and without face screen were determined. Near wire and in air capacity exposure test setups were the most valid for head shielding factor assessment.
Keywords: power frequency; electric field; shielding factor; conductive suit; test method
For citation: Perov S.Y., Belaya O.V, Nemeth B. Conductive suit shielding properties assessment in different power frequency electric field exposure. Med. truda iprom ekol. 2019; 59 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-835-836 For correspondence: Sergey Yu. Perov, E-mail: sergey.perov@gmail.com Funding. The study had no funding.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. УДК 614.875
Перов С.Ю.1, Белая О.В.1, Немет Б.2
Оценка экранирующих свойств проводящих комплектов в условиях экспозиции электрическим полем промышленной частоты
Медицина труда и промышленная экология — 2019; 59 (9)
'ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда им. академика Н.Ф. Измерова», пр-т Буденного, 31, Москва, Россия, 105275
2БУТиЭ, наб. Технического университета, 7-9, Будапешт, Венгрия, 1111
На основе сопоставления результатов оценки экранирующих свойств защитных проводящих комплектов по токам и напряженности электрического поля промышленной частоты условия испытания вблизи провода и в воздушном конденсаторе определены как наиболее показательные и подходящие для определения коэффициента экранирования в области головы.
Ключевые слова: промышленная частота; электрическое поле; коэффициент экранирования; проводящие комплекты; методы оценки
Для цитирования: Перов С.Ю., Белая О.В., Немет Б. Оценка экранирующих свойств проводящих комплектов в условиях экспозиции электрическим полем промышленной частоты. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2019; 59 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-835-836
Для корреспонденции: Перов Сергей Юрьевич, E-mail: sergey.perov@gmail.com Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки. Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Conductive suits are the main personal protective equipment from high level power frequency electric field (PF EF) occupational exposure at substations, overhead transmission lines etc. The suit shielding factor assessment is necessary to predict the possible PF EF exposure attenuation up to maximal permissible occupational exposure. Therefore, it is important to evaluate PF EF strength inside the conductive suits to compare possible human exposure with hygienic requirements [1]. The goal of research was to assess the protective suit shielding properties by direct PF EF strength measurements method in comparison with test method by standard IEC [2].
Standard test method [2] was based on currents measurements through conductive mannequin and protective suits simultaneously. The current measurements were carried out in various PF EF exposure conditions: under live plate (29-128 kV) and near 1 m from live wire (100 kV). The proposed test method was based on 2 points (torso and head) PF EF strength measurements inside nonconductive mannequin with and without conductive suit. The PF EF strength measurements were carried out at several PF EF exposure conditions: under live plate (58 and 112 kV), near 1 m from live wire (100 kV) and inside big air capacity (5-50 kV). Two protective suit models with various protective properties were tested with and without face screen.
The tested conductive suits samples without face screen were significant different in shielding factor assessed by currents measurements: 42-44 dB for Sample 1 and 29-32 dB for Sample 2. Sample 1 was met in standard requirements [2]. The shielding properties were improved on 60 dB and 8 dB using face screen with Sample 1 and Sample 2 respectively. The shielding properties of Samples, evaluated by PF EF measurements, were higher than evaluated by currents measurements and depended on exposure test setup. The maximal EF PF attenuation was in torso. Under live plate the torso shielding factor values were lower (77 dB for Sample 1 and 47-49 dB for Sample 2) than another exposure conditions. The maximum shielding factors in torso were 100 dB for Sample 1 and 54 dB
for Sample 2 when conductive suits located in air capacity and connected by high voltage potential. In the head the shielding properties were significant lower and depended on face screen presence. For Sample 1 without face screen the head shielding factor was from 7 dB (air capacity) up to 26 dB (under plate). For Sample 2 these values were 12-15 dB in various PF EF exposure setups. The face screen applying significantly increased the head shielding factor by 53, 65, 74 dB for Sample 1 and by 14, 28, 44 dB for Sample 2 under plate, near wire and in air capacity accordingly.
For all test positions, shielding factor in torso was higher than results by current measurements and particularly independent on face screen use. The explored PF EF exposure conditions allowed to determine the most sensitive to head shielding properties: near live wire and in air capacity test setups. The maximum difference between torso and head shielding factors, as well as between with and without face screen in head were got for exposure conditions which simulated exposure condition under work on live wires.
REFERENCES
1. SanPiN 2.2.4.3359-16 Sanitary-epidemiological requirements for physical factors in the workplace. http://metrolog-Spb-ru/wp-content/uploads/sanpin_2.2.4.3359-16.pdf
2. IEC 60895-2002 Live working — Conductive clothing for use at nominal voltage up to 800 kV a.c. and ±600 kV d.c. http:// energoform.ru/files/pdf/IEC_60895.pdf
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. SanPiN 2.2.4.3359-16 Sanitary-epidemiological requirements for physical factors in the workplace. http://metrolog-Spb-ru/wp-content/uploads/sanpin_2.2.4.3359-16.pdf
2. IEC 60895-2002 Live working — Conductive clothing for use at nominal voltage up to 800 kV a.c. and ±600 kV d.c. Available at: http://energoform.ru/files/pdf/IEC_60895.pdf
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-837 Togawa K.
