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21GRAMMATICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A ZOONYM COMPONENT
Shaxribonu Ilxomova
Master of Samarkand state institute of foreign languages
ABSTRACT
The work is devoted to the consideration of the semantics of English phraseological units with a zoonym component of six semantic-grammatical classes. We aim to present a complete semantic-grammatical classification of stable units and describe the semantic and grammatical properties of each class separately.
Keywords: grammar, English language, phraseological units, zoonym, anthroponomy.
In the course of the work, we analyzed the classifications of phraseological units proposed by A.V. Kunin, V.V. Vinogradov and A.M. Chepasova. In our opinion, the most logical and consistent was the semantic-grammatical classification of A.M. Chepasova, which combines semantic and grammatical aspects. Classifications by V.V. Vinogradov and A.V. Kunin have a number of shortcomings, since they do not follow the unity of principles and are contradictory. Thus, the semantic-grammatical classification of the representative of the Chelyabinsk phraseological school formed the basis of our study.
The choice of the research topic is due to the fact that a detailed description of the semantic-grammatical classes of phraseological units with zoonyms has not been previously carried out. Following V.A. Lebedinskaya, by phraseologism we understand an independent nominative unit of the language, qualitatively different from the word, possessing signs of stability, semantic integrity, super-wordiness, separate form and reproducibility [В.А. Лебединская 1987: 12].
The material of the study was 513 phraseological units with a zoonym component from the English-Russian phraseological dictionary of A.V. Kunina [А.В. Кунин 2005: 1210]. We have classified these units according to their semantic-grammatical properties. Phraseological units with a zoonym component are divided into six main semantic-grammatical classes: object; processual; attributive-predicative; qualitative circumstantial. The least numerous were the classes of modal and quantitative phraseological units.
1. The class of object phraseological units, in which the material world of the English-speaking population is verbalized, turned out to be quantitatively dominant.
Object phraseological units have a categorical meaning of objectivity.
Here are some examples: the cat's meow - "someone or something wonderful or remarkable"; a milking cow - "a source (person or thing) of easily gained income, profitable venture".
Object phraseological units-names of living beings have a subcategorical meaning of animation and person and fall into three semantic groups:
1) phraseological units-names of a person;
2) phraseological units-names of animals;
3) phraseological units-names of mythological creatures.
The most numerous were anthroponomial phraseological units, in which the concept of "man" is verbalized. Following E.R. Ratushnaya, by anthroponominants we mean units that have subject semantics and designate a person [E.P. PaTyrnHaa 2000: 5].
Here are some examples: an early bird - "a person who rises early or arrives in good time"; a fish out of water - "one who does not feel comfortable in a new environment", etc.
This also includes units that call a set of persons or a collective unity: Blue Hen's Chickens - "Delawareans", etc.
Phraseologisms-names of inanimate objects are quite numerous (98 phraseological units) and are the names of:
1) specific objects,
2) substances,
3) abstract concepts.
Note that units denoting abstract concepts numerically prevail over phraseological units with a specific type of semantics, which is due to the abstractness of phraseological meaning. This semantic group includes units that name various abstract concepts, properties, actions, qualities, states.
Here are some examples: a dog's death - "a miserable end; often: a dishonorable or shameful death"; monkey business - "silliness; dishonest tricks", etc.
2. The second largest class was the class of phraseological units with the categorical seme processual.
Phraseological units with a subcategorical meaning of action prevail and denote various activities: physical, verbal and mental as well as actions and behavior of a person.
Here are some examples: eat like a horse - "to eat large amounts of food"; drink like a fish - "to be in the habit of drinking alcohol excessively", etc.
Also, a special place within this class is occupied by phraseological units with a subcategorical meaning of the relation. These units are presented in the form of two semantic groups:
1) phraseological units expressing the relationship between the subject-person and other persons;
2) phraseological units expressing the relationship between the subject-person and the subject-object.
For the most part, processual phraseological units name the relationship between the subject-person and other people.
Phraseological units with a negative connotation express the interaction between people, as a result of which the other person is at risk, danger or becomes the subject of benefit: kill smb. like a dog - "to shoot and usually kill someone, showing no sympathy"; beard the lion in his den - "to confront someone on his or her own territory", etc.
Phraseological units with a positive connotation are few and express interaction between people aimed at providing a service to another person or helping: help a lame dog over a stile - "to help someone who is in difficulty or trouble", etc.
3. The class of attributive-predicative phraseological units includes units that have a categorical meaning of an attribute of an object in a broad sense.
We have established that units of this class fall into three subcategories:
1) phraseological units with a subcategorical value of a attribute or property of a person;
2) phraseological units with a subcategorical value of an attribute of an object;
3) phraseological units with a subcategorical value of a attribute, both a person and an object.
Basically, the class is represented by phraseological units with a subcategorical meaning of an attribute (state) of a person. This may be the physical (physiological) state of the person, the mental state of the person (psychophysiological and emotional), appearance, social sign of the person, the moral qualities of the person and the mental abilities of the person.
Here are some examples: as tired as a dog - "drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted"; as solemn as an owl - "very wise", etc.
This phenomenon is due to the fact that the grammatically dependent component-zoonym ceases to designate an animal as part of a phraseological unit, and transfers the qualities fixed in the lexical meaning of the component to a person, thereby determining the group semantics of units.
4. The class of qualitatively circumstantial phraseological units is represented insignificantly and is the fourth in quantitative terms. Units of this class have the categorical value of quality, the circumstances of the action and the value of the degree of manifestation of the action or feature.
The vast majority of such units fall into the subcategory of quality and are mainly included in the semantic group of phraseological units of the mode of action, thereby denoting the quality, property, method of performing any action.
Here are some examples: like a bull at a gate - "very quickly"; in less than a pig's whisper - "in a very short time", etc.
Thus, the units characterize the processes associated with a wide variety of activities: physical, actions and behavior of a person, states and relationships.
5. The class of quantitative phraseological units is represented by only one unit, which has the categorical meaning "an indefinitely large number".
For example: not the only fish in the sea - "lots of, plenty of (other suitable persons, especially for a romantic relationship)".
We also identified 7 phraseological units that are included in the class of modal phraseological units, which are most often introductory constructions and express a wide range of modal relations: annoyance, admiration, surprise, distrust, etc.
For example: stiffen (or stone) the crows! - "an exclamation of astonishment"; dog my cats! - "an expression of astonishment" and others.
Thus, English phraseological units are very diverse in their semantic and grammatical properties, in the semantic structure of which semes of different degrees of abstraction are revealed. All this allows us to trace how objects of reality are characterized in the English-speaking culture, as well as a person, his position and role in society, his state and external signs, his activities.
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