56THEMATIC AND IDEOGRAPHIC CREATION OF IMAGE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PHASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Fotima Kosimova
Uzbekistan State World Languages University kosimovafotima25@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The article is aimed at scrutinizing phraseological units and classifying them in terms of their thematic types in English and Uzbek languages. The main method that is implemented in this current work is comparison and contrast. The juxtaposition of phraseologisms are based on anthropocentric paradigm. In other words, a major theme is "Man" and it is divided into other subtypes within the research. The data is presented in the form of tables to show isomorphic and allomorphic features between compared languages. The research proves that in these both languages, there are myriad number of examples of phraseological units which are a bit diverse in terms of their semantic components.
Keywords: phraseological units, thematic and ideographic image, characteristics, man, languages
INTRODUCTION
Phraseological units are one of the branches of linguistics that are intriguing and challenging to analyze for many scholars and scientists. Even though, there has been carried out many surveys and researches, there are still some controversial issues and hypothesis that should be explored more. One of these interesting topics is thematic and ideographic formation of image in English and Uzbek phraseological units. There have been some researches in this issue in English language, however, available sources in Uzbek language has not been done yet or it has not been done in depth. Therefore, the main aim of the current article is to analyze phraseological units in compared languages and verify their thematic -ideographic image.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY
As R.Kh. Khairullina points out, "the thematic-ideographic classification of phraseological units is a method of semantic grouping of stable phrases due to their meaning, in which the figurative characteristic of any "piece" of reality. Phraseological units describing the same fragment of the world are combined into a
phraseological-semantic field, and the totality of a multitude of such fields forms a phraseological model of the world in the language. The lexical field is a set of linguistic (mainly lexical) units, united by a common content and reflecting the conceptual or functional similarity of the designated phenomena. The phraseosemantic field has its own structural and content features.
As a phraseological unit consists of certain formal and semantic components, it has internal structures in the both sides. In the semantic structure of phraseologisms the integral sides of the phraseological meaning are clearly separated. Categorical, grade, emphasizing, and partially, animated-unanimated meanings of phraseological units function as this type of meaning. For example, the phraseologism qo'li kalta (poor) creates one semantic group with the phraseologisms dunyo ko'ziga tor ko'rinmoq (to feel annoyed or upset), burni ko'tarilib qolmoq (to become arrogant) by the integral seme "person".
Simultaneously, according to the seme "a part of speech" this phraseologism is different. If qo'li kalta (poor) is included into adjectival words, dunyo ko'ziga tor ko'rinmoq (to feel annoyed or upset) and burni ko'tarilib qolmoq (to become arrogant) belong to verb- phraseologisms. Furthermore, two phraseologisms ko'zi ochilmoq (to understand at last) and qo'lida ko'tarmoq (to respect) which are in one paradigm due to being verb-phraseologisms, they are different as the first one expresses a state and the second expresses a physical action. Therefore, in the next level of subgrouping the semes "a state" or "an action" serve as differential semes.
Phraseologisms are divided into several types according to their semantic features:
• The first group of phraseologisms consists of the phraseological units in which the categorical meaning can be seen obviously by the semantic leading component in the structure of the phraseologism. For example, in the phraseologism og'zi qulog'ida (word by word translation: one's mouth is in his ear - grinning from ear to ear) the leading component is the word qulog'ida (in his ear) and by this word the general meaning and adjectival categorical meaning is noticeable. In English, to fall head over heels (to be madly in love) can be an illustration that belongs to this category, because from head till legs (or heels) we love this person even without paying attention to their foibles and flaws in characteristics.
• The second group befalls when the phraseologisms in which their categorical meaning cannot be seen by their support component. For instance, although in the phraseologism oyog'idan o't chaqnagan the leading component is the verb chaqnamoq, the part of speech seme of the whole unit is accounted as an adjective
and the phraseologism is included into adjective -phraseologisms with its meaning "frolicsome". The examples in English are be like chalk and cheese or cost an arm and a leg. The reader cannot understand the meaning of the phraseological unit without checking its meaning in the dictionary.
The main methodology that is applied in the research is comparison and contrast which clearly demonstrates similarities and differences between compared languages.
Thematic principle of classification. The traditional and oldest principle for classifying phraseological units is based on their original content and might be alluded to as "thematic" (although the term is not universally accepted). The approach is widely used in numerous English and American guides to idiom, phrase books, etc. On this principle, idioms are classified according to their sources of origin, "source" referring to the particular sphere of human activity, of life of nature, of natural phenomena. So, L. P. Smith gives in his classification groups of idioms used by sailors, fishermen, soldiers, hunters and associated with the realia, phenomena and conditions of their occupations. In Smith's classification we also find groups of idioms associated with domestic and wild animals and birds, agriculture and cooking. There are also numerous idioms drawn from sports, arts, etc. This principle of classification is sometimes called "etymological". The term does not seem appropriate since we usually mean something different when we speak of the etymology of a word or word-group: whether the word (or word-group) is native or borrowed, and, if the latter, what is the source of borrowing. It is true that Smith makes a special study of idioms borrowed from other languages, but that is only a relatively small part of his classification system.
We should cease on the imagery of set similes while studying them as idioms occur mainly on the basis of imagery; imagery also plays a significant role in the development and functioning of the phraseological units; imagery is an important factor in the formation of the semantic structure of the phraseology . Ogoltsov V.M. considering sustainability as a comparison unit of the language called it imagery comparison. According to him, "comparative phraseological units is not only creates imagery due to the "imposition" of one object to another, as in a conventional comparison - assimilation, not only highlights the feature to compare objects, put in a comparison base, but also exaggerates this feature and amplifies emotionally expressive tension turnover " .
