CC BY
21№Спецвыпуск. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/arti-cle/n/pravovye-problemy-transgranichnogo-nasledo-vaniya-intellektualnoy-sobstvennosti (дата обращения: 27.07.2021).
6. Mamaraimova G. Inheritance issues of non-property (moral) rights of intellectual property // Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. 2021. №65-1. URL: https://cyber-leninka.ru/article/n/inheritance-issues-of-non-prop-erty-moral-rights-of-intellectual-property (дата обращения: 27.07.2021).
7. Мамараимова Г. М. Проблемы наследования интеллектуальных прав доменных имен по законодательству Республики Узбекистан //Журнал правовых исследований. - 2020. - Т. 5. - №. 2.
8. Contempt of Court Act 1981(https://www.leg-islation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/49)
9. Akhrorova S. THE INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL MARKETING IN COMPETITION LAW: OVERVIEW //Herald pedagogiki. Nauka i Praktyka. -2021. - Т. 1. - №. 5.
10. Qobiljon ogli, A. A. (2021). The Concept, Types and Licensing Procedures of Activities that Must Be Licensed in International Investment Law. International Journal of Development and Public Policy, 1(6), 188-193.
11. Aliens Act of Finland (301/2004, amendments up to 973/2007 included)
12. Esenbekova P. et al. LEGAL NEGOTIATION ISSUES: THE IMPORTANCE AND TYPES //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 75-2. - C. 17-20.
13. Code of Judicial Procedure (4/1734; amendments up to 732/2015 included)
14. Civil procedure code of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2002 no. 138-fz (as amended on 08-12-2020)
15. Aminjon, K. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE BANKRUPTCY IN UZBEKISTAN AND ABROAD." Herald pedagogiki. Nauka i Praktyka 1.5 (2021).
16. Civil procedure code of Ukraine with amendments and additions provided by the law of Ukraine issued on 23rd June, 2005
17. Civil procedural code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 31, 2015 No. 377-V ZRK).
18. Code of civil procedure of the Kyrgyz Republic of January 25, 2017 no. 14 (as amended on 11-042020)
LEGAL ISSUES OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN THE ECONOMIC PROCESS
Esenbekova P.
Senior Lecturer of the South Kazakhstan State University named after M. Auezov, Doctor of Philosophy
Ibratova F.
Associate Professor of the Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Law Davronov D.
Teacher of the Tashkent State law university
Abstract
The article deals with the issues of evidence in electronic form in a legal process, such as graphic images, audio, video recordings, information from the Internet. The article analyzes the legal problems that, according to the procedural legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, electronic evidence refers to written evidence, between the point of view expressed in the legal doctrine that a lawmaking mistake was made by the legislator. It is proposed to add article 761 Electronic evidence. to the Economic Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: electronic evidence, electronic document, emails, digital evidence, legal proceedings, digital signature.
In the current time, more and more often, when considering disputes by economic courts, the parties submit evidence in electronic form9. As the analysis of national legislation shows, to date, procedural legislation does not provide for the concept of electronic evidence, the procedure for its use and related issues10.
However, in judicial practice, graphic images, audio, video recordings, information from the Internet are often used as part of electronic evidence11. The development of digital technologies has made it possible to present a new form of information that is significant, for example, in the form of messages in the Telegramm,
9 Esenbekova, P., Okyulov, O., Esanova, Z., & Ibratova, F.
(2021). APPLIED JURISPRUDENCE. Editorial team, (60-
3), 5.
10Барышова, М. В., Белый, В. С., Глущенко, В. М., Ибра-това, Ф. Б., Новиков, А. Н., & Пронькин, Н. Н. (2019). Социальное предпринимательство: научные исследования и практика.
11Дудник, Д. В., Ермолаев, К. Н., Ибратова, Ф., Миронов, Л. В., Окюлов, О., Опрышко, Е. Л., ... & Шер, М. Л.
Whatsapp, Vibet application software, screenshots, audio and video recordings recorded by means of mobile phones, etc.12.
According to the procedural legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, electronic evidence in the economic process refers to written evidence, meanwhile, the point of view is expressed in the legal doctrine that a lawmaking mistake was made by the legislator13. According to some scientists, in particular according to O.Sh. Pirmatov, electronic evidence should be considered information about the circumstances that are significant for the case, created, processed, stored using technical means and information systems, as well as having other details that provide opportunities for its identification, and that, electronic evidence may be submitted to the court via electronic storage devices or via email of the court. The court can accept evidence that is relevant to the case, which is stored in electronic media. If necessary, the court may order an examination of electronic evidence or obtain an opinion from a specialist. Evidence stored on an electronic medium can be electronic documents, electronic correspondence and diagrams, spreadsheets and graphs, Internet data, audio-video recordings and other information prepared by means of information technology14.
