0Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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HISTORY OF LEXICOGRAPHY AND ITS CURRENT ISSUES
Ruslan Jontemir o'g'li Eshonqulov
Student, Chirchik State Pedagogical University ruslanbekeshonqulov@gmail.com
Scientific adviser: Ulugbek Yarashovich Elmurodov
Senior teacher, Chirchik State Pedagogical University saman-sardor@mail .ru
ANNOTATION
This article provides basic and general information about lexicography. In addition, information about the history of English lexicography and its periods is given, and the names of dictionaries from this period are also given. You can also get information about the most important and topical issues of lexicography from this article.
Keywords: dictionary, lexicography, lexicographer, periods of English lexicography, current issues.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В этой статье приводятся основные и обобщающие сведения о лексикографии. Кроме того, приводится информация об истории английской лексикографии и ее периодах, а также названия словарей, относящихся к этому периоду. Вы также можете почерпнуть информацию о наиболее важных и актуальных вопросах лексикографии из этой статьи.
Ключевые слова: словарь, лексикография, лексикограф, периоды развития английской лексикографии, актуальные проблемы.
ANNOTATSIYA
Ushbu maqolada leksikografiya haqida asosiy va umumiy ma'lumotlar keltirilgan. Bundan tashqari, ingliz leksikografiyasi tarixi va uning davrlari haqida ma'lumot be-rilgan va bu davrdagi lug'atlarning nomlari ham berilgan. Shuningdek, ushbu maqo-ladan leksikografiyaning eng muhim va dolzarb masalalari haqida ma'lumot o-lishingiz mumkin.
Kalit so'zlar: lug'at, leksikografiya, leksikograf, ingliz leksikografiyasi davrlari, dolzarb masalalar.
766
April 23-24, 2024
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
Chirchiq davlat pedagogika universiteti Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
INTRODUCTION
The field of theoretical and practical principles of dictionary construction is called lexicography (Greek-lexicon-dictionary and grapho-write). Experts who compile dictionaries are called lexicographers. The tasks of lexicography include the development of the principles and methodology of dictionary compilation, the organization of the work of lexicographers, the creation and systematization of card files that serve as the basis for dictionary compilation. There are also the following definitions of lexicography: Practical lexicography performs a number of socially important tasks along with creating dictionaries, studies one's own and foreign languages; description and standardization of mother tongue; the scientific study of the lexicon of a particular language and other lexicography as a work of dictionary compilation arose as a result of the need to know the meaning of this or that incomprehensible word in the early stages of the development of writing in various nations.
Therefore, we can consider lexicography as a dictionary in general. Vocabulary, appropriate and purposeful use of it is of great importance in expanding human knowledge, increasing vocabulary and expressing thoughts correctly and fluently. The second half of the 20th century At the beginning of the 11th century, the demand for studying Uzbek and English dictionaries and solving problems in them increased. At the same time, dictionaries have their own merits and demerits. I.R. Galperin says, "A lexicography must be all-inclusive, living in a language that has not lost its power and value and its ability to be used in speech, as well as be able to reflect all the new things that have been born in recent times that have become viable and stable."
METHODOLOGY
In fact, a dictionary was created to know and learn the meaning of words. In this line, it should be mentioned that Uzbek and English lexicography has its own history. We can divide the development history of English lexicography into several periods. The first period is called "glossarization". This stage is mainly characterized by a simple approach to describing the lexical order of the language. The reason for this is that only arbitrarily selected words are described, the interpretation of the meanings of these words is superficial and unscientific, the dictionaries do not provide information about the grammatical and lexical properties of lexical units, and the text does not provide examples that reflect the use of the word. There are also dicPromptuari-um Parvulorum ("Treasure of Youth"), Ortus Vocabulorum ("Words Garden"), Al-vearie ("Honey bee's nest") , Alvearie ("Honey bee's nest"). It is no exaggeration to call the second period in the history of English lexicography the period of "difficu lt word dictionaries". Because the unique approach of this period can be attributed to
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Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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the fact that dictionary compilers wanted to include only lexical units that were considered difficult to understand in their works, and did not pay attention to words used in everyday life or gave very short definitions that did not differ from each other in the dictionary. Examples of dictionaries of this period can also be given. For example: by Robert Caudry written A Table Alphabetical, John Ballokar's An English Expositor, Henry "English Dictionary" by Cockram, "The New World of English" by Edward Phillip Words". The third period in English lexicography can be described as the "pre-scientific or prescriptive" period. The main approach of this period was that the lexicographers had one desire, that is, to establish a certain standard in the spelling, pronunciation, and usage of words. Lexicographers tried to provide more complete information about the word, and therefore the definitions of the words had a more detailed structure than the dictionaries of the previous period. The words used in the speech are quoted from the literature. We can cite some examples of dictionaries of this period. For example: Samuel Johnson's "A Dictionary of English Language", Noah Webster's "An American Dictionary of English Language" dictionary and others. The modern period in the development of English lexicography can be called "scientific or historical" because it is based on the following concepts:
1) creating dictionaries based on the historical principle;
2) to replace the principle of the normative framework established in the compilation of dictionaries with a systematic descriptive approach. The dictionary that most fully embodies these concepts is the Oxford English Dictionary, which is considered the pearl of English lexicography. Peter Marc Roge's thesaurus was the first scientifically structured ideographic dictionary and contains six main semantic categories. In the 1930s, linguists, lexicographers, and as a result of the effective cooperation of experts in the field of pedagogy, the first successful educational dictionaries were created for foreigners learning English according to the methodology of teaching English as a foreign language. Recently, in the lexicography of the English language, language phenomena have a direct cultural aspect dependently reflect, thereby the influence of culture on the formation of language the descriptive approach is becoming clear. These dictionaries include Longman English Dictionary of Language and Culture, Macmillan Dictionary.
