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50JURISPRUDENCE
LEGAL NEGOTIATION ISSUES: THE IMPORTANCE AND TYPES
Esenbekova P.
Senior Lecturer of the South Kazakhstan M. Auezov State University, Ph.D Khabibullaev D. Professor of the Tashkent State Legal University, Ph.D. Ibratova F.
Associate Professor of the Tashkent State Legal University, Doctor of Law Shukrullaev S.
Lecturer at the Tashkent State Legal University
Abstract
The article deals with the issues of negotiations, which are the first step towards the settlement of the conflict. The stages, types and significance of negotiations are analyzed. It is concluded that negotiations are the most accessible way of conciliation procedures, which does not require additional costs for the parties to carry out the procedure itself.
Keywords: negotiations, out-of-court procedure, settlement of differences, mediator, negotiations-cooperation.
By their very nature, negotiations are the clearest example of conciliation procedures. They presuppose that the disputing parties agree on their interests through an open discussion of differences.
Quite often, the parties include a clause in the agreements that in the event of conflicts related to the operation of the agreement, they must do everything necessary to resolve the dispute through negotiations. Since, in most cases, negotiations are the first step towards resolving the conflict, such a condition is of great importance. At the same time, negotiations can be carried out separately or be combined with other procedures, for example, with mediation, a mini-court. The introduction of a negotiation clause into a contract has positive aspects. Firstly, in this case, in the event of a conflict, the parties can immediately begin work to resolve it1. Secondly, as noted by E.I. Nosyrev, such a clause has a certain psychological effect: the attitude towards the arisen dispute changes, the reaction of the parties to the violations is softened, the participants are tuned in to a constructive solution of problems, and not to their aggravation2.
An indication of the possibility of using negotiations in the event of disagreements allows you to resolve the conflict at the initial stage, preventing it from
developing and not bringing the case to a court deci-sion3.
At the same time, the absence of the said clause in the agreement does not deprive the parties of the opportunity, if necessary, to refer to this procedure. The foregoing allows us to say that the main function of negotiations is the settlement of the conflict4. However, in addition to this, negotiations perform functions that contribute to the achievement of the main goal. In the literature, informational, communicative and coordinating functions of negotiations are highlighted.
During the procedure, the parties exchange information regarding the conflict situation. The parties formulate their positions, exchange opinions, provide evidence of their innocence5. Thanks to the information function of negotiations, the parties get the opportunity to familiarize themselves with each other's positions, which is important in determining further actions to resolve the dispute. In addition, if an agreement is not reached based on the results of negotiations, the parties, having the information available to the counterparty, knowing their strengths and weaknesses, may refuse to appeal to the courts and try to resolve the dispute using other out-of-court methods. In the case of going to court, this will reduce the time for consideration of the dispute6.
1 Ibratova F., Esenbekova F. GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION ON CONCEPTIONAL PROCEDURES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Polish Journal of Science. - 2021. - №. 38-2. - С. 20-24.
2 Носырева Е. И. Альтернативное разрешение гражданско-правовых споров в США. - 1999.
3 Мастенбрук, В. (1993). Переговоры. Калуга: Калужский
институт социологии, 176.
4 Барышова, М. В., Белый, В. С., Глущенко, В. М., Ибра-това, Ф. Б., Новиков, А. Н., & Пронькин, Н. Н. (2019). Социальное предпринимательство: научные исследования и практика.
5 Кеннеди, Г. (2015). Переговоры: полный курс. Альпина Паблишер.
6 Ibratova F. TERMS IN CIVIL LAw AND ThEIR APPLICATION IN LEGAL PROTECTION OF CITIZENS IN ThE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN.
Exchange of information is impossible without communication between the parties. Thanks to communication between the parties, connections and relationships are established, subjects from rivalry come to cooperation, which allows you to develop possible solutions to the problem7.
When the relationship between partners is established, negotiations begin to perform a coordinating function. By this time, there are already certain agreements between the parties and it remains for them to settle issues regarding the implementation of the agreements reached earlier8.
Information and communication functions are inherent in all negotiations without exception. The coordinating function is possible only in negotiations, during which the main agreements were developed between the parties9.
When characterizing negotiations in theory, the following categories are used: models (styles), strategies and stages of negotiations. E.I. Nosyreva writes that in the theory of American law there is such a category as a model of negotiations. It refers to a set of certain standards of behavior and relationships that are taken as the basis in negotiations. She names two main models: negotiation-cooperation and negotiation-ri-valry10.
