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91SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AND THEIR EQUIVALENCE IN THE UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Maryam Abdurazzak kizi Tagaymurotova
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Faculty of Foreign Philology, English Philology Department, 2nd year Master's student
ABSTRACT
Phraseology is an extensive field of Linguistics that involves idioms, phrasal verbs and other types of multi-word lexical units. The usage of set expressions impacts on the semantic correlation of the texts, especially has a vital role in literary texts. The article depicts semantic correlation of phraseological units in the Uzbek and their equivalents in English languages. The paper deals with also the problems of translation of culture specific phraseological units by using comparative and contrastive analysis of observation.
Keywords: categorical features of phrases, bilexemic, polylexemic, phraseological integrity.
Phraseology is the youngest branch of linguistics. Phraseology as the less investigated branch of linguistics was developed in the second half of 20th century and the term "phraseology" first came from ancient Greek. The word "phraseology" has very different meaning in other cultures. However, the term "idiom" appeared in European languages in 16th century. History of formation of phraseological sets go back to centuries, they also do not stand in one place, but due to its closeness to social life, develop. It creates the new conditions for them to undergo some changes, sometimes assuming such kind if translation peculiarities that may cause to some discussions and debates. These qualities make them to be compared as well as with other group of words, set of expressions, etc. In modern English, there are some the most used substantive phraseological units that cannot be expressed in words, such as "apple-pie order". In English, this phraseological unit means "completed rules." In English language, this phraseological unit coincides with the meaning" to have courage with drink." N. N. Amosova, who for the first time put into the question the theory of equivalence between phraseological units and word, rightly notes relativity of word and different degrees. Equally fairly is a statement of that the relative nature of equivalence of phraseological units to word should not be included in the general explanation. For instance: - He looked at my mother with temper holding a piece of hot steamed beet in his hands.
- What a stupidity! He scolded with anger.
- Don't forget, it is the gravest sin to waste bread even its crumbs!
(U.Hoshimov, "The affairs of life ")
In Uzbek culture, bread is sacred and people never put the bread upside down. When the Uzbeks sit at a table, the youngest person breaks the bread and distributes it to the others. However, in the English language, we can exemplify "God's crumbs are better than the world's loaves" or "All grieves with bread are less".
- Do you eat humble pie? She asked strictly. (U.Hoshimov, "The affairs of life ")
In the English language, "to eat humble pie" means "to become very humble in
behavior when someone points out a wrong doing by the person" or "to admit an error and become submissive and apologetic in doing". In the United Kingdom, offal meat which is the liver, heart, entrails of an animal known as numbles in the early 14th century. The word humble as an adjective means to have a low self-esteem. That's why the word play could have been to eat humble pie when feeling humble. It is a likely possibility of being the origin of the phrase. At night I was all ears and suddenly heard neighbor boys calling my brothers. "To be all ears" means being vigilant, lively and careful. The purpose of using this phrase is to convey the person being said to is that he is being given full undivided attention. This phrase originated back in 18th century. By nature, we hear from our ears, so all ears means we are using our both ears to listen someone. All ears give the meaning of attention, care, interest of listening someone keenly. H. Shamsiddinov wrote "Functional-semantic words in the Uzbek language". The author of this work is functional-semantic synonyms of simple words cunning in point of view - "ayyor-shaytonga dars beradigan, pixini yorgan", "xursand - og'zi qulog'iga yetdi", "uyalmoq - yerga qaramoq, shoshilmoq - podadan oldin chang chiqarmoq, yuzlari lov-lov yonmoq, go'dak - tuxumdan chiqqan, aralashmoq - burnini tiqmoq, indamay - lom-lim demay" A. Mamatov "Lexical and problems of phraseological norms" and on this basis for the first time, he defended his doctoral dissertation problems of phraseology with language norms and speech culture researched. The last chapter of this work is "Phraseology in modern Uzbek literary language norms and types of deviations from it". The author is here critically examines the various views of phraseology in the section. He describes phraseology as follows: "Phraseology is structurally equivalent to a phrase or sentence, having generalized meaning, lexical elements that are partially or completely figurative and fixed". We think this description is a bit closer to the truth, taking into account the following categorical features of phrases. These are a) phrasal verbs and their components are structurally equivalent to a phrase or a sentence, singular word-component phrases, b) phrasal components are generalized, represent a holistic meaning, c) the word that makes up a phrase components, lexical elements have a partial or fully figurative meaning, d) phrase is a fixed and semantic unit. In addition to phrases, the existing imagery and expressiveness, the individuality of the component formalities, repetitive
usage in speech, according to A.E.Mamatov seems to understand phrases as non-categorical features. One of the important features of his research is introduction of the concept of phraseological norm into linguistics. That is right, some observations on the phraseological norm, ideas expressed along the way had existed before(1991, 32-33). For instance, the definition of the concept is also noteworthy: "Phraseological norm is speech reinforced in practice, traditionally consistent, homogenous and of equal value. The use of phraseology is considered to be acceptable by the language community at a given time, it is a linguistic phenomenon that is accepted and understood as right. Based on this definition, the following is a violation of the phraseological norm in the work types are studied: 1) semantic deviations from the norm performances, 2) disorders of the structure of phraseology (exchange of components, expansion of structure, ellipse, anticipation events and abnormalities). Name phrases as a linguistic unit, just like lexemes function and the function of expressing a specific meaning. Just some of the phraseological units do not have a naming function. Two or more lexemes in a phrase lose their lexical independence in which case it is subject to a common center of meaning, understood from the phrase as a whole serves to embody meaning. As in the lexeme, there are two phenomena in the content of the phrase: 1) lexical meaning, more precisely meaning, 2) evaluation semantics. The lexical content of a phrase in relation to reality is called phraseological meaning.
