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18COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ZOONYMS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
LANGUAGES
Shaxribonu Ilxomova
Master of Samarkand state institute of foreign languages
ABSTRACT
In many languages, the figurative characteristic of a person is given by naming animals. The zoomorphic vocabulary is based on the objective or subjective qualities of animals, attributed to them by the creative thinking of the people. This article deals with exploring the results that researched in lexical and semantic characteristics of zoonyms comparison with Uzbek language.
Keywords: analysis, lexicon, semantics, character, sema.
In phraseology, "focused" on the characteristics of a person, his appearance and behavior, the qualities of an animal are "superimposed" on the image of a person. The study of phraseological units with a zoonym component in the linguoculturological aspect makes it possible to identify the features of a person's idea of himself and the world around him [J.G. Kemeny 1956: 149-161].
Each language has its own history and each national language has its own stage of development. The folk language has been improved and developed over the centuries, subsequently improving into a national language up to the level of the state language. Each language has its place in the development of a particular nation, great thinkers. For example, in the development of Uzbek, one of the most widespread Turkic languages in the world, it is worth noting the special contribution of hundreds of enlightened great figures such as Mahmud Kashgari, Alisher Navoi, etc. Mahmud Kashgari proudly recognized the Uzbek language "as horses equal to and superior to the Arabic language" [Z.R. Salimova 2021: 226-237]. The semantic unity of zoonyms lies in the presence in them of the arche-seme "man". Archisemes and differential semes in the semantic structure of zoonyms of any microgroup correlate with different semantic features.
At the same time, each had an integral seme common to the whole microgroup and the presence of a differential seme correlation in the semantic structure of each zoonym. With the same integral seme, the presence of differential semes in the semantic structure of the zoonym characterizing the name gives grounds for including this zoonym in the corresponding microgroup.
Based on the analysis of zoonyms with the meaning "industriousness", the following microgroups with this integral seme were identified. In English: "bee", "ant", "horse", "beaver", "mule", "donkey", "tiger", "hen", "hog", "whale". In Uzbek:
"xachir" - mule, "eshak" - donkey, "it" - dog, "hukiz" - bull, "qumursqa-chumoli" -ant, ot - horse, "dehqon-chumchuq" - oatmeal, "xujasavdogar " - saxaul jay.
Each zoonym included in this microgroup has a specific seme that characterizes and evaluates different aspects of a hardworking person. An attempt is made to show the originality of each zoonym and their correlation in two languages from the point of view of their equivalence. Let's start with zoonyms "bee", "ant" and their equivalents "ari", "chumoli" in the Uzbek language. Zoonym "bee" has differential semes "brisk", "busy" as part of substantive phrases "a busy bee", "working bee" and phraseological units like "as brisk as a bee", "as busy as a bee". The study showed that the semantic equivalent of the zoonym "bee" in the Uzbek language is the zoonym "chumoli", only occasionally as part of a comparative phraseological unit, for example: "chumolidek mehnatsevar", and the zoonym "ari" is neither usual nor occasional fixed dictionaries, is not found in works of art.
Close to the zoonym "bee" according to the available semes in English, "beaver" can be considered, but unlike "beaver" it has the differential seme "hardwork" and man who working all time as part of a verbal phraseological unit and a comparative phraseological unit, for example, "to work a beaver", "as a beaver", and the correlating zoonym "qunduz" in the Uzbek language occupies a peripheral position [J. Wiley 1951: 200].
Qualitatively differential semes "willing worker", "laborious working" give the following zoonyms, which are associated with physical strength, endurance, working capacity, such as, for example, "horse", "ox", "mule", "tiger", "donkey" in English; "ko'p ishlaydigan", "mashakatli mehnatkash", "xayrixohli mehnatkash" in the zoonyms "xachir", "it", "xo'kiz", "eshak" in the Uzbek language.
The above semes are included in the semantic structure of substantive phrases and phraseological units in both languages, for example, the zoonyms "horse" and "hack" as part of the verbal phraseological unit "to spur willing horse hack", "to work like a horse", "work horse", and in the correlated zoonym "ot" the differential seme "mehnatsevar" is absent, while the differential seme "strong of health", "baquvvat" are expressed in both languages, as part of a comparative phraseological unit of the type: "as strong as a horse" (in English), "otdek baquvva"' (in Uzbek).