Phraseological semantic fields Table # 1
1. General characteristics of a person:
1) Gender characteristics
2) Characteristics of physical appearance
a) gorgeous - ugly
b) thin - fat
included in the thematic block "Man"
2. Characteristics of a person's physical state:
1) sleeping - staying awake;
2) health, strength - sickness, weakness
3) life - death
4) get tired - have a rest
Table # 2
3. Description of the features and traits of a person's character
1) can be observed in both nations
a) cunning, secretive - innocent
b) courage- cowardice
c) goodness - evil
Table # 3
5) Characteristics of activity description:
2) intellectual or oral:
c) to speak - to be silent
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Gender characteristics
4. Spiritual Characteristics of man: 1) emotions:
a) pleasure - sadness or annoyance
b) offend or insult
c) fear
6) Characteristics of various of human life:
1) social status:
a) wealth - poverty
2) the relationship of people in society
a) to be friends, to get along well - to argue
Gender characteristics in English and Uzbek languages are alike and different at the same time. Mostly, short idioms are used in Uzbek in terms of gender characteristics while in English longer phraseological units express the current concept.
Appearance characteristic: a) gorgeous- ugly Table # 4
The expressions for beauty
English Uzbek
cut a dash onasi o'pmagan qiz
bevy of beauties yigitmisan yigit
good looking o'n gulidan bir guli ochilmagan
pretty as a picture Istarsi issiq
to look like a million dollars Bir qoshiq suv bilan yutib yuborgudek
Table # 5
To express ugliness
English Uzbek
face like a bulldog chewing a wasp So'xtasi sovuq
face only a mother could love Afti sovuq
face that would stop a clock
Table # 6
To express someone is thin
English Uzbek
Bag of bones Qoq suyak
skinny as a beanpole Terisi suyakka yopishgan
skinny as a rail Eti suyakka yopishgan
Table # 7
To express someone is overweight
English Uzbek
as fat as a pig toladan kelgan
big fat meshqorin
as fat as a beached whale
3. Description of the qualities and traits of a person s character During the research, it has been detected that phraseological units to show depiction to show person's characteristics are not many in both languages. Hence, the representation of them is given in the general table which encompass the types of phraseological units according to the category "man"
Table # 8
To express slyness and innocence To express bravery
English Uzbek English Uzbek
on the sly ilonni yog' ini yalagan brave out otni kallasiday yuragi bor
as sly as a fox qari tulki put a brave front on
To express innocence To express cowardice
English Uzbek English Uzbek
as innocent as a qo'y og'zidan mama's boy quyon yurak
lamb cho'p olmagan
as innocent as a boladay beg'ubor afraid of one's chumchuq pir etsa,
newborn baby own shadow yuragi shuv etadi
To express goodness To express badness
English Uzbek English Uzbek
as good as new oq ko'ngil as bad as all that ichi qora
do a goodjob ochiq chehrali bad egg toshbag'ir
to have a very good oy yuzli a bad apple spoils ko'ngli qora
time whole barrel
Phraseological units related to mental abilities and memory are not so widespread in both languages, therefore very few examples can be found in the dictionaries. For instance, to have a memory like an elephant means a person who has got very strong memory. However, in Uzbek language we do not have identical equivalent which expresses the same meaning. On the other hand, plethora of illustrations for expressing emotions with phraseological units can be stated in both languages. To exemplify, to be sad - to be down in the dumps, broken hearted, one\s heart sinks and so on. Likewise we do use heart to show sadness in Uzbek language -dili xira, dili siyoh and tabi tirriq. Another emotion is being offended, great number
of examples were found in these compared languages: to diss someone^s mother, to have a chip on one\s shoulder -yerga urmoq, izzat-nafsiga tegmoq, pastga urmoq.
This is also one of the types of phraseological units related to man and it is not so productive as initial two types. For primary categories as physical and intellectual activities, there are less phraseological sources to express these notions, however, there are myriad illustrations to demonstrate verbs as " to speak" or "be silent", "to think" and "to know" : beat (one's) gums, chew the rag, speak out of turn - og'ziga kelgani demoq, ellik og'iz and others. Phraseological units in these languages to express silence: silent as the grave, silent but deadly - mum tishlamoq, og^iziga qattiq uyutmoq, lom-mim demaslik.
This type of phraseological units are not wide-spread and popular as well. They are mostly used in literary work to create authentic atmosphere in the book or to show the origin of the heroes. There can be indicated the following examples to show wealth and poverty: well-off, born with a silver spoon in your mouth, white-color worker - yulduzga qoli yetadigan, yegani oldida, yemagani ketida. To express poverty: to be as poor as a Church mice, to be short on cash and qoli kalta, kosasi oqarmaydi.
CONCLUSION
To recapitulate, the main thematic and ideographic image is "man" and it is expressed differently in compared languages. The length of idioms are a major difference between them. However, for presenting innocence in both languages characteristics related children and babies are widely applied, unlikely to express beauty and ugliness short Uzbek phraseological units are used while in English it is vice versa. The unique similarity between these two languages is that there are a lot of synonyms and alternatives to demonstrate life, death, happiness and sadness while there are few samples for demonstrating thinking and perceiving.
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