Negotiations-cooperation (negotiations with the aim of cooperation) are aimed at reaching a compromise through mutual concessions. In such negotiations, each side intends to achieve what it wants, taking into account the interests of others11. This style is characterized by a constant interest in the opponent's opinion, a desire to hear and understand his point of view, patient discussion of problems, and the absence of aggression.
The goal of competitive negotiation (aggressive style) is to try to settle the dispute in your favor. This model is based on aggressive behavior and an accusatory attitude. The parties want to achieve their goals at any cost, without taking into account the interests of each other. This style of negotiation is characterized by ignoring the interests of the opponent, intolerance towards objections, etc.
Each of the styles has advantages and disadvantages, so the parties in a particular situation should choose a more rational style of negotiation.
In theory, these strategies are combined into two general groups: adversarial (competitive) and integration (collaborative)12.
In an adversarial strategy, the parties seem to "bargain" with each other. The negotiations are being conducted on the basis of mutual offers and concessions. Each side sees the situation as a "win-loss", that is, the gain of one side presupposes the loss of the other.
The strategy of cooperation is characterized by the identification of the true causes of the conflict. The parties do not defend their positions, but turn to those interests, the means of satisfying which negotiations should serve. In the course of negotiations, the participants establish the main interests, develop a procedure for agreement, the conflict will be settled on the basis of justice13.
Note that constantly focusing on one strategy is not entirely correct14. The combination of the main elements of strategies at different stages of negotiation allows you to create a strategy that matches the specifics of a specific situation.
In fact, negotiations begin from the moment when the parties agreed to participate in the negotiations15. The preparation stage is of no small importance for the entire procedure. It is at this stage that the parties formulate their interests, determine with the desired result, predict the goals and interests of the opposite side, think over possible strategies and styles of negotiations, assess their positions16.
The next stage of negotiations is the settlement of differences. During this stage, the parties exchange information available to them, state their positions and ways of resolving the conflict that are acceptable to them. At this stage, the information and communication functions of negotiations are manifested17.
The parties receive new information for themselves, continue to establish contact with each other, clarify their interests, discuss the proposals put forward and their acceptability for each party.
At the third stage, the negotiations are summed up. From the proposed options for resolving the conflict,
7 Ibratova, F. B., Kirillova, E. A., Smolen, R., Bondarenko, N. G., Shebzuhova, T. A., & Vartumyan, A. A. (2017). Special features of modern legal systems: cases and collisions.
8 Хасан, Б. И., & Сергоманов, П. А. (2004). Психология конфликта и переговоры.
9 Ibratova F. Problems of a settlement in bankruptcy cases in economic courts //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2019. - №. 28-3.
10 Ибратова Ф. Б. Банкротство ликвидируемого субъекта предпринимательства: проблемы и решения //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 58-2.
11 Фишер, Р., & Юри, У. (1990). Путь к согласию или переговоры без поражения. Рипол Классик.
12 Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2015). Гражданско-правовые про-
блемы признания банкротами индивидуальных предпри-
нимателей в Республике Узбекистан. Вопросы современ-
ной юриспруденции, (5-6 (47)).
13 Арпентьева, М. Р., & Моисеева, Т. В. (2017). Переговоры в теории интерсубъективного управления. Онтология проектирования, 7(1 (23)).
14 Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2019). ПРАВОВЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ПРИ РАССМОТРЕНИИ ДЕЛ О БАНКРОТСТВЕ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СУДАХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН. In ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ (pp. 163170).
15 Esenbekova, F. T. (2019). Esenbekova FT, Okyulov O., Ruzinazarov Sh., Ibratova FB Features of the approval of the world agreement by the economic court: practice and theory. Editorial team, 10(39), 90.
16 Арпентьева, М. Р., & Моисеева, Т. В. (2017). Переговоры в теории интерсубъективного управления. Онтология проектирования, 7(1 (23)).
17 Esenbekova, F. T., Okyulov, O., Sh, R., & Ibratova, F. B. (2021). Features of the approval of the world agreement by the economic court: practice and theory. International Journal of Professional Science, (5), 90-96.
the parties choose the one that suits everyone. If the parties come to any agreement, it must be formalized (an agreement is drawn up, or another document with the formulation of conditions that suit both parties)18.
In the meantime, the result of negotiations will not necessarily be an agreement. Negotiations as a type of conciliation procedure can be used by the parties as a pre-trial and out-of-court procedure for resolving the conflict. In the case of using negotiations before going to court, one cannot exclude such an option for the end of negotiations as understanding by one of the parties the disadvantages and futility of its position, which may entail refusal to apply to the judicial authority.
