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JEL: F00, F49
DOI: 10.52174/1829-0280_2021_3_98
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1 Sb'u Kay Philip, Rome's Economic Revolution, [Oxford studies on the Roman economy], Oxford: University Press, 2014,
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277650696_PHILIP_KAY_ROME'S_ECONOMIC_REVOLU TION_OXFORD_STUDIES_ON_THE_ROMAN_ECONOMY_OXFORD_UNIVERSITY_PRESS_2014
2 Sb'u Rubin Isaac Illyich, Sismondi as a Critic of Capitalism, Chapter 37 in A History of Economic Thought, InkLinks, London: Sismonde de Sismondi J. C. L., New Principles of Political Economy: Of Wealth in Its Relation to Population Trans. Richard Hyse 1991 Transaction Publishers, Rutgers -The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1979:
3 Sb'u Rosdolsky Roman, The Making of Marx's Capital, 1980, t2 381: Schumpeter Joseph A., History of Economic Analysis, Allen & Unwin, 1954, t2 651:
4 Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. III, Part III,The Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall, Chapter 15. Exposition of the Internal Contradictions of the Law, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch15.htm
5 Karl Marx, Capital III, t2 258:
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6 Sb'u hnLjh mb^Q, t2 261:
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8 Samezo Kuruma (1929), https://www.marxists.org/archive/kuruma/crisis-intro.htm
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10 Sb'u Mattick Paul, The Limits of the Mixed Economy, part 2. Marx & Keynes. 1969, https://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1969/marx-keynes/ch02.htm
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11 Sb'u Schumpeter Joseph A., History of Economic Analysis, 1954, http://digamo.free.fr/schumphea.pdf
12 Sb'u Porter M. E., The Competitive Advantage of Nation, N.Y., 1990.
13 Sb'u ^m^Unujmb 2.U., ^^gmqqmj^b mbmbumq^mnLpjnLb. mbunLpjnLb U gw^wgw^wbnLpJnLb: nLunLJbm^mb fibnbmp^, bp., hpmm., 2015, tg 110-111:
^p^mdl^l, ШJL щшhщшlnrçшLшl nшqdш4шpnLpJшlQ, npQ h^^md t JшpJh^^Ьph ш2ш^gnLpJш^ фш: иш^ ^npmЬph ^pL^örnp^l шlLJnLlшршpQ, LшpönLd Ь1р, ш^ t, np hшpumnLpJшl фnLLnLJ ЬpLplЬph шpmшrç.pnLpJnLlQ шumhбшlшpшp шlLnLd t lu^pnLd, hu| бn^nLpJnL^Q шpqЬLшLnLd t mlmЬuшLшl шnш2QlpшgQ: Ъ2^ш0 ЬpUnLJpQ hhdlшLшlnLd plnpn2 t qшpqшgшö ЬpLplЬphl: Pшgh шpmшrç.pnL-p^l ш^^nLJhg, h hшJm Ь1 qшLhu ШJlщhuh ЬpUnLJplЬp, hl^4huhf Ь1 шц-pшtlрtlЬph U öшnшJnLpJnLllЬph qЬphшqЬg4шönLpJnL^Q mlmЬunLpJnLlnLd, npQ hlplhl бqlшd■шd ôln^ щш^ш! t:
ЧppшLшl hшJш^шpqЬpQ hhd^^hnLd hшulnLd Ь1 hp^g qшpqшg-qшqшplшLЬmhl, hhdlшLшl ЬlpшLшnnLg4шöрlЬpQ qml^nLd Ь1 шp-фш|ш1шд^ш0 фбшLnLd, unghшLш^шh ^rçm^^hnLpjnLÙQ Qlrç.qp|nLd t qpЬpЬ pnLnp unghшLш^шh ^ш4ЬpQ, dшprç.hL umшlnLd Ь1 pшpöp LЬluшpn-2ш| U шJLUu Öqrnmd Ь1 hhdlшLшlnLd «шlqnpönLpJшl» Jhgngn^' ^ш2^штЬ-Ln^ ш^Ь^ Ujuhlpl' ônLLnLpjmlQ hшdшmшpшö plnLjp t LpnLd, dшprç.hL дш1-LшlnLd Ь1 ш4ЬLh 2ш^ 0Ьпр pЬpЬL щшmpшumh шpmшrç.pшlр, рш1 umЬrçöЬL InpQ' qpш^4ЬLn4 qJnL^шmhmЬunLpJшJp LшJ ÖЬnlЬpЬgnLpJшdp: Uju qnpÔQl-pшдQ, JЬp ^h^pL^dp, inyl^u uцшnhшLhf t qшpqшдшö ЬpLplЬph mlmЬunLpJшl U hшuшpшLnLpJшl hшdшp, U unLjl ЬpUnLJpQ d^p шl4шlnLd Ь1р «24шJmшdnLnLpJnLh»:
<Ьmшqnmшpjшb ^Ьрп^шршЬт^тЬ: <ЬmшqnmnLpJшl hi^di^p qh-тш|ш! hhdf Ь1 hшh^huшдЬL hшJpЬlшLшl U шpmшuшhdшlJшl mшppЬp hЬфtlшLtlЬph, mhmЬuшqhmшLшh mшppЬp ^png^ph lЬpLшJшgnLgh^lЬp Uhudnh^hh, ftn^^pmnLuh, Uшpрuh, UhLh, UшLpnLuh, ЗndЬpuh, Чhp^dшlh, £b|luh U шJLnд, mlmЬuшLшl бqlшdшdЬphl U uщшnlшLhрlЬphl 4ЬpшpЬ-pn^ qhmшLшl ш2^шmnLpJnLllЬpQ: Ъ2^ш0 hЬmшqnmnrç|Ьph, mlmЬuшLшl бqlшdшdЬphl U uщшnlшLhрlЬphl 4ЬpшpЬpn^ Ш2^шmnLpJnLllЬphg ш-Ь1 hhdlшLшl pЬqЬpQ, ^ш^р hшdЬdшm4ЬL Ь1 dhdJшlд hЬm, hpшLшlшд4ЬL t ^шdшlшLшqpшLшl hшdшLшpq4шö шdфnфnLd:
UnLjl hЬmшqnmnLpJшl dЬpnrç.шpшlnLpJnLlQ hhdl4шö t щшmdшLшlh U mpшdшpшlшLшlh шdфnфdшl фш, hl^Q hlшpшфpnLpJnLl t sшLhu mlmЬuшLшl бqlшdшdЬph U mlmЬunLpJшl шpmшрhl uщшnlшLhрlЬph tфunLghшl U п^ш^д ÖUшфpdшl фш шqrç.n^ qnpönllЬpQ hшdшrç.pЬLnL ldшlшmhч !jl qnpÖQlpшдlЬph hЬm: Uju dnmЬдnLdQ pnLjL t sшLhu qnjnL-pjnLl nL^gn^ mlmЬuшLшl uщшnlшLhрlЬpQ U п^ш^д шnшlÖlшhшmLnL-pj^l^pQ ^hsшpLЬL lшU lЬpLш dшdшlшLш2P2шlnLd:
<ЬmшqnmnLpJшl тЬ^Ь|шт^ш|ш1 pшqшl lЬpшnnLd t <шdш2^шp-hшJhl mlmЬuшLшl ^npnLdh, 4ЬpшqqшJhl pшlLЬph, qLnpшL mlmЬuшLшl hlmЬqpdшl dhш4nplЬph 4ЬpLnLÖшpшllЬph U hЬmшqnmn^lЬph, hшdш4ш-p!|n4 цшJdшlш4np4шö mlmЬuшLшl бqlшdшdh шnl^nLpJшdp mp^mô qlшhшmшLшllЬpl nL pЬqЬpQ: Ъ2Ь1р IrnU, np <шdш2^шphшJhl mlmЬuш-|ш1 ^npnLdh |nn.dhg, uLuшö 2006 p4шLшlhg, rnd^ mшph hpшцшpшL4nLd t «<шdш2^шphшJhl nhuLЬpQ» 4Ьplшqpn4 qЬLnLJgQ, npmЬ^ lЬpLшJшg4nLd Ь1 m4JШL mшp4ш QlpшgfnLd hшdш2^шphшJhl mlmЬunLpJшl шn2U бшпш-дшб nhuLЬpQ U uцшnlшLhflЬpQ: Lш^np^ hpшmшpшLnLpJnLllЬpnLd hhd-lшLшlnLd 2Ь2sш^p4nLd tp qLnpшL hшdшqnpöшLgnLpJшl шlhpшdЬ2mnLpJnL-
104 РДЪРЬР 2021.3
Ърч hшЦшdшЪptшJ^Ъ фdш^.pn^шЦшЪnLрJшЪ щшJdшЪЪЬpр (8-р^ hpшmшpш-Цтр|тЪ, 2013 р.), Ьрп|щф 6qЪшdшdр (11^^. hpшmшpшЦпLрJпLЪ, 2016 р.), ЦЬЪишршЪшЦшЪ ищшnЪшLh£ЪЬpр (14^^. hpшmшpшЦпLрJпLЪ, 2019 р.) и ц^рЬга^шй шnпq2шщшhшЦшЪ hшdшЦшpqЬpр (15^^. hpшmшpшЦпLрJпLЪ, 2020 р.)' ^ рЬ^и шд рЬdшЪЬp^:
4Ьр[т&тр|тЬ: Э^тЬиш^ш^ 6qЪшdшdЬpЪ т тЪтЬитр|шЪ ш^и йш-гашдшй ищшnЪшLh£ЪЬpр итшдшЪ щшpрЬpшЦшЪ рЪт]р и иЦиЬд^Ъ 18^^. п^Ьд иЦишй' щшJdшЪш4пp4шй Ъпp ЙUш4пp4п^ Цшщ^тшфитшЦшЪ hшpшрЬpпLрJпLЪЪЬpпф SЪmЬишЦшЪ 6qЪшdшdЬp тЬф пLЪЬЪпLd h^dЪш-ЦшЪпLd ц|т^штЪтЬитр|шЪ nLnpmnLJ, ршЪ^ np тфш[ dшdшЪшЦш2P2шЪпLd ц|т^штЪтЬитр|тЪр тЪтЬитр|шЪ шnш2шmшp п^тЪ tp: SЪmЬишЦшЪ 6qЪшdшdЬpр ^pиUnp4nLJ Ц^^штЪтЬишЦшЪ рЬpшpmш^.pпLрJшЪ тЬи-шЪЦ|тЪ^д, ЬиЦ шp^.ЬЪ 19^^. ^.шp^д, Ьpр иЦиЬд qшpqшЪшL шp^.JпLЪшрЬpш-ЦшЪ шpmш^.pпLрJпLЪр, ^шЪр шpmшhшJm4Ьд^Ъ шpmш^.pпLрJшЪ и ищшп-dшЪ J^2U hш4шишpшL2гanLрJш^ щшpрЬpшЦшЪ ^ш^mпLdЪЬp^ Йип^14:
ПфmшpЦЬЪ£ шЪд]ш[ П■шpЬpпLd тЬф тЪЬдшй 2шpf тЪтЬишЦшЪ 6qЪшdшdЬp^ шnш2шдdшЪ щшm6шnЪЬpр и рЪпурр:
• ^щЬи Цшщ^тшфитшЦшЪ тЪтЬишЦшЪ hшишpшЦшpq^ шпш2ЬЪ 6qЪшdшd ^Ьф t шпшЪЙЪшдЪЬ[ 17^^. ^.шpnLd (1634-1637 рр.) <п|шЪфш-JпLJ тЬ^ цтшй тЪтЬишЦшЪ 6qЪшdшdр, пpр щшmdпLрJшЪ JЬ2 hшJmЪ^ t «ЧшЦш^ЪЬp^ 6qЪшdшd» шЪ4шЪdшdр15: ^^¿ш^ шnш2шдdшЪ h^J-ЪшЦшЪ щштбшпр Цшщ4пLd t ш]Ъ фшит^ hЬm, пp ш^ dшdшЪшЦшhшm-4шйпLJ ^й hшЪpш6шЪш^пLрJпLЪ тЪЬ^Ъ ЦшЦш^р, и ^^ йш^ЦЪ^Ь иЬpJЬpр qЪЬ[пL ЪщштшЦп^ ^пЪд ц^Ър, рит ЪpшЪд ЦшЪ^шmЬипLdЪЬp^, щЬтр t ршpЙpшЪшp) щшmpшиm Ъпу^^иЦ hpЬUg п^2 пЪЬд-^шйрр: ишЦш]Ъ hЬmшqшJпLJ, Ьpр ш^ ищшиЬLh£ЪЬpр ^шp^.шpшдшЪ, ЬpЦ-pпLd ршp^ пL йшЪp тЪтЬишЦшЪ и ф^ЪшЪишЦшЪ фбшЦ итЬ^й^Ьд:
• Чшщ^тшфитшЦшЪ hш2пp^ 6qЪшdшdр тЬф тЪЬдш^ 18^^. П■шph иЦqрЪЬp^Ъ, 1720 р^шЦшЪ^Ъ, ^ш^и^ш^^ пpщЬи ф^ЪшЪишЦшЪ бцЪш-dшJ, пpЪ шпш2шдЬ[ tp ш^ dшdшЪшЦш2P2шЪ^ ^шЪи^ш^ qL^ш4пp цшЪ-ЙшщЬт^' ЙпЪ Цп^ и^ш[ hш24шpЦшй qпpйп^пLрJпLЪЪЬp^ hЬmUшЪfп416: ^шЪи^ш^ hиЦшJшЦшЪ ^шфЬp^ hшишй щшpm£р dшpЬ|пL ЪщштшЦп^ цшЪЙшщЬтр иЦиЬд JЬй £шhшЦпLрJшdр фп^ тцЬ[, и шp^ЬЪ ^иЦ шpdЬ-qpL4шй фп^Ьp^ hиLшJшLшЪ qшhq4шйр ЬpLpпLJ hшЪqЬgpЬg
д^ш]^, tL, hP hЬpр^Ъ, ф^ЪшЪишЦшЪ 6qЪшdшJ^ цштбшп ^шpЙш4:
• ^^2шqqшJ^Ъ рЪпур^ шпш2ЬЪ ^п2пp 6qЪшdшJр hшJшp4пLJ t 1825 р^шЦшЪ^Ъ UЪqLhшJпLJ тЬ^ цтшй 6qЪшdшJр, пpр JшишJр шЪ^pш^шpЙш4 Ъши ш][ ЬpLpЪЬph mЪmЬипLрJпLЪЪЬp^ 4pш17: ^ dшJшЪшL^ ^шфшЪ^2ЪЬpп4 ш]и 6qЪшdшJр hшdшp4Ьд hшJш2^шphшJ^Ъ, ршЪ^ пp рЪ^qpLЬд рп^ ш]Ъ
14 SЬ'и Uшpq.uJшfa ^ЬтшЦшЪ hшLшfiqЪшdшJшJ^Ъ рш^шршЦшЪтр]шЪ шp^JпLЪш4ЬmпL-р]шЪ ршpЙpшдJшЪ h^JЪш^Ъ^^pЪЬpр, Ьp., « ^иД «^^mпLрJпLЪ» hpшm., 2016, ^2 96:
15 SЬ'и ЪпуЪ тЬ^р:
16 SЬ'и ЪпуЪ тЬ^р:
17 SЬ'и Гринин Л. Е., Об истории экономических кризисов // Глобальный кризис как кризис перепроизводства денег. «Философия и общество», № 1, 2009, ^2 5:
ЬpLplЬpQ, npmЬ^ qЬph2^nLd tp LшчhmШLhusшLшl шpmшrç.pшЬrçшlшLQ: Clrç. npnLd, uш LшpЬLh t hшdшpЬL IrnU шnш2hl фhlшluшmlmЬuшLшl бqlшdшd: 4Ьp2hlhu шnш2шgdшl hшlrç.huшgш4 ш]1, np
