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simultaneous interpretation as likely as possible, it is necessary first of all to have a good idea of the topic (subject) being discussed at this conference, seminar or round table [2].
The interpreter has to react instantly every second to the words he or she perceives, or more precisely, to the phrases. That's why simultaneous interpreting scares away slow people, although they have an excellent command of a foreign language. A good knowledge of two or more languages is not a prerequisite for a successful simultaneous interpreter. Rather, it has an essential stock of equivalent pairs of lexical units connected by a sign connection, which allows translating not through analysis and synthesis, but in terms of the "stimulus reaction" model, i.e. not through thinking, but through conditional reflexes.
Thus simultaneous interpreting requires a high level of stamina and adequate training to be able to develop the translator's speech reactivity. Simultaneous interpreting is easier and better performed when translating from one's native language to a foreign language, not vice versa, as many believe. Taking all this into account, we can state that the "choice" of a simultaneous interpreter is only in the relevant professional training, which, as you know, is necessary for any specialist.
References / Список литературы
1. Alekseeva I.S. Professional training of interpreter. Moscow, 2000. Р. 271.
2. Kazakova T.A. Practical basics of translation. Moscow, 2001. Р. 211.
3. Umaraliev Z.B., To'Ychiev I.K., Akramova N.M. Problems encountered in learning English for specific purposes // Voprosy nauki i obrazovaniya,2019. № 3 (47). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problems-encountered-in-learning-english-for-specific-purposes/ (date of access: 11.02.2020).
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF PUNS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Usmonova D.S.1, Ruzieva Kh.B.2 Email: [email protected]
1 Usmonova Dona Satvoldievna - Head of Department,
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT; 2Ruzieva Khayotkhon Bakhodir qizi — Undergraduate, DIRECTION: "LINGUISTICS (ENGLISHLANGUAGE)", FOREIGN LANGUAGES FACULTY, FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article under discussion deals with the linguistic analysis of the wordplay in English. The authors of the article believe that the widespread use ofpuns (wordplay) in the English language, the agnostic attitude of many researchers to puns, which enrolled in the list of "untranslatable" phenomena, dictates the need for a more complete study of wordplay: the study of the informative structure ofpuns in close connection with their contextual characteristics and the establishment of the most adequate matches and possible ways to transfer this technique to other languages. Keywords: word play, linguistic, analysis, structure, contextual, morpheme, research, attitude, structure, compliance, use, term.
ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ИГРЫ СЛОВ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ
ЯЗЫКЕ Усмонова Д.С.1, Рузиева Х.Б.2
1Усмонова Дона Сатволдиевна - заведующая кафедрой, кафедра английского языка; 2Рузиева Хаётхон Баходир кизи — магистрант, направление: лингвистика (английский язык),
факультет иностранных языков, Ферганский государственный университет, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья рассматривает вопросы лингвистического анализа игры слов на английском языке. Авторы статьи считают, что широкое использование каламбура
(игры слов) в английском языке, агностическое отношение многих исследователей к данному лингвистическому явлению, зачисленному ими в список «непереводимых» явлений, диктует необходимость более полного исследования игры слов: изучение информативной структуры каламбура в тесной связи с его контекстуальными характеристиками и установление наиболее адекватных соответствий и возможных вариантов передачи этого приема на другие языки.
Ключевые слова: игра слов, лингвистический, анализ, структура, контекстуальный, морфема, исследование, отношение, структура, соответствие, использовать, термин.
UDC 811.111-26
In linguistics there is still no unified understanding of the essence of pun, which is reflected in the terminological diversity. It should be noted that not all linguists are unanimous both in determining the nature of wordplay and in using the term itself. This is evidenced by the use of different terms as synonymous designations: "wordplay", "pun" or "language play". In the English language "pun", "paronomasia", "a play on words" or "quibble" are identified. Most often used as interchangeable terms "play on words" and "pun", and the phenomenon itself is defined as "a means of artistic expression", which "is used in speech as a sharpness, a joke", its basis is the use of polysemy, homonymy or sound similarity of words [3].
Humorous effects created by puns depend upon the ambiguities the words entail. These ambiguities arise mostly in homophones and homonyms. For instance, in the sentence, "A happy life depends on a liver," the word liver can refer to the bodily organ, or simply a person who lives. Similarly, in the saying "Atheism is a non-prophet institution ", the word "prophet" is used instead of "profit" to produce a humorous effect.