The universality of negotiations allows them to be used not only at the pre-trial stage of conflict settlement, but also at all subsequent ones. In addition, we repeat that negotiations are such a procedure that can be used by the parties as an independent procedure and as the basis for other dispute settlement procedures -mediation, judicial conciliation, and the achievement of settlement agreements.
Negotiation is a basic element of other dispute resolution due to its flexibility and versatility. They form the basis not only of conciliation procedures, but also of other methods, and can be used at the stage of judicial proceedings. At the same time, the difference when using negotiations in two different versions can be made according to the subject composition. When using negotiations in a pure form, the procedure is carried out by the parties to the dispute themselves. If negotiations are the basis of another way of resolving the conflict, then a third party is involved in them, contributing to the settlement19.
The Uniform Mediation Act used in some US states defines mediation as "a process in which a mediator facilitates negotiations between parties to assist them in reaching a voluntary agreement on their dispute." In other words, the mediation procedure is based on negotiations facilitated by a third party. It is responsible for "the effectiveness of the negotiation process, organizes effective communication and creates a positive relationship between the negotiators". The minicourt procedure is also based on negotiations. However, according to E.I. Nosyreva, they are somewhat different from traditional negotiations. "..., Firstly, they are conducted at the highest level, that is, with the participation of persons who have the broadest, real powers, as far as possible, to get out of the conflict situation. Secondly, the negotiations are more focused,
18 Ibratova F. Legal Problems of the Concepts Legality, Justification and Justice by Judicial Acts //Middle European Scientific Bulletin. - 2021. - Т. 16.
19 Ibratova F. Bankrotlik to 'g 'risidagi ishlarda prokuror ishtiroki.
20 Носырева, Е. И. (2005). Альтернативное разрешение споров в США. Издательский дом" Городец".
21 Цепцов, В. А. (1996). Переговоры: психология, воздействие, практика. Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт психологии РАН.
22 Sh R., Ibratova F., Zh K. THE NATURE OF JUDICIAL
DECISIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DIGITAL
TRANSFORMATION OF THE JUDICIAL POWER OF
UZBEKISTAN //Sciences of Europe. - 2021. - №. 79-3. - С. 10-12.
since previous speeches have clearly identified the essence of the differences. Thirdly, the fact that the parties can turn to a consultant for help at any time has a certain impact on the course of negotiations"20 .
The complaint procedure can be defined as a written version of negotiating. The parties state their opinion on the conflict situation in the claim and the answer to it21.
One of the stages of the procedure for concluding an amicable agreement is based on negotiations in the course of developing the main terms of the agreement, agreeing on the procedure and terms of execution.
When conducting negotiations, it should be noted that the parties to the dispute (conflict) can turn to the institutions of pre-trial settlement of the dispute. The parties can indicate the possibility of settling a dispute (conflict) in the agreement, from which certain obligations for the parties will follow; the parties can conclude an agreement between themselves and settle the dispute (conflict) without an agreement and direct instruction in the law. The parties everywhere introduce into the agreements the terms of the peaceful settlement of disputes, including through negotiations22. It is assumed that the obligations assumed by the parties under the agreement in order to resolve the dispute (conflict) will be fulfilled by the parties voluntarily. Mediators, lawyers, notaries can participate in the settlement of disputes. The choice is always up to the parties.
The pre-trial procedure for resolving disputes is the fastest, less laborious, and less costly for the parties. Going to court to enforce agreements will incur legal costs for the party guilty of non-performance of the agreement23. However, there are cases of abuse of law when such agreements are not executed and one of the parties is forced to file a claim with the court24.
When referring to negotiations as an out-of-court procedure, the result may be a waiver of a claim or recognition of a claim 25.
The universality and considerable flexibility of negotiations are due to the specific characteristics of the procedure for resolving the conflict by its subjects themselves.
The foregoing allows us to propose the following variant of the negotiation structure:
1. Preparation for negotiations (identification of the main positions of the parties, clarification of controversial issues, disagreements).
2. Settlement of disagreements (the parties offer their options for solving problems, identifying points of
23 Довлатова, Г. П., Ибратова, Ф. Б., Каращенко, В. В., Макеева, Е. И., Мирославская, М. Д., Пайкович, П. Р., & Харлампенков, Е. И. (2021). Инновации, тенденции и проблемы в области экономики, управления и бизнеса.
24 Есенбекова, Ф. Т., Эсанова, З. Н., & Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2021). ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ УТВЕРЖДЕНИЯ МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМ СУДОМ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ. In НАУКА И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ИННОВАЦИИ (pp. 156158).