шlqLhшgh 2ш^ lЬp^pn^lЬp dЬöшöш4шL lЬprç.pnLdlЬp thl LшsшpnLd Lш-mhlшdЬphL|шl ЬpLplЬpnLd 2шhшqnpö4nrç. pшlLшpdЬf dЬmш^lЬph hшl-fш4шJpЬpnLd, U umшg4шö pшlLшpdЬf dЬmш^lЬpl hpшg4nLd thl Unl^nlh ^nl^jhtl pnpuшJnLd18: Uju qnpÖQlprngl m^Lg^d tp ^U шщpшlрlЬph шpmшhшЫшl ш6п^: UlqLhшjh pшlLh nu|nL щш2шplЬph LpбшmnLdQ U шnUmpшJhl hш24ЬL2nh шlhш4шuшpшL2^nLpJnLlQ urnh^ghl pшlLhl 1825 p4шLшlhl pшpÖpшglЬL qЬrç¿dшl mnLnuшrç.pnLJрh dшLшprç.шLQ: Upшl hrn-2np^Ьghl ^nl^jhtl 2nLLшJnLd ^тбш^ U ^^ш^ш!!! бqlшdшdQ, npl шpшqnpЬl mшpшö4Ьg ШJL ЬpLplЬpnLd, hшmLшщЬu ЬpшluhшJnLd, hu| ШJlnLhЬm mЬ^шфn^4Ьg ^U шdЬphLJшl dшJpgшdшр, LшmhlшdЬphLJшl ЬpLplЬp U UUL19:
• 1857-1858 p4шLшllllЬph бqlшdшdQ Uu hp plnLjpn^ dh2шqqшJhl tp U pш4шLшl rnd^ hшp4шö hшugpЬg ш^ dшdшlшLш2P2шlh qшpqшgшö ЬpLplЬph, UUL-h, UlqLhшJh, 9-ЬpdшlhшJh U ^ш^шф mlmЬunLpJnLllЬ-phl: Uju бqlшdшdQ hшбш^ шl4шlnLd Ь! «M.Urnpguh uhpшö бqlшdшd», рш1ф np h^g ш^ бqlшdшdQ Ьш^ш^Ьд LшчhmШLhqdh шl^nLUшфЬLh Lnpöшldшl mlmЬuшLшl dnrç^h LшnnLgnLdQ:
• 20-prç. ^ph шnш2hl бqlшdшdQ тЬф ^ЬЬдш^ 1907 p4шLшlhl: Ъ2^ш6 dшdшlшLш2P2шlh hшdшp ш]1 hшdшp4Ьg шdЬlшöшlpl nL mшpшö-ршфЬ Ql^qpL4шönLpJшdp шdЬlшdЬÖQ: Uju бqlшdшdh шqrç.ЬgnLpJnLlQ lЬpшnЬg 9 ЬpLhp: Ч-Ьp2hlhu hhdlшLшl щштбш^ UlqLhшJh prnlLh 4.ш-pшö |n2m ^pшdш4шpLшJhl ршrçшршLшlnLpJnLll tp, dшulш4npшцЬu, qЬrç¿dшl mnLnuш^pnLJfh LmPmL pшpÖpшgnLdQ 1906 p4шLшlhl, 3.5-hg dhl^U 6%20: Upш lцшmшLQ UlqLhшJh nu|nL цш2шplЬph hшdшLpnLdl tp, hll tL pЬpЬg UUL-hg LшщhmШLh qqшLh rnprnrnhnugh U hшlqЬgpЬg LjnL 3npfh ^nll^jhtl 2nLLшjh фLnLqdшlQ: ЬhlшluшLшl бqlшdшdh щшш6шпп^
UlqLhшjh, UUL-h, йфш^шф, hmшLhшjh U dh 2шpf ШjL ЬpLplЬph ш!шь-unLpJnLllЬp dmшl pшprç. U ЬpLшpшmU nЬgЬuhnl фnLL: Uju шnш2hl drnu-2mшpшJhl фhlшluшLшl бqlшdшdQ hшrçpшhшp4Ьg dh 2rnpg qnpön^nLpJnLllЬph hpшLшlшgdшl шprç.JnLlрnLd: Ujrç. qnpönrçnLpJnLllЬpQ ÖЬnlшpL4Ьghl n^ pЬ Lшnш4шpnLpJnLllЬph, ШJL S. Unpqшlh U dh ^mdp $h-lшluhumlЬph |n^dhg: Uhl ш]^, бqlшdшdЬph шnш2шgdшl щшpшqшJnLd qnpön^nLpJnLllЬp ¿thl Lшsшp4nLd Lшnш4шpnLpJnLllЬph Lnndhg. nL^^шLh цЬтр tp uцшuЬL, dhl^U бqlшdшdl hlfl hP^ ш4шpm4h: 1907 p4шLшlQ l2шlш4np4Ьg lшU lpшln4, np шnш2hl шlqшd d2шL4Ьghl U qnpöшrç.p4Ь-ghl hшLшбqlшdшdшJhl dh2ngшnnLdlЬp, hl^l tL hhdf hшl^huшgш4 hЬmш-qшjnLd бqlшdшdЬpQ hш^pшhшpЬLnL 1цшшш|п4 mlmЬuшLшl рш^шрш|ш-lmp^l 2P2шlшLlЬpnLd qnpölшLшl lnp dЬ^шlhqdlЬph Lhpшndшl hш-dшp:
18 SЬ'u ишродшЬ ^2^. Ш2^., t2 97:
19 S^u lnLjl mЬ^Q:
20 S^u lnLjl mЬ^Q, t2 100:
• 1929-1933 pp. pnlL^frg 20-prç. ^ph, hl^u ^U LшцhmшLhumш-
dшdшlшLш2P2шlh pЬpUu шdЬlшdЬö U шdЬlшшrçЬmшLh бqlшdшdQ21:
Uju бqlшdшdh Lшd «^ô Lбшgdшl» шprçJnLlpnLd, фшumnpЬl, umЬrçô4Ьghl mlmЬunLpJшl щьшш|шь Lшpqш4npdшl шp^h dnrç^LQ U dшdшlшLшLhg mlmЬuшqhmшLшl hhdlшLшl nLrçдnLpJnLllЬphg dЬLQ, pЬJluшLшlnLpJnLlQ: 1929 p^rn^ hnLmЬdpЬph 24-h! npQ щшmdnLpJшl dЬ2 d^g «UU hhlq-2rnpph» шl4шdp, LjnL 3npph ^nl^jhl pnpurnjmd шЬФ nLlЬgш4 шpdЬ-pqp^h фn^шpdЬplЬph |mpnL| шlLnLd, Ql^hnL^ dhl^U 70%22: 4Ьp2hlu dЬö hpшpшlgnLd шпш2шgpЬg U hшlqЬgpЬg шLmhфЬph q^ph tL rn^^h шp-dЬqpLdшl. шpdЬp^pЬph uЬфшLшlшmЬpЬph Lprnô фшulЬpQ LшqdЬghl 2nLp2 15 dLprç. UUL rç.nLшp: ФшL4Ьghl ^n2np фhlшluшLшl QlLЬpnLpJnLllЬp U шpmш^pnLpJnLllЬp, qnpöшqpLnLpJшl dшLшprç.шLQ hшuш4 huLшJшLшl ^шфЬph, npl tL pшgшuшpшp шqrç.Ьg qшpqшgшö LшчhmшLhumшLшl ЬpLplЬph mlmЬunLpJnLllЬph фш: бqlшdшdh QlpшgpnLd шprçJnLlшpЬpш-UUL-nLd шpmш^pnLpJnLlQ Lpбшm4Ьg 2mP2 46%-n^, ^ô Pphmш-t^md' 24%-n^, ЬpшluhшJnLd, 32%-n^, ЧЬpdшlhшJnLd, 41%-n^23: Cum ф-бшLшqpшLшl mЦJШLlЬph, 1933 p^lrn^ ^pnLpJшdp qшpqшgшö 32 mшLhumшLшl ЬpLplЬpnLd qnpöшqnLpL шqqшplшL^nLpJшl Q^^^^^p ph^Q LшqdnLd tp 2nLP2 30 dLl: бqlшdшdh pшgшuшLшl шqrç.ЬgnLpJnLllЬpQ ^puUnp^nLd thl Ql^hnL^ dhl^U 1933 p4шLшlQ, uшLшJl hЬmшqшJnLd dh pшlh mшph Uu ^ш^ ^.Ьп qqшgфLd thl24:
• bpLpnprç. hшdш2^шphшJhl цшmЬpшqdhg hЬmn шпш2hl бqlшdшdQ шЬФ nLlЬgш4 1957 p4шLшlhl' Q^T^-PL^n^. UUL-h, ЧшЬш^шф, ^ô Pph-mшlhшJh U Lh^ЬпLшl^.lЬph mlmЬunLpJnLllЬpQ: Uju бqlшdшdQ mUЬg 2nLp2 dЬLnLLЬu mrnph, nph QlpшgpnLd шprçJnLlшpЬpшLшl шpmшrç.pnLpJшl
^pq ЬpLplЬpnLd Lpбшm4Ьghl dnm 4%-n^, hu| qnpöшqnLpLlЬph
ph^Q hrnurn^ dhl^U 10 dhLhnlh25:
• <ш2nprç. ^n2np бqlшdшdQ шЬФ nLlЬgш4 UUL-nLd' 1973 p4шLш-lhl26, npQ, lш^nprç!Ьph hЬm hшdЬdшmшö, шфLh ^npl tp U шфph^: npn2 gnLgшlh2lЬph qôn^ ШJU бqlшdшdQ dnm tp «^ô rç.ЬщpЬuhшJhl»: ^ш h^ mUшlpn4 UUL-h шprçJnLlшpЬpшLшl шpmшrç.pnLpJnLlQ Lpбшmфg 13%-n^, ЧЬpdшlhшJhlQ, 22%-n^, бшцnlhшJhlQ, 20%-n^, UlqLhшJhlQ, 10%-n^, ЬpшluhшJhlQ' 13%-n^, hmшLhшJhlQ, 14%-n^27: UlшlLшgn^ QlLЬpnLpJnLllЬ-Ph ph^Q 1973 p^rn^ hшdЬdшmnLpJшdp 1974 p4шLшlhl uLuЬg шбЬL. UlqLhшJnLd LшqdЬg dhl^U 47%, öшщnlhшJnLd, 42%, hu| ^ЬpdшlhшJnLd, 40%: 2шpqшgшö djnLu LшчhmшLhumшLшl ЬpLplЬpnLd ШJU gnLgшlh2Q
21 SЬ'u lnLjl mЬ^Q, t2 1G1:
22 SЬ'u lnLjl шЬ^д, t2 1G2:
23 SЬ'u lnLjl mЬ^Q:
24 SЬ'u <шpnLpJnLfaJшfa ^..L., UшpquJшЬ ^.U., бqlшdшJЬph 4ЬpLnLÔnLpJnLlQ' huJu2^uphujhl mlmЬunLpJшl qшpqшgJшl mшppЬp фnLLЬpnLJ: UnghшL-mlmЬuшLшl qшpqшgJшl up^h hhd-lш^l^hplЬpQ <ujuumulh íшlpшцЬmnLpJnLlnLJ (hшlpшцЬmшLшl qhmшdn^n4h lJnLpЬp, qhpp 1), « ^UU U. -Pnpuljulh шЬ^ш! slmЬuшqhmnLpJшl hlumhmnLm, bp., 2G13, t2 1G-15:
25 SЬ'u InLjl mЬ^Q:
26 SЬ'u UшpquJшfa ш2^., t2 1G3:
27 S^u InLjl mЬ^Q:
Фп^^Ь ш4ЬLh d^фpшph<: tp, dшuhш4npшщЬu, UUL-nLd 6% tp
^qdmd28, qnpöшqnLplhЬph ph^D h^jh^u qqшLhnpЬh шбЬg: Uju бqhш-^dh hЬmUшh£n4 1975 p^^hhh qnpöшqnLplhЬph Dh^■hшhnLp ph^D qшp-qшgшö ^шцhmШLhusш^шh ЬplphЬpnLd lшqdЬg 2mP2 15 dhLhnh dшprç., hul dnm 10 dhLhnh dшprç. mЬrçшфn^4Ьg n^ [Ph4 ш2^шmшd■шdшhшln4 ш2^ш-шшЬ^ ^d d■шdшhшlш4npшщЬu шqшm4Ьg ш2^шmшh£hg29:
1973 p^^hhh ulu^g шnш2hh ^n2npшqnLJh thЬpqЬmhl бqhшd■шdD, dh2шqqшJhh 2nL^jmd hш4pшprçJnLhшhшhn^ ЬplphЬph Inrçdhg hш4ph шpq.JnLhшhшhdшh öш4шLhЬph ImpnLl h4шqЬgdшh hЬm, nph Ьщш-шш^Ь tp hш4pшdpЬpfh qhh pшpÖpшgnLdD: Uiu^u' ЬpЬ 1973 p^^hh DhpшgfnLd bm^ph dЬl pшpЬLh qh^D 3 UUL ^n[mphg hmum^ dhh^U 5 UUL ^n[mph, шцш 1974 p^m^mhhh шprç.Ьh 12 UUL rç.n|mp tp30:
^шmdшlшhnpЬh шpöшhшqp4шö бqЬшdшdЬph 2rnppnLd hP nLpnLjh тЬф nLbh 2008-2009 pp. hшdш2^шphшJhh фhhшhuшmhmЬuшlшh ^n2n-prnórn^L бqЬшdшdD, npD hЬmшqшJnLd 4Ьpшö4Ьg mЬmЬuш^шЬ бqЬшdшdh: П-ш bplpnprç. hшdш2^шphшJhЬ щшmЬpшqdhg h ^P шdЬhш^np U шdЬЬшdшu2mшpшJhЬ бqЬшdшdЬ t hшdшp4nLd: ЬhЬшЬuш^шЬ 2nL^шhЬph U hЬumhmnLmЬЬph uЬpm фn^lшщ4шйnLpJшh U qLnprnL mЬmЬuш^шЬ hhm^ qpdшh prnpöp dшlшprç.шlh ЩШJdшhhЬpnLd бqЬшdшdD hhщnmЬlшJhh 2nL-^jhg шpшqnpЬh mшpшö4Ьg mшppЬp 2nL^шhЬp U ЬplphЬp31: ФLnLq4Ьghh dh 2rnpg qЬp^n2np фhЬшЬuш^шЬ hhumhsnLmhЬp, 4hшu4Ьghh prnqdrnph^ ЬplphЬph фhЬшЬuш^шЬ hшdшlшpqЬp: ЬhЬшЬuш^шЬ hrnm^rnôh шpdЬ-pq^ph 2nL^jh dh2ngn^ umh^g hшdшщшmшu^шЬ 4Ьpш^шuш4npnLdЬЬp ^шmшpЬL hpш^шЬ hrnm^rnônLd, nph tL ^p^^ mЬmЬuш^шЬ бqЬшdшdh щштбшпд32: UprçjnLhpnLd' hшdш2^шphшJhh hшhpnLpJшh Inqdhg rç.hmшpl-^шб бqЬшdшdD 2008 p^rn^rnhh Ьplpnprç. ^uhh шprç.Ьh hpшlшhnLpJnLh rçwpôrn^: UUL-h 2nL^шЬЬpnLd ulhqp шпшб ^hhrnhurn^rnh бqЬшdшdD 4Ьpш-Фп^^ mЬmЬuш^шЬh U Dh^qp^g шdpnq2 ш2^шphD: U2^шphnLd qprnhg-^g mЬmЬuш^шЬ шбh ^h^^md, hul 2009 p^^hhh шpÖшhшqp4Ьg шЬ^nLd: UhlnLdh шпш^Ь ^nph tp qшpqшgшö ЬplphЬpnLd (2nLp2 3.8%): 2008 p^^hh ^hhrnhurn^rnh бqЬшdшdЬ hp phnypn^' ^npnLpJшdp, Dhq-qpldшh ^шфЬpn4, ^puUnpdшЬ Ö^pn^ U ^hhrndh^rnjn^, mшppЬp4nLd tp hш^nprç. rç.шpЬph бqЬшdшdЬphg: ^ш ЬdшЬ ^tp hЬ^чЬu 1929 p4ш^шЬh «иЬ6 ^ЬчpЬuhшJhЬ», rnjh^u tL 20-p^ hшpJnLpшdJш^h Ьp^pnp^ ^uh бqЬшdш-dЬphЬ (1970-ш^шЬ pp. tЬЬpqЬmh^ бqЬшdшd, 1992 p., 2001 p. бqЬшdшdЬp, 1997 p. шuhш^шЬ бqЬшdшd, 1998 p. nnLuшumшЬJшЬ ^ЬфnLm)33: Uju ЬшЬuшmЬmЬuш^шЬ бqЬшdшdh шnш2шgdшЬ щшmбшnhЬpD цЬтр t ^h-mшp^ЬL hшdш2^шphшJhh mЬmЬunLpJшЬ dЬ2 mЬ^h nLЬЬgn^ nprn^rn^u hnp ^шnnLg4шöfШJhЬ фnфn^nLpJnLЬЬЬpn4, npnhf ^rnpn^ thh ЬЬpqnpönLpJnLЬ
