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GENERAL PROVISIONS ON INVALIDITY OF TRANSACTIONS IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEDUR
Okyulov O.,
Doctor of Law, Professor of the Tashkent State law university
Ruzinazarov Sh.,
Doctor of Law, Professor of the Tashkent State law university
Esenbekova F.,
Senior Lecturer of the South Kazakhstan M.Auezov State University, Ph.D.
Burkhankhodzhaeva H.,
Associate Professor of the Tashkent State Law University, Ph.D.
Ibratova F.
Associate Professor of the Tashkent State Law University, Ph.D
Abstract
The article discusses the issues of invalidity of transactions in bankruptcy procedures, rules on limitation of actions in bankruptcy procedures, analyzes the concept of "preferred satisfaction". It is offered the possibility of filing a petition to the court for the refutation of transactions to all interested parties, including those who are not creditors.
Keywords: bankruptcy, invalid transaction, preferred satisfaction, bankruptcy procedure; external management, creditor, debtor, interested party.
The debtor's transaction, including the one made by the debtor before the introduction of external management1, can be recognized by the economic court as invalid at the request of the external manager on the grounds provided for by law.
Often, when considering a case in an economic court2, it turns out that through the conclusion of a number of transactions in bankruptcy procedures, the debtor disposed of his property in bad faith or in violation of the provisions of the Law3. As a result, it
becomes necessary to consider the concluded transactions for their validity.
According to M.V. Telyukina, "it should be borne in mind that the transaction may be invalidated on the grounds provided for by civil legislation, other laws, including the Bankruptcy Law. A transaction can be invalidated if it was made both before and after the moment of introduction of external management. The law does not answer the question of how long the transaction must be completed, from which we
1 Карелина С. А. Подозрительные сделки в процессе несостоятельности (банкротства): правовые проблемы оспаривания //Предпринимательское право. - 2012. - №. 4. - С. 22-26.
2 Барышова, М. В., Белый, В. С., Глущенко, В. М., Ибра-
това, Ф. Б., Новиков, А. Н., & Пронькин, Н. Н. (2019). Социальное предпринимательство: научные исследования и практика.
3 Ибратова Ф. Б. Банкротство ликвидируемого субъекта предпринимательства: проблемы и решения //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 58-2.
conclude that the general provisions on the limitation period can be applied"4.
A transaction made by a debtor with an interested person may be recognized by the economic court as invalid at the request of the external manager 5 in the event that, as a result of the execution of this transaction, the creditors have been or may be caused losses6.
The correct application of the statute of limitations in bankruptcy proceedings is essential for both the debtor and the creditors, whose claims mainly arise from various transactions7.
In national legislation, general rules on the limitation period, and the procedure for its application is regulated by the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, according to which the rules on the limitation period are mandatory and cannot be changed by the parties. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Bankruptcy" does not contain provisions directly regulating the statute of limitations in bankruptcy8.
It is obvious that in practice the problems of applying the statute of limitations have arisen and arise when considering many other issues in the process of bankruptcy9, including when resolving cases on claims for invalidating a settlement agreement, transactions on offset or assignment of creditors' claims, as well as when considering claims of creditors who have presented their claims against the debtor in a particular bankruptcy procedure10.
The specificity of the application of the rules on limitation of actions in bankruptcy procedures is due to: the special procedure for filing claims by creditors (who have monetary claims against the debtor) established by bankruptcy legislation, excluding their presentation in a general manner (for example, by filing a claim against the debtor)11; the management of the debtor along with the bodies of the legal entity by an independent manager; the introduction of a moratorium on the satisfaction of creditors' claims and the application of the corresponding consequences; limited procedural possibilities to appeal against the definitions
4 Телюкина М. Недействительность сделок должника, находящегося в процессе производства по делу о несостоятельности (банкротстве) //Приложение к. - 2014. -№. 8. - С. 64.
5 Ибратова Ф. Б. Гражданско-правовые проблемы признания банкротами индивидуальных предпринимателей в Республике Узбекистан //Вопросы современной юриспруденции. - 2015. - №. 5-6 (47).
6 Кондратьева К. С. Порядок признания недействительными подозрительных сделок должника в процедурах банкротства //Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки. - 2012. - №. 4.
7 Ibratova, F. TERMS IN CIVIL LAw AND ThEIR APPLICATION IN LEGAL PROTECTION OF CITIZENS IN ThE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN.