As K. Fischer wrote, "Pun is an unfortunate game of words, because it plays with words not as words, but as consonance. The play of words goes from word harmony to word itself' [2]. In addition, he suggests that puns are sharply distinguished from play of words. Here, as it seems to us, it is necessary to bring some clarity to the terminology. In English, pun is rarely translated by the term calambour. The term pun is usually used. There is a hypothesis that the term pun comes from the Italian word puntiglio. In translation from Italian puntiglio word means "exact utterance", play of words, and it is very probable that this word is a relative of modern English words punctilious -squeamish and punctual. However, no exact versions of the origin of the word pun are put forward. Besides, even in modern research there is no unambiguous definition of the term pun. Pun is defined as playing up the meanings of a word or phrase with two meanings, or of words with the same sound but different meanings.
According to O.Yu. Konovalova, "pun" includes a variety of species and types. Among the well-known sources of puns are omophones and omographs (such puns in English are classified as homophonic puns and homographic puns). This phenomenon is also referred to as polyptonon [3] .
For example, in the following joke, the meanings of homophone words are played, where both words sound similar, but have completely different meanings and spelling (verse - стихи, and worse -хуже (a comparative form of adjective bad), and words bad and bed):
• Did you hear about the sick poet who wentfrom bed to verse? (Don Wagner)" [3] .
Here it is necessary to pay attention that in terms of homophonic puns and homographic puns the contradiction is observed, as "pun" in the majority of sources is defined as game by meanings within one invariable lexical unit and here this term enters into the category of game of word-paronyms, i.e. different on writing and sounding units though, without doubt, similar.
In linguistics the tendencies of both expansion and contraction of these concepts are traced. Identifying the play of words with a pun, M.P. Brandes expands the reference boundaries of this figure of speech, including linguistic paradoxes, the contamination of parts of different words, the transformation of winged expressions [4]. The extended interpretation also refers to "play with words" the play with terms, speaking names, phraseological units, oxymoron, violation of compatibility, creation of occasional words.
As a rule, linguists who use the terms "wordplay", "pun" proceed from lexematic (if a homonymy is played) or lexico-semantic (when playing polysemy) levels. At the same time, the possibility of playing a higher level language unit is not denied. Thus, I.R. Galperin in the definition of pun puts in one row the playing of meanings of both a word or a phrase ("of a word or phrase") [1]. A similar point of view is held by M.P. Brandes, who, in addition to the word, calls "stable word combination" and even "winged expression" [3].
Morphemic repetition can involve different meanings of words associated with this relationship in a pun. The scheme of a pun is as follows: a simple producing word is used in one sense, and its
derivative is correlated simultaneously with the two meanings. Thus, in the following example, the original verb "treat" means «обращаться с кем - то», whereas its derivative has two meanings, «обращение» и «лечение»:
• "You need psychological treatment".
• " The only treatment I need is you to treat me like a friend" (J. Fowles)
In everyday life, pun examples are found intentionally or accidentally, used in jokes and witty remarks.
• The life of a patient of hypertension is always at steak.
• Why do we still have troops in Germany? To keep the Russians in Czech.
• A horse is a very stable
• Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.
• An elephant's opinion carries a lot of weight.
• What is the difference between a conductor and a teacher? The conductor minds the train and a teacher trains the mind.
Word-forming antonyms may be occasionally generated in a given speech context. As an illustration, let us present a chain of formal-member nouns and outgoes formed from phrasal verbs:
• Should she learn of my official status, I do not like to envisage the outcome, though if I may venture on a pleasantry, it would be a case of outgo rather than outcome for Mr. Wooster (P. Wodehouse).
In conclusion, the leading role in forming puns is played by structured words. The basis of the word play is the mental operation of segmentation of the word into its components. Ambiguity leads to the fact that each time as a result of disassembly/assembling, analysis/synthesis in the output one or another meaning is obtained. Words with repeating morpheme may enter into formal semantic deducibility and derivative antonyms.
References / Список литературы
1. Galperin I.R. Essays on stylistics of the English language. № 4. SILT, 1958. P. 460-465.
2. Fisher J. The magic of Lewis Carroll. London, 1973. P. 288.
3. Konovalova O.Yu. Omonimiya i kvaziomonimiya v raznykh funktsional'nykh stilyakh rechi: Dis... kand. filol. nauk. M., 2001. S. 240.
4. Usmonova D.S. Rol' i osobennost' somaticheskikh frazeologizmov razlichnykh yazykov. // "Mirovaya nauka". № 9 (30), 2019. [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://science-j.com/domains_data/files/30/Usmonova3.pdf/ (date of access: 11.02.2020).