28 SЬ'u hnLjh mЬ^D:
29 SЬ'u hnLjh тЬ^д:
30 SЬ'u <шpnLpJnLfaJшfa ^.L., Uшpqц|шb ^.U., h2^. ш2^., t2 10-15:
31 S^u ^шp^nuJшfa U., LшqшpJшЬ <ш^^ЬрП:|шЬ Uh2шqqшJhЬ mbmЬuшl|шb hшpшpЬ-pnLpJnLЬЬЬp: nLunLdЬшlшЬ ÖЬnЬшpl, drnu II, bp., b6C<, 2012, t2 584:
32 SЬ'u hnLjh тЬ^д, t2 585:
33 SЬ'u hnLjh тЬ^д:
mlmЬuшLшl hшdшLшpqЬph фш U hшlqЬglЬL бqlшdшdh, dшu-lшфpшщЬu'
шпш2hl hЬpphl, ^mp t фhlшluшLшl hшm4шöh 0шпш]т-PJnLllЬph nLnpmh qЬpшpшq шбh mЬdщQ,
ЬpLpnp^ щшmбшnQ mlmЬunLpJшl djnLu plшqш4шпlЬph hшdЬdш-mnLpJшdp фhlшluшLшl nLnpmh шlфбЬLh шпш4ЬLnLpJnLll t. шpdЬ-pqp^h Lшpqшфpdшl hшdшщшpфшL dЬ^шlhqdh pшgш-
LшJnLpJnLlQ, mlmЬunLpJшl ш^ hшm4шönLd l4шqшqnLJl ЦЬШШ|ШЬ dh2шdmnLpJnLlQ, щшLшu щшmшu^шlшmфLpJnLlQ, hhdlшфp4ш-ônLpjnLlQ, 2шpdnLlnLpJшl dЬö цшhшl2Q34, Ьppnprç. щшmбшnQ UUL-h гцЬш^фЬ щшhnLumшJhl hшdшLшpqh mnLnuшrç.pnLJph шLmh4 pшrçшpшLшlnLpJnLll tp U щЬшш|шЬ шp-d^p^^p^ npщЬu lnp ш^ш!^ ÖUшфpdшl qnpÖQlpшgQ, npnlp hlшpшфpnLpJnLl m^ghl ЬpLhP 4Ьpшrç.шpÖlЬL ш]Ь dh2ng^pQ, np rçnLpu thl hnuЬL 4бшpшjhl hш24ЬL2пh pшgшuшLшl hш24Ьdlшgnp-ф U шdЬphLJшl mlmЬunLpJшl dpgnLlшLnLpJшl шlLdшl цшш6Ш-nn^35,
- бqlшdшdh hш2np^ щшmбшnQ lnpшpшpшLшl mЬ^lnLnqhшlЬph ^шфшqшlg dЬö LnLmшLnLdl tp qшpqшgшö ЬpLplЬpnLd. ш^^Ь' qшpqшgn^ U qшpqшgшö ЬpLplЬph dh2U mЬ^lnLnqhшlЬph dшl ^q^ôpQ 2ШШ dЬö tp: Ulrç.pшrç.шpÖ LшmшpЬLn4 шlgJШLh ^n2np бqlшdшdЬph mЬuшLшl ^p-LnLÖnLpJnLllЬphl, шnш2шgdшl щшmбшnlЬphl nL plnLjphl' lЬpLшJшglЬlp ^U 2020 p4шLшlhl Lnpnlш4hpnLUШJhl hшdш4шpшLn4 щшJdшlшфp4шö hшdш2^шphшJhl ^n2np mlmЬuшLшl бqlшdшdh шnш2шgdшl ЦШШ6ШП-^pl nL dh pшlh шnшlÖlшhшmLnLpJnLllЬp:
<шdш2^шphшJhl mlmЬuшLшl $npmdh 2006 p4шLшlh qЬLnLJgnLd lЬpLшJшg4шö ЬЬ m^L mшp4ш QlpшgpnLd hшdш2^шphшJhl mlmЬunL-p^l rn^U öшnшgшö nhuLЬpQ U uщшnlшLhplЬpQ: ^In^g^d l24md t, np Ш2^шphnLd шhшqlшlnLd ЬЬ hшdшбшpшLlЬph U шnnrç2шщшhnLpJшl nLnpmh hЬm |шщ^шй nhuLЬpQ: 2021 p. qЬLnLJgQ щшpnLlшLnLd t lш^шqqnL-2шgnLd ш]Ь dшuhl, np «dшhшgnL qph^Q, nph mшpшönLdl шpшqшlnLd t бшlшщшphnprç.nLpJnLllЬph ЩШШ6ШПП4 U ^h uшhdшlшфшLфLd lш^шqqnL-2шgdшl pш4шpшp dЬ^шlhqdlЬpn4, unLp uщшnlшLhp t dшp^LnLpJшl hш-drnp»36: <шdшбшpшLh mшpшönLdQ hшlqЬglnLd t бшlшщшphnprç.nLpJшl, qpnuш2P2nLpJшl U ШJL öшnшJnLpJnLllЬph dшmnLgdшl, hl^чЬu ^U шpmш-^pшLшl U dшmшLшpшpdшl qLnpшL шpdЬp^pЬph ^hum шlLdшl, hu| hшdш2^шphшJhl шnUmnLpQ, lЬp^pn^lЬph nhu|h q^LQ U uщшndшl цш-hшl2шpLQ ЬpLшpшdшdLЬmnLd dЬö ^^u^p ЬЬ LpnLd37: ^In^g^d ^p-LшJшg4Ьg hшdшбшpшLh mшpшödшl шпш^Ь шhшqlшgn^ ugЬlшpQ, npQ
34 S^u InLjl mЬ^Q, t2 587:
35 S^u InLjl mЬ^Q, t2 588:
36 SЬ'u <шJш2^шphшJhl mlmЬuшLшl ^npnLd, «<шJш2^шphшJhl nhuLЬpQ. 2G21» qЬLnLJg, t2 5, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf
37 SЬ'u InLjl mЬ^Q:
U~hSU.29-U.3h~b SbSbUU9hSn^3nKb 109
gnLjg s^bg hmU h^nqbJhLmjh38 mdbqmgJmh qbpp hhJhm|mh nhu|bpp upb|nL qnpônLJ39:
2020 p. q.|npwL hmJm^mpm|h ^smhqp u|ubg smpmô^b mJpnqg m2-^mphmJ: Upm 2p2mhm|hbpnLJ t <mJm2^mphmjhh shsbum|mh $npmJh 9-|npm[ nhu|bph qb|nLjgh 16-pq hpmsmpm|nLpjnLhp: 4bp|nLÔnLpjnLÙp h^J-hm|mhnLJ |bhspnhmgmô t mhhm^mumpnLpjmh U unghm|wLmh hms^m-ôm^npJmh phq|wjhJmh nhu|bph U hbsUmhphbph ^pm: npn2 bp^phbpmJ mpqbh qnjnLpjnLÙ nLÙbgnq unghm|wLmh smppbpnLpjnLÙhbph phqqô^bL bh, h^p hmhqbgpb[ t unghm|wLmh ^m2s^mhnLpjmh pnLjL hmJm|mpqbph U shsbum|mh |mnnLjghbph ^m^mqmhg pmpôp [mp^mônLpjmh40:
<mumpm|nLpjmh m6nq hms^môm^npmJp, nph mpsmhmjs^nLJ t Jmp-qnL mnnqgnLpjmhh mnh^nq |mjnLh U mhphqhms h hmjm b|nq nhu|bpn^, qnpômqp|nLpjmh m6n^, p^mjh^ smpmÔmjhnLpjnLÙhbph ^npmgJmJp U bph-smumpqhbph hnLum^mpmpjmJp, |mpnq t ômhp hbsUmhphbp nLhbhm[ shsbum|mh, pbm^mh^m^m^m^, m2^mphmpmqm£mLmh U sb^hn|nqhm-pmpq nhu|bph mju qmpm2p2mhmJ41: «nLÙUnphbph» U «^nLÙUnphbph» JhgU âbqp^môfh t[ m^b|h ^Jbôm^m, bpb sb^hn|nqhmhbph hmumhb|hnL-pjnLÙh nL LmpnqnLpjnLÙhbpp 2mpnLhm|bh mlhmJm^mmmu^ml pm2^mô JùmL42:
P^qhbu^h ^bpmpbpnq hbp|mjhu shsbum|mh U 6^2nLJ^bpp hqh bh mjh^huh nhu|bph mnmgmgJmJp, npnhp u^mnhmJ bh usbqôb[ p^^bpnLpjnL^^bp^ Jbô ^Jpbp' hbm ^mhb|n^ qpmhp m^mqmjh 2nL|mhbphg43:
bp|phbph ^wnw^wpnLpjnLÙhbpp Uu ^bmf t h^mqbghbh hmJm^mpm|h Lmnm^mpJmh U shsbum|mh mh|Jmh J^U mnmgmgmô ^qnLJhbpp' J^m-dmJmhm| usbqôb|n^ hnp hhmpm^npnLpjnLÙhbp, npnhp h^J^mpmp ^mhm-L|nLpjnLb LnLÙbhmh phmL^nLpjmh unghm|wLmh hmJm^Jp^mônLpjmh U |bh-unL^m^nLpjm^, h^^bu hwU shsbunLpjmh |mjnLh qmpqmgJmh hmJmp44:
9-bpJwhwLwh «^nj^b pmh|p» hnLjh^bu |m^^mrnbub[ t hmgnpq smu-hmJjm|h hmJm2^mphmj^^ shsbunLpjmh hmJmp «JmhmgnL» u^mnhm|hf-hbpp: ^pwhf bh ^mp|mjh^ hmusmsnLpjmh nLunLJhmuhpnLpjmh Jbg'
hpmqmpÔnLpjnLÙhbph qmpqmgJmh ^npu hhmpm^np ugbhmphbph sbupn^:
<mJmÔmjh mnmgh^ ugbhmph' m2^mphmJ sbqh t nL^btimm hnp hm-Jm^mpm|, pus bp|pnpq ugbhmph' hmJm2^mphmjh^ shsbunLpjmhp u^mn-hmJ t ^pmp^h ^mjpjnL^m^sm^qnLpjm^ ^^qbfun^ (<^h-7)45 wJbhwnLdbq
38 hb^nqbJ^|mh «mbqbLmm^nLpjnLb» U «hwJwfiwpwL» pmnbp^ hmJm|gnLpjnLbb t, npp un^npwpwp ^bpmpbpnLJ t h^^^bu fi2qphm, wjbi^bu t[ n^ fi2qphm sbqbLmm^nLpjmb mpmq mmpmôJmbp h^^-np pmbh, oph^mL' hh^mbqnLpjmb ^bpmpbpjm[:
39 Sb'u <mJm2^mphmjh^ rnbrnbumLmb ^npnLJ, «<mJm2^mphmjh^ nhu|bpp. 2021» qb|nLjg, tg 5, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf
40 Sb'u bnLjb sbqp:
41 Sb'u bnLjb sbqp:
42 Sb'u bnLjb sbqp:
43 Sb'u bnLjb sbqp:
44 Sb'u bnLjb sbqp:
45 Sb'u https://www.usgs.gov/media^images/volcanic-explosivity-index-vei-a-numeric-scale-measures-t
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SlmЬuшLшl gшlLшgшö бqlшdшd nLlh hP шnшlÖlшhшmLnLpJnLllЬpQ U цшhшl2nLd t hrnm^! nL hшdшpdЬp LnLÖdшl nLih^ph шnш2шrç.pnLd: UЬL Ql^hшlpшLшl hшmLшlh2n4 plnLpшqpЬLn4 pnLnp mlmЬuшLшl бqlшdш-dЬpQ' LшpЬLh t ^2^, np п^ш^ dhшldшl ЬЬ U öшqnLd ЬЬ mlmЬuшLшl hrn-4шuшpшL2nnLpJшl ^ш^mdшl hЬmUшlpn4: П^ш^ hш|pшhшpnLdQ шЫ^ 2шLшlnpЬl |шц^ш0 t lnp hш4шuшpшL2nnLpJшl uшhdшldшl hЬm, uш-Irnjl ш^ LшlnllЬpl nL цшJdшllЬpQ dЬö dшuшdp Lшpn| ЬЬ mшppЬp4ЬL ^^np^. hш4шuшpшL2nnLpJшl цшJdшllЬphg: Ujrç. mшppЬpnLpJnLll tL h^g plnpn2nLd t бqlшdшdh tnLpjnLlQ U LшnnLg4шöpQ, ^npnLpjrnlQ U pnLjL t mшLhu d2шLЬL hшLшбqlшdшdшJhl dh2ngшnnLdlЬp ^^bp hш|pшhшpЬLnL hшdшp: иш|ш]Ь hшdш4шpшLh hЬmUшlpn4 шnш2шgшö mlmЬuшLшl бqlшdшdl hP mЬuшLn4 JnLpшhшmnLL t:
Uh2шqqшJhl фhlшluшmlmЬuшLшl LшqdшLЬpцnLpJnLllЬph Ln|dhg hшmLшцЬu ШJU uцшnlшLhph 4ЬpшpЬpJШL mp^ô qlшhшmшLшllЬpQ Ingl^u фшumnLd ЬЬ, np 4Ьp2hlu nLlh шnшlÖlшhшmLnLpJnLllЬp, npnlp, dшulш4npшцЬu, nL^ЬLg4nLd ЬЬ dшp^LшJhl huLшJшLшl LnpnLumlЬpn4,
46 SЬ'u https://lenta.ru/news/2G2G/G6/19/4scenario/
47 S^u InLjl mЬ^Q:
48 S^u InLjl mЬ^Q:
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51 SЬ'u InLjl шЬ|Т£:
mhmЬunLpJnLhhЬph hшdштшpшö rnhqnpônLpjrndp, ÖЬnhшplnLpJnLhhЬph hшplшqp4шö цшpшцnLpqn4, mhmЬuшlшh rnhldrndp U hшdш4шpшlh hшqpшhшpdшh dшdlЬтhЬph rnhnpn2nLpjrndp: <ш2ф шпЬЬл^, np hшdш-^rnprnlh hЬmUшhfn4 шnш2шgшö бqhшdшdh hp phnLjpn^ hpшщЬu JnLpш-hшmnLl t U hdrnh ^t шhgJШLh бqhшdшdЬphh, hrnpl t h2ЬL, np upш hrnq-pшhшpdшh nLqhhЬpD Uu тшppЬp4nLd ЬЬ hш^lhhnLd hpшlшhшg4шö hш-lшбqhшdшdшJhh fшqшfшlшhnLpJnLhhg:
Lш^lhhnLd бqhшdшdЬph шnш2шgnLdD щшJdшhш4np4шö tp тhтЬunL-pjnLhnLd тЬф nLhЬgnq шhlnLdhЬpn4 lшd hшdшlшpqшJhh фnфn^nLpJnLh-hЬpn4: ^p qhшhшmdшdp, hшdш4шpшln4 щшJdшhш4np4шö ШJu бqhш-dшdD «шphЬumшöhh» t: ujl ^p^ шuшö, mhmЬunLpjnLhnLd тЬф nLhЬgшh шphЬumшlшh qnpÖDhpшghЬp, dшuhш4npшщЬu, ÖЬnhшplnLpJnLhhЬpD hш-drnmrnprnö фшl4Ьghh, шpmшhшhnLdh nL hЬpdnLÖnLdD, pЬnhшфn^шqpnLd-hЬph nL nLqUnpшфn^шqpnLdhЬpD npn2шlh drndrnhrnln^ qшqшpЬg4Ьghh, qpnuш2P2ШJhh hnu^pD qpЬpЬ qpnjrngrnh, IppnLpjnLhh шdpnq2шщЬu qwp-hЬnш4шp: nLush, dЬp lшh^штЬudшdp, upш 4Ьpшlшhqhdшh тЬdщЬ-PD lLhhЬЬ 2шт ш4ЬLh шpшq, ршЬ, ophhrnl' 2008-2009 pp. hшdш2^шphш-jhh фhhшhuшmhmЬuшlшh бqhшdшdh тЬdщЬph thh, ^hh np 4Ьpn2Ш-pшqpJШL ^hqhphЬph LnLÖnLdhЬph rn^h П-jnLphh ЬЬ' h тшppЬpnLpJnLh hrn-dшlшpqшJhh бqhшdшdЬph шnш2шgpшö ^hrç.hphЬph:
Ьqpш^шgшpjnLbbЬp Uju^hun^' nLunLdhшuhpЬLn4 mhmЬuшlшh бqhш-dшdЬph шnш2шgdшh щштбшnhЬpD, lшmшpЬL ЬЬр dh ^hh ЬqpшlшgnL-pjnLh.
1. Lrn^npq ^ph mhmЬuшlшh бqhшdшdЬpD IpnLd thh dшu2тшpшJhh uцшnhшLhfhЬp, hh^h tL 4rnhrnh2nLd tp qpшhg hшqpшhшpdшh nLqhhЬph U dЬ^шhhqdhЬph pшgшhшJmnLd nL d2шlnLd: npn2rnlh dшdшhшlшhшт4ш-ômd ШJu dnmЬgnLdh Dh^rnh^h t, Ьpp ^nufD 4ЬpшpЬpnLd t тhтЬuшlшh цшppьpш2p2шhhh, ШJuhhfh, mhmЬunLpJnLhnLd Iplh^nq, цшppЬpшlшh hhd-hш^hqhphЬphh: uJl ^p^ шuшö, бqhшdшdЬph hшqpшhшpdшh hшdшp lh-pшnЬLh ^ЬЬ hш^npq mшphhЬphh бqhшdшdЬpD hшqpшhшpЬLnL dЬpnq.hЬpD: dшdшhшlh DhprngpnLd шпш2 ЬЬ qшLhu hnp hhdhш^hrç.hphЬp, pшpq U шhlшh^шmЬuЬLh ЬЬ qwnhmd бqhшdшdh тшpшödшh hшqpшhшp-dшh dЬpnqhЬph nL dЬ^шhhqdhЬpD:
2. «<шdшlшpqшJhh бqhшdшdЬph» DhpшgfnLd тЬф t nLhЬhnLd unghшL-mhmЬuшlшh hшdшlшpqЬph lшpqш4npdшh dnqЬLhЬph фпфп^^-pjnLh: Ophhшl, 1930-ш1шЬ p4шlшhhЬph бqhшdшdЬph hrnqprnhrnprndhg hЬmn ш4шpm4Ьg «шhmЬuшhЬLh dшdшhшlш2P2шhд, U hшuтшт4Ьg
цЬmnLpJшh» qшrçшфшpш^nunLpJnLhд, dus nph' П-Ш щЬтр t nL^lg^h hшplЬph, pJnL2ЬmшJhh öш^uЬph, цЬтш1шЬ uЬфшlшhnLpJшh, hul шпшЬ-Öhh q^^p^d hшU цЬтш1шЬ qhшqnJшgdшh ш6п^: 1970-ш1шь p^^h-hЬph бqhшdшdD, дЬфш1шпш1д, hшhqЬgpЬg mhmЬunLpJшh шqштшlш-hшgdшh U шщшlшpqш4npdшh, hшplЬph h4шqЬgdшh U цЬтш1шЬ qnLjfh dшuhш4npЬgdшh, ШJuhhfh, mhmЬunLpJшh qшpqшgdшh тЬ^hnLnqhшlшh фnLLhh шhghЬLnL hhdfD qшpöш4:
3. «<шdшlшpqшJhh бqhшdшdD» dhшdшdшhшl цшppЬpшlшh t (ghl-LШJhh) U lшnnLg4шöfШJhh: ^p2hhu lnnЬLшg4шö t hhuтhтnLghnhшL, тЬ^-
hnLnqhwlwh L ^.pw pwqwjh ^n^n^nLpjrnhhbph hbm, npnhf mhmbunLpjwhp hhwpw^npnLpjrnh bh mwLhu w6b|nL wpwq rnbd^bpn^ npwlw^bu hnp dw-lwp^.wlh pwpÖpwg^b[n^ wprnw^pn^wlwhnLpjnLhQ: 9-^mnL-
pjwh qwpqwgmdp, qhswhnpwpwpwlwh wprnw^pwhphbph pn^wplmdp, hnpwqnLjh mb^hnLnqhwhbph qwpqwgmdp L H-pwhg wp^hwlwhwgmdp lw-pLnpwqnLjh ^wjdwh bh öqhwdwdhg hwgn^nLpjwdp ^mpu qw[nL hwdwp:
4. <wdw^wpwlh mwpwödwh wnw^b whwqhwgn^ mbd^h u^wnhw-Lhfh hwdwrnbpurnnLd ph^wjh^nLd t hwL hh$n^.bdhlwjh, wjuhhph1 hh^bu Ö2qphs, wjh^bu tL n^ Ö2qphs mb^blwm^nLpjwh wpwq mwpwömdp, oph-hwl ^wpwl^wöhbph p^h dböwgdwh, ^wrn^wurnwhjmpbph pwgwuwlwh wq^bgnLpjwh ^bpwpbpjwL:
5. <wdw^wpw^n^ ^wjdwhw^np^wö1 rnhrnbunLpjnLhhbph LnfT-wrnhh phpwgpmd mhmbuwlwh w6p ^h ^wh^wh^h, bpb wnw^wmwp bplphbpp ^wprnhwlbh ^pwhbL rnhrnbunLpjwh qwpqwgmdp: Phqhbuhh wgw^gbLnL whhpwdb2s dhgnghbpp hnyh^bu wumhöwhwpwp u^wn^nLd bh, wp^jnLh-prnd1 w2^wmwhfh 2mlwjmd pwgwuwlwh ^n^n^nLpjrnhhbp bh mb^h nLhbhnLd, L w2^wrnn^hbpp InpghnLd bh hpbhg w2^wmwhfp, uwlwjh wju qnpöphpwgh rnbd^bpp 2ws wpwq IwpbLh t qu^bL, fwhh np ^w hwdw-Iwpqwjhh phnyp ^h IpnLd:
Oqmwqnpö^wö qpw^wbmpjmfa
1. Uwplnujwh U., Lwqwpjwh 9-., <w^bpq.jwh T-., Uhgwqqwjhh inhmbuwlwh hwpwpbpnLpjnLhhbp: nLunLdhwlwh Öbnhwpl, dwu II, bp., böC<, 2012:
2. <wpnLpjnLhjwh 4.U., Uwpqujwh H.U., öqhwdwdbph ^bpLnLÖnLpjnLh|V hwdw2^wphwjhh mhrnbunLpjwh qwpqwgdwh rnwppbp i^inLLbprnd: UnghwL-rnhmbuwlwh qwpqwgdwh wpq.|i h|idhw^ihq.hphbpQ <wjwu-swhh <whpw^bmnLpjnLhnLd (hwhpwn|bmwlwh qhmwdnqni^Ji hjnL-pbp, qhpf 1), bp., « 9-UU U". -£npwhjwh|i whi^wh mhrnbuwqhmnL-pjwh hhumhmnLm, 2013:
3. 0-wq.Lnujwh 2.U., 9-wLnjwh 9.^., Uhgwqqwjhh mhrnbuwqhmnL-pjnLh. mbunLpjnLh L fwqwpwlwhnLpjnLh: nLunLdhwlwh Öbnhwpl, bp., <bq. hpwrn., 2015:
4. Uwpqujwh H., ^brnwlwh hwlw6qhwdwdwj|ih pwqwpwlwhnLpjwh wp^jnLhw^bmnLpjwh pwpöpwgdwh h|idhw^ihq.hphbpQ, bp., « 9UU «9-|imnLpjnLh» hpwrn., 2016:
5. <wdw2^iwphwj|ih mhmbuwlwh $npmd, «<wdw2^iwphwj|ih n|iu-lbp|. 2021» qblnLjg,
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf
6. Isaac Illyich Rubin, Sismondi as a Critic of Capitalism, Chapter 37 in A History of Economic Thought, InkLinks, London, 1979.