8 Esenbekova, F. T. (2019). Esenbekova FT, Okyulov O., Ruzinazarov Sh., Ibratova FB Features of the approval of the world agreement by the economic court: practice and theory. Editorial team, 10(39), 90.
9 Ibratova F. Problems of a settlement in bankruptcy cases in
economic courts //Norwegian Journal of Development of the
International Science. - 2019. - №. 28-3.
adopted in the bankruptcy procedure; the onset of the deadlines for the fulfillment of all monetary obligations of the debtor due to the introduction of the liquidation procedure12.
In national legislation, as a general rule, since the adoption of the decision on the introduction of supervision, the creditor is actually deprived of the opportunity to bring a claim against the debtor in order to recover money from the debtor13.
Claims against the debtor can be presented only in compliance with the procedure provided for by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Bankruptcy", which involves sending claims to the economic court and the judicial administrator (at the observation stage, claims are also sent to the debtor) with the attachment of a judicial act or other documents confirming the validity of these requirements14. If objections are received, the creditors' claims are considered at a session of the economic court, based on the results of which a ruling is made on the inclusion or refusal to include the claims in the register.
Thus, on the one hand, "filing claims" in the bankruptcy procedure cannot be attributed to "filing a claim in the prescribed manner" 15and, therefore, associated with an interruption of the statute of limitations, and on the other hand, practice suggests that the law must provide for provisions on suspension or interruption in the course of the statute of limitations in bankruptcy proceedings, depending on the results of consideration of the claims - the creditor.
According to Article 103 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Bankruptcy", a transaction made by a debtor with an interested person may be invalidated. Interest is determined according to the rules of Article 17 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Bankruptcy". The refutation of such a transaction is possible only if, as a result of its execution, the creditors have been or could have caused losses16.
A transaction entered into by a debtor with a separate creditor or other person after the adoption of
10 Иванова Т. К. Особенности недействительности сделки несостоятельного должника //Вестник Волжского университета им. ВН Татищева. - 2018. - Т. 1. - №. 2.
11 Ibratova F., Narzullaev O. LEGAL NATURE OF LEGAL RELATIONSHIP IN BANKRUPTCY //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 64. - С. 24-26.
12Ibratova, F. B., Kirillova, E. A., Smolen, R., Bondarenko, N. G., Shebzuhova, T. A., & Vartumyan, A. A. (2017). Special features of modern legal systems: cases and collisions.
13 Ibratova F., Samigjonov F. LEGAL REGULATION OF THE OBSERVATION PROCEDURE UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //ECONOMIC SCIENCES. - С. 30.
14 Burkhankhodzhaeva H., Ibratova F. LEGAL ISSUES OF BANKRUPTCY OF A CITY FORMING AND RELATED ENTERPRISES //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 63-2. - С. 16-20.
15 Ibratova F. Bankrotlik to 'g 'risidagi ishlarda prokuror ishtiroki.
16 Ibratova F. BANKRUPTCY OF A LIQUIDATED BUSINESS ENTITY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS //Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No. - 2021. - Т. 58. - С. 45.
an application for declaring the debtor bankrupt may be recognized by the economic court as invalid at the request of an external manager or creditor, if the said transaction entails the preferential satisfaction of claims on the debtor's monetary obligations to other creditors17.
The answer to the question of what is the preferred satisfaction of requirements is very important. Proceeding from the Law, which does not specify this concept, one can come to the broadest interpretation and consider any extraordinary satisfaction of the next requirement preferable18.
The negative point is that the Law takes an exclusively objective approach to this problem; the subjective criterion (deliberate infliction of harm by the transaction) is not taken into account. Thus, it is currently impossible to invalidate a transaction made after the bankruptcy petition was accepted, even if it is proved that this transaction was made with the aim of causing losses to creditors and the debtor19.
It is possible to invalidate a transaction related to the payment of a share or the allocation of a share to a debtor's participant - a legal entity20. Such a transaction may be invalidated if it was made after the adoption of the application to the economic court21.
This provision seems to be controversial, according to which the participant, the transaction for the payment (allotment) of the share (share) with which is declared invalid, must return to the debtor everything received under the transaction, and he himself becomes the next creditor22. The problem is that the above members of the legal entity - the debtor, who received the value of the share (share), can be both bona fide and unscrupulous23. The latter include those entities, the decision on whose withdrawal was made after the initiation of bankruptcy proceedings, since by virtue of Article 63 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Bankruptcy", from the moment of introduction of supervision, it is prohibited to satisfy the requirements
17 Наумов Я. В. Финансовые операции должника, направленные на погашение долга, в рамках дела о банкротстве расцениваются как сделки с предпочтением //Актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук. -2014. - №. 10.