25 Ibratova F., Narzullaev O. LEGAL NATURE OF LEGAL RELATIONSHIP IN BANKRUPTCY //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 64. - С. 24-26.
contact, proposals for concessions, searching for the most mutually beneficial option).
3. Achievement of the result (this stage may include various results of negotiations, not necessarily the conclusion of an agreement).
It should be noted that negotiations are the most affordable way of conciliation procedures, which does not require additional costs for the parties to carry out the procedure itself.
REFERENCES:
1. Ibratova F., Esenbekova F. GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION ON CONCEPTIONAL PROCEDURES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Polish Journal of Science. - 2021. - №. 38-2. - С. 20-24.
2. Носырева Е. И. Альтернативное разрешение гражданско-правовых споров в США. - 1999.
3. Мастенбрук, В. (1993). Переговоры. Калуга: Калужский институт социологии, 176.
4. Барышова, М. В., Белый, В. С., Глущенко, В. М., Ибратова, Ф. Б., Новиков, А. Н., & Пронькин, Н. Н. (2019). Социальное предпринимательство: научные исследования и практика.
5. Кеннеди, Г. (2015). Переговоры: полный курс. Альпина Паблишер.
6. Ibratova F. TERMS IN CIVIL LAw AND ThEIR APPLICATION IN LEGAL PROTECTION OF CITIZENS IN ThE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN.
7. Ibratova, F. B., Kirillova, E. A., Smolen, R., Bondarenko, N. G., Shebzuhova, T. A., & Vartumyan, A. A. (2017). Special features of modern legal systems: cases and collisions.
8. Хасан, Б. И., & Сергоманов, П. А. (2004). Психология конфликта и переговоры.
9. Ibratova F. Problems of a settlement in bankruptcy cases in economic courts //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2019. - №. 28-3.
10. Ибратова Ф. Б. Банкротство ликвидируемого субъекта предпринимательства: проблемы и решения //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 58-2.
11. Фишер, Р., & Юри, У. (1990). Путь к согласию или переговоры без поражения. Рипол Классик.
12. Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2015). Гражданско-правовые проблемы признания банкротами индивидуальных предпринимателей в Республике Узбекистан. Вопросы современной юриспруденции, (5-6 (47)).
13. Арпентьева, М. Р., & Моисеева, Т. В. (2017). Переговоры в теории интерсубъективного управления. Онтология проектирования, 7(1 (23)).
14. Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2019). ПРАВОВЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ПРИ РАССМОТРЕНИИ ДЕЛ О БАНКРОТСТВЕ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СУДАХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН. In ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ (pp. 163-170).
15. Esenbekova, F. T. (2019). Esenbekova FT, Okyulov O., Ruzinazarov Sh., Ibratova FB Features of the approval of the world agreement by the economic court: practice and theory. Editorial team, 10(39), 90.
16. Арпентьева, М. Р., & Моисеева, Т. В. (2017). Переговоры в теории интерсубъективного управления. Онтология проектирования, 7(1 (23)).
17. Esenbekova, F. T., Okyulov, O., Sh, R., & Ibratova, F. B. (2021). Features of the approval of the world agreement by the economic court: practice and theory. International Journal of Professional Science, (5), 90-96.
18. Ibratova F. Legal Problems of the Concepts Legality, Justification and Justice by Judicial Acts //Middle European Scientific Bulletin. - 2021. - Т. 16.
19. Ibratova F. Bankrotlik to 'g 'risidagi ishlarda prokuror ishtiroki.
20. Носырева, Е. И. (2005). Альтернативное разрешение споров в США. Издательский дом" Го-родец".
21. Цепцов, В. А. (1996). Переговоры: психология, воздействие, практика. Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт психологии РАН.
22. Sh R., Ibratova F., Zh K. THE NATURE OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE JUDICIAL POWER OF UZBEKISTAN //Sciences of Europe. - 2021. - №. 79-3. - С. 10-12.
23. Довлатова, Г. П., Ибратова, Ф. Б., Кара-щенко, В. В., Макеева, Е. И., Мирославская, М. Д., Пайкович, П. Р., & Харлампенков, Е. И. (2021). Инновации, тенденции и проблемы в области экономики, управления и бизнеса.
24. Есенбекова, Ф. Т., Эсанова, З. Н., & Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2021). ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ УТВЕРЖДЕНИЯ МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМ СУДОМ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ. In НАУКА И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ИННОВАЦИИ (pp. 156-158).
25. Ibratova F., Narzullaev O. LEGAL NATURE OF LEGAL RELATIONSHIP IN BANKRUPTCY //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 64. - С. 24-26.