The figurative characteristic of the zoonym "donkey" in the composition of the "donkeywork" is contained in this seme. In the correlating zoonym "eshak", the differential seme "ko'p ishlaydigan" is fixed as part of a comparative phraseological unit of the type: "eshakdek ishlash", showing the heavy monotonous labor of a person. There are corresponding sayings in the Uzbek language, confirming the meaning of this zoonym. For example: "Eshak ishi bilan kuchli, to'ng'iz - tishi bilan" / The donkey is strong with its labor, the boar is strong with its teeth /, "Eshakning mehnati halol, gushti xarom" / (iron, lit.) Donkey meat is rotten, but his work is honest. Another zoonym
"ho'kiz" in the Uzbek language has a specific seme "qo'sh haydamoq" (literally, to plow, a pair of oxen) is observed in the composition of the "qo'sh ho'kiz" and the verbal phraseological unit "qo'sh ho'kiz bo'lmoq" and in the saying, for example, "Era xotin - qo'sh ho'kiz" / Husband and wife - two oxen in a harness. As for the English "ox", this meaning is not recorded in dictionaries and has not been found in fiction, it is rarely realized. The English zoonym "ox", apparently, is primarily associated with the idea of strength and health "as strong as an ox" / healthy as an ox. The Uzbek "xachir" is a symbol of an honest hard worker. It is recorded in dictionaries as part of a comparative phraseological unit such as "xachirdek ishlash" or "xachirdek band bo'lmoq" to work like a mule or be a busy person.
Obviously, the zoonyms "mule" and "xachir" differ in terms of their expression of the meaning "industrious", because in one language they are realized occasionally, in another - usually. Conversely, the English zoonym is predominantly used to characterize a stupid and stubborn person. The Uzbek zoonym "xachir" is more associated with the idea of hard physical labor.
Analysis of the semantic structure of the zoonyms "mule" and "xachir" reveals the presence of identical or similar differential semes. At all times, as noted by V.G. Gak, writers "constantly created new words, supplementing the efforts of their people with their creativity". Occasional semes of zoonyms are explained in literary texts with a stylistic purpose and serve to create an artistic image. It must be thought that such use of occasional semes, on the one hand, is a means of bringing the writer's language closer to colloquial speech, and, on the other hand, a way of pointing out the repetition, ordinariness of the named phenomena.
So in the English "mule" there are such semes as "hard work", "stubborn" in the Uzbek language "xachir". Similar semes are found not only in these words, but also in other similar words in the studied languages. Such similar semes are found in a number of languages. They are connected approximately with the same seme. This is basically explained. Generality with regard to semantics, first of all, they talk about the isomorphism of semantics, encountered in many works of E. Kurilovich, who put forward the concept of "isomorphism as a deep structural parallelism between sound complexes and the semantics of a word". It seems to us appropriate to raise the question of the presence in the relations of semantics of a kind of inter-level compensation, a phenomenon opposite to isomorphism. The phenomenon of compensation was mentioned in the scientific literature, but we propose to call it the national and cultural specificity of the studied languages.
Of particular interest is the English zoonym "whale", which is associated with the idea of hard mental work. For example, "whale on reading", "a whale for work" is a person who cannot be torn away from a book. There are other zoonyms, for example, "a
whale of tennis" master of sports, regular and long-term sports are also equated with physical labor. Similar zoonyms are not recorded in the Uzbek language.
Dictionaries do not fix the differential seme "laborious working" in the zoonym "tiger", and it is contained only in the composition of the verbal phraseological unit of the type "work like a tiger". This zoonym evokes the idea of individual labor. In this sample of the differential seme "laborious working" occupies an insignificant place (4 examples). Zoonym "tiger" is usually a symbol of bravery. In this regard, full compliance with the Uzbek "qoplon" [CED 2008: 200].
The differential seme "plodder" in another zoonym "hen" is registered as part of the type: "hen busy", denoting men involved in women's affairs, especially household chores.
A comparative analysis of the semantic structure of the zoocharacteristics of "dog" and "it" showed that in both languages they contain the same differential seme: "tired" -"charchamoq". As part of a comparative phraseological unit like: "tired like a dog" (English) and "itdek charchash" (Uzbek) / to get tired to the limit/.
Thus, the idea of an overworking person among native speakers of English and Uzbek is associated with approximately the same zoonym. However, there are separate zoonyms that do not correspond to the differential seme of the semantic structure of these zoonyms. Different semantics of zoonyms, correlated with the same zoonym in two languages, should be taken into account when translating. So, the English zoonym "bee" in Uzbek can correspond to the differential seme of the zoonyms "chumoli", "xachir".
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