18 Кораев К. Б. Сущность и значение института оспаривания сделок и иных действий должника в рамках дела о его несостоятельности (банкротстве), его отличия от оспаривания сделок по общим основаниям //Юрист. -2018. - №. 2. - С. 25-29.
19 Тарнопольская С. В. Оспаривание сделок кредитных организаций, совершаемых в преддверии банкротства: сложности и перспективы //Закон. - 2014. - №. 3. - С. 5259.
20 Ковалев С. И. Отдельные проблемы оспаривания в рамках процедуры банкротства сделок «с предпочтением» //Имущественные отношения в Российской Федерации. -2014. - №. 2 (149).
21 Yunusova M., Ibratova F. LEGAL ISSUES OF THE WORLD AGREEMENT IN BANKRUPTCY AS A PROCEDURAL INSTITUTE //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 62-2. - С. 10-14.
22 Селютин А. В. Особенности оснований недействитель-
ности сделок должника в рамках процедур банкротства
//Территория науки. - 2014. - №. 5.
of the founders (participants) of the debtor - a legal entity on the allocation of a share share) in the property of the debtor in connection with the withdrawal from the composition of its founders (participants)24.
The law does not answer the question of the procedure for invalidating transactions made by an external manager25. Firstly, Article 103 of the Law speaks of "transactions of the debtor", as a result of which it is necessary to prove that the transactions, committed by the manager are transactions of the debtor (this is controversial, since the manager cannot be called the body of a legal entity - the debtor, he has a special status). Secondly, only the manager himself submits a petition to the court26.
Telyukina M.V. believes that "if it is necessary to declare invalid the transaction of the external manager not complying with the law (including the Bankruptcy Law), the creditor should contact the manager and only then (if the manager does not answer, which is most likely to happen) complain to the court about his actions (we are talking specifically about a complaint, and not about going to court with a request to recognize the transaction as invalid). Of course, this process is time-consuming, which negatively affects its effectiveness27.
In our opinion, it would be possible to provide an opportunity to file a petition to the court to refute the transactions to all interested parties, including those who are not creditors28. The most interested can be called the founders (participants) of the debtor, who do not have the ability to influence the action of the manager, but are directly interested in restoring the debtor's solvency. Therefore, it is highly likely that the participants will pay attention to the illegal actions of the manager.
23 Аюрова А. А. Оспаривание сделок должника согласно нормам законодательства о несостоятельности (банкротстве) //Адвокат. - 2014. - №. 11. - С. 52-57.
24 Окюлов О. ВОПРОСЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ БОРЬБЫ ПРОТИВ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПИРАТСТВА //Review of law sciences. - 2020. - №. 4.
25 Есенбекова Ф. Т., Эсанова З. Н., Ибратова Ф. Б. ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ УТВЕРЖДЕНИЯ МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМ СУДОМ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ //НАУКА И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ИННОВАЦИИ. - 2021. -С. 156-158.
26 Ibratova F., Esenbekova F. GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION ON CONCEPTTONAL PROCEDURES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Polish Journal of Science. - 2021. - №. 38-2. - С. 20-24.
27 Телюкина М. В. Система подозрительных сделок при банкротстве должника в России и Казахстане //Гражданское право. - 2014. - №. 6. - С. 20-24.
28 Ibratova, F. B., Khabibullaev, D. Y., Esanova, Z. N., Egam-berdiev, D. A., & Hakberdiev, A. A. (2019). Legal Issues of Observation-Bankruptcy Procedures Applicable by the Economic Court of Uzbekistan. J. Advanced Res. L. & Econ., 10, 187.
REFERENCES:
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2. Барышова, М. В., Белый, В. С., Глущенко, В. М., Ибратова, Ф. Б., Новиков, А. Н., & Пронькин, Н. Н. (2019). Социальное предпринимательство: научные исследования и практика.
3. Ибратова Ф. Б. Банкротство ликвидируемого субъекта предпринимательства: проблемы и решения //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 58-2.
4. Телюкина М. Недействительность сделок должника, находящегося в процессе производства по делу о несостоятельности (банкротстве) //Приложение к. - 2014. - №. 8. - С. 64.
5. Ибратова Ф. Б. Гражданско-правовые проблемы признания банкротами индивидуальных предпринимателей в Республике Узбекистан //Вопросы современной юриспруденции. - 2015. - №. 56 (47).
