4Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023 Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITIONS OF WATER USE OF THE POPULATION OF THE ARAL REGION
F. I. Salomova, A. O. Imamova
Tashkent Medical Academy
O. P. Mirshina
Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare and Public Health Service of the Republic of
Uzbekistan,
N. V. Voronina
Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute
ABSTRACT
The use of the system of sanitary ranking of the territories of the Aral Sea region according to the state of the population's water supply in order to hygienically assess the conditions of its water use according to the most informative sanitary and hygienic indicators made it possible to identify territorial zones with an unfavorable situation and develop promising measures of a sanitary and hygienic nature.
Keywords: population of the Aral Sea region, water use conditions, sanitary and hygienic condition, sanitary ranking system.
The relevance of the work. One of the main features of the modern period of development of the national economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan (RUz) is the improvement of the system and the satisfaction of water consumption volumes for household and drinking needs of the population. The urgency of the issue is due to the fact that water resources on the territory of the republic are distributed extremely unevenly, as a result of which the population of a number of regions constantly experiences difficulties associated with the provision of good-quality drinking water. A particularly unfavorable sanitary and hygienic situation is developing in the Aral Sea region [6].
The natural conditions of the Aral region of the republic, in particular, the climate, the nature of soils, the level of groundwater, the hydrology of surface watercourses, are closely related to the Aral Sea. At the same time, the processes of low water and drying up of the Aral Sea,
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023 Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
which have developed in recent years, turned out to be especially unfavorable for water bodies (water sources) located in the Aral Sea region. The degree of mineralization in the Amudarya River and the canals that flow from it has increased. The lowering of the sea level has led to an increase in the degree of mineralization of groundwater, which is why a significant part of the surface and underground water sources of the region under consideration is under the threat of salinization.
The state and conditions of water use of the population in the Aral Sea region are adversely affected by such factors as the uneven distribution of good-quality water sources across the territory, as well as the peculiarities of the settlement of rural residents. The first factor often necessitates the transportation of high-quality drinking water over long distances and the construction of long water pipelines. The second factor determines the rather wide distribution in the region of decentralized water use from surface water bodies and wells.
All of the above factors have a negative impact on water consumption and the health status of the population of the Aral Sea region. Knowledge of these features is necessary for the justification, planning and implementation of water protection, recreational and preventive measures.
The purpose of the work was a hygienic assessment of the conditions for water use by the population of the Aral Sea region.
Materials and research methods. The hygienic characteristics of the water quality of the sources used in the Aral Sea region were carried out on the basis of laboratory studies of water in different seasons in accordance with SanPiN 0025, and drinking water, taking into account the requirements of O'zDST 950 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements and quality control". Based on the results of laboratory studies of each site, the levels of necessary water purification were calculated, and then a hygienic assessment of water quality was given for each site. The main studies were carried out using a systematic approach of proven methods of sanitary and hygienic territorial assessment of the conditions of water use of the population. The main attention was paid to the dynamics of organoleptic indicators, indicators of general hardness, mineralization, the content of sulfates, chlorides, iron, as well as bacteriological indicators: coli-titer, total microbial count and determination of pathogenic microflora.
Results and its discussion. In the Aral Sea region, there are a number of natural, economic and anthropogenic features that affect the state of household and drinking water supply of the population, the
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023 Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
sanitary condition of water sources. sanitary conditions of life and morbidity of the population.
According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, during the medical examination of the adult population, deviations in the state of health were revealed in 63.5% of those examined in Karakalpakstan and in 72.6% in the Khorezm region, and deviations in the state of health of children were noted in 66.0% and 70.0%, respectively. The incidence rate of the population, intestinal infections, which are most often spread through water, in the Aral Sea region is 1.5-2 times higher than the national average. Scientists have found that the incidence of children in this region is closely correlated with the quality of drinking water (with the concentration of sulfates in water r=0.83 and chlorides in water r=0.52, hardness r=0.40 and mineralization r=0.53) [2]. A similar trend in the relationship between the incidence of the population and the quality of drinking water was noted by Kazakh scientists. Thus, environmental changes in the basin of the Syrdarya River and the Aral Sea caused a change in the quantitative parameters and conditions of water supply, in particular, an increase in water salinity, which led to an increase in non-communicable diseases. Among the population, there was a pronounced increase in the level of diseases of the endocrine and genitourinary systems of the body, digestive organs, blood and hematopoietic organs, the circulatory system, and cancer [5]. The morbidity of the population is also exacerbated by such an additional factor as atmospheric air pollution with dust rising from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, which has high salt concentrations in its composition [4].