Phraseological integrity. From the phrase to the whole lexeme that means the lexemes contain intelligible lexical meaning. Two types of meanings of phrases are distinguished: - phraseological integrity and phraseological adhesion. These two features have semantic and grammatical links. On this condition, the following aspects are involved:
a) It contains two or more lexemes
b) It has a single meaning
c) The lexemes in it lose their lexical meaning independence
d) With a free connection is in a state of homonymy
e) The phrase can only be replaced by the whole
f) Integrity in speech comes in a single syntactic function
g) Integral translation into another language is done
There are specific features that phraseological units have historical, religious and mythological names can come across in these components. For instance: Musoni alamini Isodan olmoq "aybdor chetda qolib, aybsiz kishiga qarshi turmoq" "Witch hunt", Xizrni yo'qlasam bo'lar ekan "kimnidir ko'rish istagi kutilmaganda ro'yobga chiqqanda" - "Bolt from the blue". Each nation has its own clothing names and realias that play a great role in the formation of phraseologies. For instance; To 'nini teskari kiyib olmoq "o'chakishgan holda qaysarlik qilmoq" "As stubborn as a male" "Hard head", do'ppini osmonga otmoq "juda xursand bo'lmoq" "walking on air" "Jump for
joy", do 'ppi tor keldi "imkonsiz og'ir vaziyatga tushmoq" "As helpless as a baby", bir ikki yaktakni ortiqroq yirtgan "Yoshi kattaroq, turmush tajribasi ko'proq" "To be an old hand in", chorig'ini sudramoq "zo'rg'a amal-taqal qilmoq" "By the skin of your teeth", paytavasiga qurt tushdi "xotirjamligi buzildi" "Have butterflies in your stomach".
- Unutma, nonning ushog 'i ham non!
- Don't forget, it is the gravest sin to waste bread even its crumbs!
- Uning esi chiqib ketdi! - He goes off his head!
- Uning sabr kosasi to 'lgan edi va chaqalog'ini jahl bilan ko'tardida yuziga bir necha marotaba tarsaki tushirdi.
Her patience was exhausted and lifted her baby on her hands with anger then slapped him several times.
- Kechqurun qulog'imni ding qilib turgan edim to'satdan bolalar akalarimni chaqirrib qolishdi.
- At night I was all ears and suddenly heard neighbor boys calling my brothers.
- Ehtimol men hech qachon alamdan bunchalik qichqirib yig'lamaganim uchunmi, bu onamni o 'takasini yorib yubordi.
- Before perhaps I never cried with so much chagrin, this frightened mum to death.
- Nima sodir bo'lganini tushunib yetgunimga qadar, Qahramon havoga singib ketdi.
Until I understood what happened, Qahramon on the spur of the moment disappeared into thin air. ( U.Hoshimov "The affairs of life") In recent years, the phraseology has been studied from the point of view of linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics. This is a growing interest in this trend especially noticeable in other languages, based on a comparative languages. In a phrase, two or more lexemes lose their lexical independence subject to a common meaning center, a meaning that can be understood as a whole from the phrase serves to embody. The meaning of the phrase is understood without sum of meanings as well as figurative meaning. Phraseological units involve the information about culture, society and linguocultural features. Thereto, set expressions are culture specific treasure that preserves mentality which are passed down from generation to generation. However, in the English language, R. Glaser states that "A phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, which may be idiomatized, carry connotations and have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text". Interestingly, sometimes phraseology is interpreted as set of synonyms, but whatever it be, it is relatively as a very young linguistic discipline that deals with collocations. As mentioned, three major approaches to the study of phraseological units, such as: -semantic, functional and contextual approaches - are very popular in current
linguistics. "Semantic approach determines that phraseological units are non-motivated and they are opposed to free-word combinations which are completely motivated. Functional approach shows that phraseological units are specific word-groups functioning like word-equivalents. Like words, they possess structural and semantic inseparability. Contextual approach describes the fact that phraseological units are used in specific contexts - non-variable, or "fixed".
REFERENCES
1. Anita Naciscione. Phraseological Units in Literary Discourse: Implications for teaching and learning. Academy of Culture, Riga. 2001.
2. Kamala Guliyeva. Different Approaches to the Objects of Phraseology in Linguistics, International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 6, No. 4, 2016.
3. Mamatov A.E. Hozirgi zamon o'zbek adabiy tilida leksik va frazeologik norma muammolari. - Toshkent: 1991.
4. Shamsiddinov H. Perifrazalar xususida ayrim mulohazalar//O'zbek tili va adabiyoti. 1993.29-35 bet.
5. Utkir Hoshimov. "The affairs of life" (translated into English), Tashkent: "Muharrir nashriyot", 2020.
Internet materials and web sites:
6. http://ext.spb.ru/2011 -03-29-09-03-14/110-foreignlang/8672-practical-application-of-phraseological-units-to-a-koonin-s-classification.html
7. http://owlcation.com/humanities/Common-Idioms-and-Phrases-Meanings-and-Origins