7. Sismonde de Sismondi J. C. L., New Principles of Political Economy: Of Wealth in Its Relation to Population Trans. Richard Hyse, Transaction Publishers, Rutgers - The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1991.
8. Joseph A., Schumpeter History of Economic Analysis Allen & Unwin, 1954.
9. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. III.
10. Mattick P., The Limits of the Mixed Economy, part 2. Marx & Keynes. 1969.
11. Porter M. E., The Competitive Advantage of Nation, N.Y., 1990.
12. Rosdolsky R., The Making of Marx's Capital, 1980.
13. Samezo Kuruma, 1929.
14. http://digamo.free.fr/schumphea.pdf
15. https://lenta.ru/news/2020/06/19/4scenario/
16. https://www.if24.ru/ekonomisty-nazvali-ugrozy-mirovoj-ekonomike/
17. https://www.marxists.org/archive/kuruma/crisis-intro.htm
18. https://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1969/marx-keynes/ch02.htm
19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277650696_PHILIP_KAY_R0 ME'S_EC0,N0MIC_REV0LUTI0N_0XF0RD_STUDIES_0N_THE_R0MA N_EC0N0MY_0XF0RD_UNIVERSITY_PRESS_2014
20. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/volcanic-explosivity-index-vei-a-numeric-scale-measures-t
21. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/the-top-10-risks-to-the-global-economy-according-to-the-economists-intelligence-unit/
ГАМЛЕТ МКРТЧЯН
Аспирант кафедры
международных экономических отношений АГЭУ
Критический анализ различных подходов к оценке вызовов в мировой экономике.- Мировое сообщество в течение последних 1-2 лет столкнулось с глубокой кризисной ситуацией, основной причиной которой является новая пандемия. Для этого кризиса характерны как экономические, так и социально-психологические последствия. Последний был результатом повсеместного «локдауна», что, помимо экономических проблем, привело также к социальной изоляции общества и ограничению некоторых свобод. В этом контексте глобальный кризис, возникший вследствие пандемии, по своему характеру отличается от угроз, стоявших перед человечеством в прошлом, учитывая, что он включает различные экономические, социальные, морально-психологические проблемы.
В данной статье представлены теоретические подходы к экономическим кризисам и угрозам прошлых веков, дана их итоговая оценка. Также проанализированы и представлены мнения экспертов и теоретиков международных финансово-экономических организаций относительно нынешнего катастрофического кризиса.
Ключевые слова: мировая экономика, пандемия, угрозы, экономические кризисы, мировой финансовый кризис. JEL: F00, F49
DOI: 10.52174/1829-0280_2021_3_98
HAMLET MKRTCHYAN
PhD Student of the Chair of International Economic Relations of ASUE
Critical Analysis of Different Approaches to Assessing Challenges in the Global Economy.- Over the past 1-2 years, the world community has faced a deep crisis situation, the main cause of which is a new pandemic. This crisis is characterized by both economic and socio-psychological consequences. The latter was the result of widespread "lockdown", which, in addition to economic problems, also led to the social isolation of society and the restriction of certain freedoms. In this context, the global crisis that has emerged as a result of the pandemic is different in nature from the threats facing humanity in the past, given that it includes various economic, social, moral and psychological problems.
This paper deals with the theoretical approaches of economic crises and threats of the past centuries, and gives their
final assessment. At the same time, the opinions of experts and theorists of international financial and economic organizations
that relate to the current catastrophic crisis are analyzed and
presented.
Key words. world economy, pandemic, threats, economic crises, global financial crisis. JEL: F00, F49
D0I: 10.52174/1829-0280_2021_3_98