According to A.A. Demin, electronic evidence means both electronic documents (documented information presented in electronic form) and electronic messages (information transmitted or received by a user of an information and telecommunication net-work)15.
According to the Code of Economic Procedure, evidence in a case is information about facts obtained in the manner prescribed by law, on the basis of which the economic court establishes the presence or absence of circumstances substantiating the claims and objections of the persons participating in the case, as well as other circumstances relevant for the consideration of the case (Art.66 EPK RUz).
Written evidence includes documents and materials, including those obtained by facsimile, electronic or other communication or in another way that allows you to establish the authenticity of the document16. In article
(2021). Научные основы финансовой, кредитно-денежной и ценовой политики.
12 Ibratova, F. B., Kirillova, E. A., Smolen, R., Bondarenko, N. G., Shebzuhova, T. A., & Vartumyan, A. A. (2017). Special features of modern legal systems: cases and collisions.
13 Ibratova F. BANKRUPTCY OF A LIQUIDATED BUSINESS ENTITY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS //Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No. - 2021. - Т. 58. - С. 45.
14 Пирматов О.Ш. Идтисодий ва фударолик суд ишларини юртишда электрон далилларнинг процессуал жи^атлари. Юридик фанлар буйича фалсафа доктори (Doctor of Philosophy) диссертацияси автореферата. Тошкент. 2020. - С.36.
15 Дёмин А.А. Особенности правового регулирования электронных доказательств в гражданском, арбитражном, административном процессах // Вопросы Российской юстиции. 2019. №3. - С.1076-1084.
16 Ibratova F., Esenbekova F. GENESIS AND EVOLUTION
OF LEGISLATION ON CONCEPTIONAL PROCEDURES
IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Polish Journal of
Science. - 2021. - №. 38-2. - С. 20-24.
8 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 11.12.2003. No. 560-II "On Informatization" indicates that information stored and processed in information resources, confirmed by an electronic digital signature, is an electronic document and has the same legal force as a paper document17.
Article 3 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 11.12.2003. No. 562-II "On Electronic Digital Signature" also defines that an electronic document is information recorded in electronic form, confirmed by an electronic digital signature and having other details of an electronic document that allow it to be identified.
The difference between electronic evidence and written evidence lies in the reusability and method of destruction18. Thus, electronic evidence does not constitute written evidence, since the form of submission of such a document is not required in writing19.
According to O.Sh. Pirmatov, the definitions of an electronic document should be expanded in article 5 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On electronic document management", the following definition of an electronic document has been developed: "An electronic document is information recorded in electronic form, confirmed by an electronic digital signature, and having other details of an electronic document, allowing it to be identified, either signed, printed, notarized or passed the state registration 38 (signed, stamped and symbolic) in the manner prescribed by law, translated into electronic form using technical means"20.
Meanwhile, both in the legislation and in law enforcement practice it is established that electronic evidence is written, then the method of presentation in the course of court proceedings must be appropriate, since the party must provide electronic information that provides value for the case only by means of written evi-dence21. In this case, the party must not only print emails or information, but also certify this document, since the absence of this confirmation, this evidence can be recognized as inappropriate22. In practice, the Russian Federation, by providing a screenshot, must not only certify with the proper person, but also provide
17 https://www.lex.uz/ru/docs/82956
18 Ibratova F. B. et al. Effective and Reasonable Implementation and Application of the Principle of Ability to Be Heard Under Foreign and National Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan //Middle European Scientific Bulletin. - 2021. -Т. 18. - С. 485-501.
19 Вехов, В. Б. (2016). Электронные доказательства: проблемы теории и практики. Правопорядок: история, теория, практика, (4 (11)).
20 Пирматов О.Ш. Идтисодий ва фударолик суд ишларини юртишда электрон далилларнинг процессуал жи^атлари. Юридик фанлар буйича фалсафа доктори (Doctor of Philosophy) диссертацияси автореферати. Тошкент. 2020. - С.37.
21 Ibratova F. Problems of a settlement in bankruptcy cases in economic courts //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2019. - №. 28-3.