Cancer in agricultural populations
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France, 69372
Agricultural workers can be exposed to a wide variety of agents (e.g. pesticides), some of which may have adverse health effects, such as cancer. To study the health effects of agricultural exposures, an international consortium of agricultural cohort studies, AGRICOH, was established. The present analysis compared cancer incidence between the AGRICOH cohorts and the general population and found lower overall cancer incidence in the AGRICOH cohorts, with some variation across cohorts for specific cancer types. The observed lower cancer incidence may be due to healthy worker bias or lower prevalence of risk factors in the agricultural populations. Further analysis is underway. Keywords: agriculture; pesticide; cancer
For citation: Togawa K. Cancer in agricultural populations. Med. truda i prom ekol. 2019; 59 (9).
http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-837
For correspondence: Togawa K., E-mail: togawak@iarc.fr
Funding. The study had no funding.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Тогава К.
Злокачественные новообразования у работающих, занятых в сельском хозяйстве
Международное агентство по изучению рака, 150, Альбер Тома, Лион, Франция, 69372
Сельскохозяйственные работники могут подвергаться воздействию широкого круга агентов (например, пестицидов), некоторые из которых могут оказывать неблагоприятное влияние на здоровье, например приводить к злокачественным новообразованиям. Для изучения влияния на здоровье человека различных видов воздействия в сельском хозяйстве был создан Международный консорциум когортных исследований в сельском хозяйстве (AGRICOH). В настоящем исследовании проведено сравнение числа случаев рака в когортах AGRICOH и общей популяции и выявлено меньшее число случаев рака в когорте AGRICOH с некоторыми различиями между когортами по конкретным типам злокачественных новообразований. Более низкая заболеваемость злокачественными опухолями может быть обусловлена превалированием здоровых работников или меньшей распространенностью факторов риска у сельского населения. Проводится дальнейшее исследование.
Ключевые слова: сельское хозяйство; пестицид; злокачественные новообразования
Для цитирования: Тогава К. Злокачественные новообразования у сельского населения. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2019;
59 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-837
Для корреспонденции: Тогава К., E-mail: togawak@iarc.fr
Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.
Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Introduction. Agricultural workers can be exposed to a wide variety of agents, including pesticides. Some of these agents have been linked to adverse health outcomes, such as cancer [1]. However, the existing epidemiological studies of agricultural exposures remain largely subject to limitations, such as imprecise exposure information, retrospective nature of study, and insufficient sample size. To further investigate the associations of agricultural exposures with health outcomes, an international consortium of agricultural cohort studies, the AGRICOH, was established. The present analysis aimed to compare the cancer incidence between the AGRICOH cohorts and the general population.
Methods. Information of cancer incidence was available in eight of the AGRICOH cohorts from six different countries: Australia (Victorian Grains Farmers cohort, Pesticide Exposed Workers cohort), Denmark (SUS), France (AGRICAN), Norway (CNAP), South Korea (KMCC) and the United States (AHS, MESA). From each cohort, information on primary incident cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), person-years of follow-up, and national/regional cancer rates was obtained. With this information, we estimated cohort- and sex-specific cancer standardized incidence ratios (SIR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results. The cohorts differed in age distribution and also included a variety of agricultural-related workers, including farmers, farm workers, farming students, and pesticide applicators working in various settings (e.g. farming, forestry, pest control). During > 3,000,000 person-years, 25,985 cancers
were newly diagnosed. Breast and prostate cancers were the most common cancers in women and men, respectively. The combined SIR for overall cancer incidence was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.81) in men and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.88) in women. In particular, lower incidence was observed for cancers of breast and lung in women and for cancers of bladder, larynx, liver, lung, oesophagus, and pancreas in men. SIRs were slightly elevated for melanoma in women and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in men although the CI included one. Some variations in SIR were observed across cohorts [2].
Conclusion. The overall cancer incidence was lower in the AGRICOH cohorts than in the general population, which may be due to healthy worker bias or lower prevalence of risk factors, such as smoking in the agricultural populations. Some differences in agricultural exposures/settings or other factors may partly explain the differences observed across the cohorts. Further analysis is underway to investigate the heterogeneity across cohorts and the associations between different types of pesticide and cancers.
REFERENCES
1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans: https://monographs.iarc.fr/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/
2. Leon ME, Beane Freeman LE, et al. AGRICOH: a consortium of agricultural cohorts. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011; 8 (5): 1341-57. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8051341. Epub 2011 Apr 29.