6. Кондратьева К. С. Порядок признания недействительными подозрительных сделок должника в процедурах банкротства //Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки. - 2012. -№. 4.
7. Ibratova, F. TERMS IN CIVIL LAw AND ThEIR APPLICATION IN LEGAL PROTECTION OF CITIZENS IN ThE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN.
8. Esenbekova, F. T. (2019). Esenbekova FT, Okyulov O., Ruzinazarov Sh., Ibratova FB Features of the approval of the world agreement by the economic court: practice and theory. Editorial team, 10(39), 90.
9. Ibratova F. Problems of a settlement in bankruptcy cases in economic courts //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2019. - №. 28-3.
10. Иванова Т. К. Особенности недействительности сделки несостоятельного должника //Вестник Волжского университета им. ВН Татищева. - 2018. - Т. 1. - №. 2.
11. Ibratova F., Narzullaev O. LEGAL NATURE OF LEGAL RELATIONSHIP IN BANKRUPTCY //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 64. - С. 24-26.
12. Ibratova, F. B., Kirillova, E. A., Smolen, R., Bondarenko, N. G., Shebzuhova, T. A., & Vartumyan, A. A. (2017). Special features of modern legal systems: cases and collisions.
13. Ibratova F., Samigjonov F. LEGAL REGULATION OF THE OBSERVATION PROCEDURE UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //ECONOMIC SCIENCES. - С. 30.
14. Burkhankhodzhaeva H., Ibratova F. LEGAL ISSUES OF BANKRUPTCY OF A CITY FORMING AND RELATED ENTERPRISES //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. -№. 63-2. - С. 16-20.
15. Ibratova F. Bankrotlik to 'g 'risidagi ishlarda prokuror ishtiroki.
16. Ibratova F. BANKRUPTCY OF A LIQUIDATED BUSINESS ENTITY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS //Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No. - 2021. - Т. 58.
- С. 45.
17. Наумов Я. В. Финансовые операции должника, направленные на погашение долга, в рамках дела о банкротстве расцениваются как сделки с предпочтением //Актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук. - 2014. - №. 10.
18. Кораев К. Б. Сущность и значение института оспаривания сделок и иных действий должника в рамках дела о его несостоятельности (банкротстве), его отличия от оспаривания сделок по общим основаниям //Юрист. - 2018. - №. 2. - С. 2529.
19. Тарнопольская С. В. Оспаривание сделок кредитных организаций, совершаемых в преддверии банкротства: сложности и перспективы //Закон.
- 2014. - №. 3. - С. 52-59.
20. Ковалев С. И. Отдельные проблемы оспаривания в рамках процедуры банкротства сделок «с предпочтением» //Имущественные отношения в Российской Федерации. - 2014. - №. 2 (149).
21. Yunusova M., Ibratova F. LEGAL ISSUES OF THE WORLD AGREEMENT IN BANKRUPTCY AS A PROCEDURAL INSTITUTE //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. -2021. - №. 62-2. - С. 10-14.
22. Селютин А. В. Особенности оснований недействительности сделок должника в рамках процедур банкротства //Территория науки. - 2014. - №. 5.
23. Аюрова А. А. Оспаривание сделок должника согласно нормам законодательства о несостоятельности (банкротстве) //Адвокат. - 2014. - №. 11. - С. 52-57.
24. Окюлов О. ВОПРОСЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ БОРЬБЫ ПРОТИВ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПИРАТСТВА //Review of law sciences. - 2020. - №. 4.
25. Есенбекова Ф. Т., Эсанова З. Н., Ибратова Ф. Б. ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ УТВЕРЖДЕНИЯ МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМ СУДОМ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ //НАУКА И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ИННОВАЦИИ. - 2021. - С. 156-158.
26. Ibratova F., Esenbekova F. GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION ON CONCEPTIONAL PROCEDURES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Polish Journal of Science. - 2021. - №. 38-2. - С. 20-24.
27. Телюкина М. В. Система подозрительных сделок при банкротстве должника в России и Казахстане //Гражданское право. - 2014. - №. 6. - С. 20-24.
28. Ibratova, F. B., Khabibullaev, D. Y., Esanova, Z. N., Egamberdiev, D. A., & Hakberdiev, A. A. (2019). Legal Issues of Observation-Bankruptcy Procedures Applicable by the Economic Court of Uzbekistan. J. Advanced Res. L. & Econ, 10, 187.