22 Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2015). Гражданско-правовые проблемы признания банкротами индивидуальных предпринимателей в Республике Узбекистан. Вопросы современной юриспруденции, (5-6 (47)).
the exact address of the website and the time23. So in paragraph 55 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated April 23, 2019 No. 10 " On the application of part four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation", the following explanation is given: materials posted on the information and telecommunications network (screenshot), indicating the address of the Internet page from which the printout was made, as well as the exact time of receipt. Such printouts are subject to assessment by the court when considering the case on an equal basis with other evidence (article 67 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, article 71 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation)"24.
A.T. Temergalieva believes that an electronic document can be considered written evidence if it contains thoughts that have evidentiary value and are perceived by reading written signs25. A.P. Vershinin also classifies electronic documents as written evidence26.
Some authors attribute an electronic document to material evidence, in particular A.T. Bonner notes that at this stage of development of procedural legislation and the science of procedural law, one can conditionally talk about sites on the Internet as some specific material evidence27. However, according to Article 77 of the EIC RUz, evidence is objects that, by their appearance, internal properties and content, their location or other signs, can serve as a means of establishing for the case28. The Internet and the huge number of sites located in it, of course, are not tangible objects that you can pick up29.
I.Yu. Vostrikov believe that electronic documents cover all means of proof, but need additional regulation
30
Some scientists consider electronic evidence to be mixed evidence, in particular D.V. Sedelnikova, believes that an electronic document is mixed evidence related to written and material evidence. They are united by the presence of information necessary for the case, but they note the specific form of existence of such information as a record on an electronic medium31. It is the form of an electronic document that is its distinguishing feature in comparison with other types of evidence32.
In the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of China, electronic evidence is referred to as electronic evidence, as electronic documents, information published through online platforms, and web pages, blogs and microblogs, messages, short messages sent through mobile (cell) phones and emails, user registration information and computer files33. As Chinese scientists point out, the peculiarity of electronic evidence is that digital evidence can be active, deleted, hidden, encrypted or overwritten, and they cannot be seen with the naked eye34.
According to Japanese law, electronic evidence cannot be physically signed or altered, and therefore the question of the authenticity of this evidence falls 35. This feature allows electronic evidence to be considered unique, not characteristic of written evidence36.
Having studied the foreign experience in the use of electronic evidence, we consider it expedient to supplement the EPK of the Republic of Uzbekistan with article 761. Electronic evidence with the following wording:
"Article 761. Electronic evidence
Electronic evidence is electronic documents (written documents, graphics, audio, video record-
23 Ibratova F. Legal Problems of the Concepts Legality, Justification and Justice by Judicial Acts //Middle European Scientific Bulletin. - 2021. - Т. 16.
24 Постановления Пленума Верховного суда Российской Федерации от 23 апреля 2019г. №10 «О применении части четвертой Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации» https://vsrf.ru/documents/own/27773/
25 Темергалиева, А. Т. (2013). Электронные документы как доказательства в суде. Юридическая научная сеть. Современное право: сборник онлайн-докладов [Электронный ресурс].
26 Вершинин, А. П. (1997). Способы защиты гражданских прав в суде; Вершинин А.П. Электронный документ: правовая форма и доказательство в суде: учебно-практическое пособие. - М. 2000.
27 Боннер, А. Т. (2008). Аудио-и видеозаписи как доказательство в гражданском и арбитражном процессе. Законодательство, (3), 79-87.; Боннер А.Т. Доказательственные значение информации, полученной из Интернета // Закон. - 2007. - №12.
28 Esenbekova P. et al. LEGAL NEGOTIATION ISSUES: THE IMPORTANCE AND TYPES //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 752. - С. 17-20.
29 Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2019). ПРАВОВЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ
МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ПРИ РАССМОТРЕНИИ
ДЕЛ О БАНКРОТСТВЕ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СУДАХ
РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН. In ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ
РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ (pp. 163-
170).
30 Востриков, И. Ю. (2007, September). Электронный документ как доказательство в гражданском процессе. In Гражданское судопроизводство в изменяющейся России. Сборник материалов международной научно-практической конференции, г. Саратов (pp. 14-15).; Востри-ков И.Ю. Электронный документ как доказательство в гражданском процессе // Гражданское судопроизводство в изменяющейся России: материалы Междунар. Научн. -практ.конференции. - Саратов, 2007.