The above reasons give hygienic research on this territory of the republic a particularly important socio-economic and national economic significance. It should also be taken into account that the implementation of a set of measures to neutralize the natural factors operating in this region requires huge funds and a long time; - the hygienic situation in the given region of the republic.
In many cities and regional centers, the level of specific water consumption per inhabitant is low, and the annual growth rate of supply of tap water is insufficient even for the urban population. At the same time, the provision of the population with tap water in cities and rural areas in the 90s increased by an average of 10-15%, but in recent years the value of this indicator has decreased (with the exception of Nukus).
This phenomenon is due to the fact that in many cities of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (RKk) and the Khorezm region,
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023
Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
the rate of infrastructure development in settlements and population growth is higher than the rate of growth in the supply of tap water to the population. Thus, when analyzing the degree of provision of the population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan with tap water, it turned out that on average it amounted to 61.5%.
At the same time, only 47% of the rural population of the RKK has access to centralized water supply systems. Some remote settlements receive about 15-25 liters of water per day, and water is delivered to many villages by special vehicles.
A characteristic feature of the water consumption of the Aral Sea population is the use of surface sources, one of which is the waters of the Amudarya River. Modern studies of the value of the water pollution index have shown that the quality of the Amudarya waters in all sections corresponds to the 3rd class of moderately polluted waters [1]. Scientists have found that on average the river has a mineralization of 962.8 mg/dm3. In general, almost the entire rural population uses poor-quality surface and ground water, which, as a rule, does not meet hygienic requirements, both in terms of bacteriological and chemical indicators.
Our studies revealed that out of 37 water pipes that draw water from surface sources, there are no sanitary protection zones - 4, a complex of necessary water treatment facilities - 2. Out of 95 water pipes from underground sources, there are no sanitary protection zones - 4, disinfecting installations - 8, while these water pipelines supply water to the population intermittently due to insufficient flow.
While the average provision of the population of the Khorezm region with tap water is 78.0%, in a number of districts of the region it is much lower, and this lag is more evident in rural settlements. For example, it amounted to 15.7% in Yangibazar district, 38.4% in Khanka district, and 47.1% in Gurlensky district. At the same time, the cities of Urgench, Khiva, Pitnyak (72-99.6%) have a satisfactory household and drinking water supply.
A feature of water use in this area is the widespread use of well water by the population in rural areas (in most cases from tubular wells, with a depth of 6 to 15 meters). The previously conducted sanitary ranking of the territories of the Aral Sea region according to the state of the population's water supply made it possible to develop a system for scoring the main indicators characterizing the sanitary conditions of water use; for this, the most informative, from a sanitary and hygienic point of view, estimated indicators that can be quantified were used [3]. The value of each of the indicators used was ranked by four ranks. For each rank, the number of points was determined by the method of
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023 Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
expert evaluation. When ranking, the values of the indicators that corresponded to the republican indicators were taken as the value of the first rank. The value of the fourth rank was designated by the value of the indicator characterizing the most unfavorable sanitary and hygienic condition. The scores for each indicator used were summed up and the average score per indicator was calculated. According to the applied methodology in Yangiaryk, Koshkupyr, Shavat and Khanka districts of Khorezm region, the average indicator derived from the total score ranged from 2.75 to 3.0 (rank 4). In these areas, the percentage of piped water supply to the population was rated as "unsatisfactory" and the percentage of non-compliant water quality samples as "extremely high". On the territory of the Republic of Karakalpakastan, out of 18 cities and districts, the most unfavorable in terms of sanitary conditions of water use for the population were Muynak and Amudarya districts, where the average indicator is 2.75 - 3.0 points (rank 4).
The results of our ranking showed that even the most favorable (compared to others) cities and districts from the sanitary and hygienic point of view in the studied territories of the Aral Sea region do not correspond to the first rank (on a scale of "0" points), i.e. do not fully meet hygienic standards for water quality and sanitary requirements for the conditions of water use of the population. Thus, the conducted sanitary ranking of the territories of the Aral Sea region in terms of the state of domestic and drinking water supply made it possible to identify cities and districts with the most unfavorable situation in terms of the state of domestic and drinking water supply of the population. This became the basis for an in-depth study and assessment of the sanitary conditions of water use and other indicators associated with them, with the development of a long-term plan of measures to optimize the water use of the population of the Aral Sea region.
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