The most urgent problems of lexicography are related to the selection of the main words, the arrangement and arrangement of word combinations, the principles of meaning, and the semantic and functional classification of words. But as the number of dictionaries and their types increase, these problems will find their solution.
The most important problems of modern lexicography are as follows depends on: 1) selection of lexical units; 2) location of selected lexical units; 3) adjusting the rec-
April 23-24, 2024
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Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
Chirchiq davlat pedagogika universiteti Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
ord; 4) selection and arrangement of word meanings; 5) definition of meanings; 6) visual material.
The problem of choosing lexical units. This problem is the first problem before the lexicographer to add to the Dictionaries. Of this for the lexicographer takes into account: a) what type of lexicon to include units are selected; b) the number of these elements; c) choose what and what in the dictionary can be deleted; d) which form the dictionary should reflect, spoken or written, or both; e) obsolete units, technical terms, dialectisms, colloquialisms in the dictionary and whether there should be others. Longman's Dictionary of Modern English (2nd ed. 1987), for advanced students of English and aims to provide teachers with relevant information about the basic vocabulary of modern international English. Therefore, this dictionary is a scientific and technical language, business and computer terms, literary words, informal and idiomatic usage contains about 56,000 words and phrases. It mainly covers the main varieties of American and British English.
Location of lexical units. There are two ways of presenting records, alphabetically and cluster type, and the included units are divided into types based on one or another principle. For example, in synonym books, words are arranged in synonym sets, and its main member acts as the head word of the entry does.
Record setting: This is the most complex type of access in general explanatory dictionaries of the synchronous type. In such dictionaries, the entry usually contains the following information shows: accepted spelling and pronunciation; grammatical features, however, each the part of speech of an input word, whether nouns are countable or not, transitive/intransitive verbs and grammatical forms; types of meaning; illustrative examples; phraseology; etymology; sometimes synonyms and antonyms.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Selection and arrangement of word meanings. Place the meanings of the words there are three general methods, which are as follows: a) in historical order, that is, in the sequence of their historical development; b) in empirical or real order, that is, in accordance with the frequency of their use, first with the most common meaning; c) in a logical order, that is, according to their logical connection. In different dictionaries, the problem of arrangement is solved differently. For example, the general principle of meaning in the New Oxford English Dictionary is that a word has at least one main meaning and several additional meanings can be attached. As noted by the authors of the dictionary, the main meanings are modern represents the common, central use of the word in Standard English. It is accepted as the dominant meaning by native speakers. In most dictionaries, the meanings are usually arranged by frequency of
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Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
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use, although sometimes the primary meaning comes first, if that is the origin if it is considered necessary for the correct understanding of (additional) meanings.
Definition of meanings: The meaning of words can be determined in different ways: a) using only linguistic definitions related to words as speech material. They are used in most records; b) with the help of encyclopedic definitions related to things that are the names of words; c) using synonymous words and phrases; d) using references.
The choice of a definition of one or another type, as a rule, depends on the nature of the word, it usually depends on which part of the word it belongs to and the purpose and size of the dictionary.
Encyclopedic definitions, for example, are specific to nouns, especially nouns and terms. They play a very important role in unabridged dictionaries. Synonyms are often verbs and used to determine qualities. In short dictionaries they are usually to save space is used. Cross-references are used to identify some abbreviations and variant forms.
Visual material: The presentation of visual materials depends on the type of vocabulary and depends on the purpose of the compilers (compiler). They are the introduction word the first and last known events, the sequence in its meaning changes, including graphic and phonetic forms, common words and combinations can describe; they context to determine the meaning and usage of words places illustrative examples can also be taken from various other sources, such as classical or modern literature, or the compilers themselves may create.
CONCLUSSION
It is known that lexical units and phraseological units are linguistic units that make up the vocabulary of each language. That is why it is important for us to study this field, that is, lexicography. Also, the history of lexicography has its place. Because when we study the history of lexicography, we can see that its research did not stop in one place and that lexicographic sources are not similar to each other. As a result of the cooperation of experts and lexicographers in the field of teaching methods of English languages, it leads to the emergence of new types of dictionaries.
Also, the problems of lexicography are encountered even today, but its solution depends on the approach of the lexicographer. Dictionary definitions should give an idea of the truth expressed by the word and should be free from ambiguity.
Nevertheless, the interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word is still one of the most important theoretical issues of modern lexicography and semasiology.
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Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
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REFERENCES
1. Atkins, B. T. S. (Ed.). (2012). Oxford Handbook of Lexicography. Oxford University Press.
2. Bejoint, H. (2010). The Lexicography of English: From Origins to Present. Oxford University Press.
3. Jackson, H. (2002). Lexicography: An Introduction. Routledge.
4. Zgusta, L. (1971). Manual of Lexicography. Walter de Gruyter.
5. Hartmann, R. R. K., & James, G. (Eds.). (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge.
6. Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge University Press.
7. Nielsen, S., & Sonnenburg, S. (Eds.). (2018). Learning from the History of Lexicography. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
8. Tarp, S. (Ed.). (2009). The lexicography of English. In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics (pp. 587-600). Oxford University Press.
9. Kilgarriff, A., & Rundell, M. (Eds.). (2011). Lexicography in the 21st Century:
10. Fontenelle, T. (2015). Theoretical and Practical Lexicography: A Historical Perspective. International Journal of Lexicography, 28(2), 239-256
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