31 Ibratova F. Bankrotlik to 'g 'risidagi ishlarda prokuror ishtiroki.
32 Zh K. et al. LEGAL ISSUES OF CONCLUSION OF AGREEMENT ON ENSURING THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE DEBTOR IN JUDICIAL SANATION //Sciences of Europe. - 2021. - №. 83-3. - С. 22-25.
33Okyulov O. et al. LEGAL ISSUES OF JUDICIAL ACTS IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Znanstvena Misel. - 2021. - №. 58. - С. 14-17.
34 Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised in 2017) // URL: http://cicc.court. gov.cn/html/1/219/199/200/644.html
35 Довлатова Г. П. и др. Инновации, тенденции и проблемы в области экономики, управления и бизнеса. -2021.
36 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/elektronnoe-doka-zatelstvo-v-grazhdanskom-i-arbitrazhnom-protsessah
ings, etc.) containing information about circumstances relevant to the case, the global information network Internet (social networks, instant messengers, etc.), written, multimedia and voice messages, metadata, databases and other data in electronic form that allow you to establish the authenticity of the document".
REFERENCES:
1. Esenbekova, P., Okyulov, O., Esanova, Z., & Ibratova, F. (2021). APPLIED JURISPRUDENCE. Editorial team, (60-3), 5.
2. Барышова, М. В., Белый, В. С., Глущенко,
B. М., Ибратова, Ф. Б., Новиков, А. Н., & Пронькин, Н. Н. (2019). Социальное предпринимательство: научные исследования и практика.
3. Дудник, Д. В., Ермолаев, К. Н., Ибратова, Ф., Миронов, Л. В., Окюлов, О., Опрышко, Е. Л., ... & Шер, М. Л. (2021). Научные основы финансовой, кредитно-денежной и ценовой политики.
4. Ibratova, F. B., Kirillova, E. A., Smolen, R., Bondarenko, N. G., Shebzuhova, T. A., & Vartumyan, A. A. (2017). Special features of modern legal systems: cases and collisions.
5. Ibratova F. BANKRUPTCY OF A LIQUIDATED BUSINESS ENTITY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS //Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No. - 2021. - Т. 58. - С. 45.
6. Пирматов О.Ш. Идтисодий ва фударолик суд ишларини юртишда электрон далилларнинг процессуал жи^атлари. Юридик фанлар буйича фалсафа доктори (Doctor of Philosophy) диссертацияси автореферати. Тошкент. 2020. -
C.36.
7. Дёмин А.А. Особенности правового регулирования электронных доказательств в гражданском, арбитражном, административном процессах // Вопросы Российской юстиции. 2019. №3. - С.1076-1084.
8. Ibratova F., Esenbekova F. GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION ON CONCEPTIONAL PROCEDURES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Polish Journal of Science. - 2021. - №. 38-2. - С. 20-24.
9. https://www.lex.uz/ru/docs/82956
10. Ibratova F. B. et al. Effective and Reasonable Implementation and Application of the Principle of Ability to Be Heard Under Foreign and National Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan //Middle European Scientific Bulletin. - 2021. - Т. 18. - С. 485-501.
11. Вехов, В. Б. (2016). Электронные доказательства: проблемы теории и практики. Правопорядок: история, теория, практика, (4 (11)).
12. Пирматов О.Ш. Идтисодий ва фударолик суд ишларини юртишда электрон далилларнинг процессуал жи^атлари. Юридик фанлар буйича фалсафа доктори (Doctor of Philosophy) диссертацияси автореферати. Тошкент. 2020. -С.37.
13. Ibratova F. Problems of a settlement in bankruptcy cases in economic courts //Norwegian Journal of
Development of the International Science. - 2019. - №. 28-3.
14. Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2015). Гражданско-правовые проблемы признания банкротами индивидуальных предпринимателей в Республике Узбекистан. Вопросы современной юриспруденции, (5-6 (47)).
15. Ibratova F. Legal Problems of the Concepts Legality, Justification and Justice by Judicial Acts //Middle European Scientific Bulletin. - 2021. - Т. 16.
16. Постановления Пленума Верховного суда Российской Федерации от 23 апреля 2019г. №10 «О применении части четвертой Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации» https://vsrf.ru/documents/own/27773/
17. Темергалиева, А. Т. (2013). Электронные документы как доказательства в суде. Юридическая научная сеть. Современное право: сборник он-лайн-докладов [Электронный ресурс].
18. Вершинин, А. П. (1997). Способы защиты гражданских прав в суде; Вершинин А.П. Электронный документ: правовая форма и доказательство в суде: учебно-практическое пособие. - М. 2000.
19. Боннер, А. Т. (2008). Аудио-и видеозаписи как доказательство в гражданском и арбитражном процессе. Законодательство, (3), 79-87.; Боннер А.Т. Доказательственные значение информации, полученной из Интернета // Закон. - 2007. - №12.
20. Esenbekova P. et al. LEGAL NEGOTIATION ISSUES: THE IMPORTANCE AND TYPES //Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science. - 2021. - №. 75-2. - С. 17-20.
21. Ибратова, Ф. Б. (2019). ПРАВОВЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ ПРИ РАССМОТРЕНИИ ДЕЛ О БАНКРОТСТВЕ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СУДАХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН. In ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ (pp. 163-170).
22. Востриков, И. Ю. (2007, September). Электронный документ как доказательство в гражданском процессе. In Гражданское судопроизводство в изменяющейся России. Сборник материалов международной научно-практической конференции, г. Саратов (pp. 14-15).; Востриков И.Ю. Электронный документ как доказательство в гражданском процессе // Гражданское судопроизводство в изменяющейся России: материалы Междунар. Научн. - практ.конференции. - Саратов, 2007.
23. Ibratova F. Bankrotlik to 'g 'risidagi ishlarda prokuror ishtiroki.
24. Zh K. et al. LEGAL ISSUES OF CONCLUSION OF AGREEMENT ON ENSURING THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE DEBTOR IN JUDICIAL SANATION //Sciences of Europe. - 2021. - №. 83-3. - С. 22-25.
25. Okyulov O. et al. LEGAL ISSUES OF JUDICIAL ACTS IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN //Znanstvena Misel. - 2021. - №. 58. - С. 14-17.
26. Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised in 2017) // URL: http://cicc.court. gov .cn/html/1/219/199/200/644. html
27. Довлатова Г. П. и др. Инновации, тенденции и проблемы в области экономики, управления и бизнеса. - 2021.
28. https://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/elektronnoe-dokazatelstvo-v-grazhdanskom-i-arbitrazhnom-protsessah
MEASURES OF STATE PROTECTION OF WORKERS' LABOR RIGHTS DURING THE
PANDEMIC
Potapova L.
PhD in History, аssociate professor Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law DisciplinesCrimean Law Institute (branch) University of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation
Adviser of Justice Potapov D.
PhD in Jurisprudence Senior Lecturer of the Department of Civil Law Crimean Branch of the Russian State University of Justice
МЕРЫ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ ТРУДОВЫХ ПРАВ РАБОТНИКОВ В ПЕРИОД
ПАНДЕМИИ
Потапова Л.В.
кандидат исторических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры гражданско-правовых дисциплин Крымский юридический институт (филиал) Университет прокуратуры Российской Федерации
советник юстиции Потапов Д.В. кандидат юридических наук старший преподаватель кафедры гражданского права Крымский филиал Российского государственного университета правосудия
Abstract
The article analyzes the features of protecting the labor rights of workers during a pandemic. The legal regulation of workers' labor in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is considered. The most common violations of labor rights of employees by employers and their causes are identified. The measures of state protection of the labor rights of workers, adopted in the Russian Federation, and the changes made to the labor legislation in terms of regulating the remote form of work are given.
Аннотация
В статье анализируются особенности защиты трудовых прав работников в период пандемии. Рассматривается правовое регулирование труда работников в условиях пандемии COVID-19. Выявляются наиболее распространённые нарушения трудовых прав работников со стороны работодателей и их причины. Приводятся меры государственной защиты трудовых прав работников, принятые в Российской Федерации, и изменения, внесённые в трудовое законодательство в части регулирования дистанционной формы работы.
Keywords: labor rights, protection of labor rights, labor legislation, workers, pandemic.
Ключевые слова: трудовые права, защита трудовых прав, трудовое законодательство, работники, пандемия.
Введение
Трудовые отношения представляют собой основной источник доходов и являются средством социально-экономического благополучия населения государства, что делает актуальной проблему обеспечения прав граждан на труд и на защиту от безработицы [1]. Проблема защиты трудовых прав работников особенно актуализировалась в период
пандемии СОУ!Э-19, что связано с обнажившимися недостатками и пробелами устаревшего трудового законодательства и крайней чувствительностью трудовых отношений к экономическим мерам, нацеленным на борьбу с эпидемией и изменивших привычную общественную жизнь [2]. В результате отсутствия адекватной нормативно-правовой базы и систематизированности в действиях государства
