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1ЛИНГВИСТИКА (LINGUISTICS)
УДК 811.11-112 Научная статья
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ И ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ И ВРЕМЕННЫХ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ
Батаева Ф.А., Мухамедина А.А. Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан)
Приступа Е.Н.
ФГБОУ ВО «Московский педагогический государственный университет»
(г. Москва, Россия)
Аннотация. Данная статья посвящена изучению языковых способов выражения времени и пространства в английском и русском языках. Рассмотрены грамматические и лексические средства выражения пространственных и временных значений. Приводятся примеры, демонстрирующие, как переводчики могут применять различные трансформации для передачи пространственных и временных смыслов с учетом особенностей языка и культуры целевой аудитории.
Ключевые слова: пространство, время, грамматические и лексические средства, лингвистика, переводческие преобразования.
Для цитирования: Батаева Ф.А., Мухамедина А.А., Приступа Е.Н. Грамматические и лексические средства выражения пространственных и временных значений // Наука и реальность. 2024. № 1 (17). С. 79-82.
GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSING SPATIAL AND
TEMPORARY VALUES
Bataeva F.A., Mukhamedina A.A. Abay Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University (Kokshetau, Republic of Kazakhstan)
Pristupa E.N. Moscow Pedagogical State University (Moscow, Russia)
Abstract. This article is devoted to the study of linguistic ways of expressing time and space in English and Russian. Grammatical and lexical means of expressing spatial and temporary values are considered. Examples to demonstrate how translators can apply various transformations to convey spatial and temporal meanings, taking into account the characteristics of the target audience's language and culture are given.
Keywords: space, time, grammatical and lexical means, linguistics, translation transformations
For citation: Bataeva F.A., Mukhamedina A.A., Pristupa E.N. Grammatical and lexical means of expressing spatial and temporal meanings // Science and Reality. 2024. no. 1 (17). pp. 79-82. (in English).
Space and time are fundamental categories in the study of a literary text. These elements play a key role in creating the atmosphere, developing the plot, and shaping the images. In fiction, space and time are closely interrelated and are often used to convey deep meanings and emotions.
Grammatical and lexical tools are diverse and allow you to express many temporal meanings and shades. The correct use of these tools allows you to accurately and clearly convey information about the time when an action or event occurs. This is important not only in everyday communication, but also when writing literary works and official documents [1, p. 58].
In a language, grammar and vocabulary are closely interrelated, and they form a complex system for expressing temporal values. Grammatical and lexical tools in this context play an important role, allowing us to describe actions and events of the past, present and future. Let's take a closer look at what tools of the Russian language help us express time values.
Verbs are the main grammatical means for expressing tense. The English language has a wide range of tenses to express different tenses, such as past, present, future, future in the past, and others.
In addition to the tense forms of verbs, you can use temporary circumstances such as today, yesterday, tomorrow, to indicate the exact time of action. Auxiliary verbs such as" to be "and" to have, «also play an important role in the formation of tenses. For example, "I was" (past), "I will" (future). There are many adverbs that help you specify the time of action. For example, "yesterday", "today", "tomorrow", "never", "always". Some adjectives and pronouns can also indicate temporal characteristics. For example, "last year, today, future". Some phrases and constructions can express certain time values. For example, "forever young, "eternal cycle of time." Changing words and their meanings can also affect time values. For example, "coming" and "leaving" may have different time shades.
Descriptions of locations can be detailed and realistic, which gives the work credibility. Individual places can carry a symbolic meaning, reflecting the inner world of characters or social trends. Moving a character from one place to another can be a key event. Spaces can be used to highlight internal character changes. A detailed description of the space can create tension, emphasizing the importance of the event. Moving between places that are opposite in meaning can enhance the drama.
When describing the time since the event, events can be arranged in chronological order, which makes the narrative more understandable. The author can use character memories or anticipations to reveal the plot gradually. Recurring events can express the cyclical nature of time or the cycle of life. The artist can use the motif of time to enhance the emotional power of the work. Stories that develop at different times can intertwine and complement each other. In some works, the concept of "timeless" places can be used, where events take on special power [2, p. 74].
In literary texts, space and time are an integral part of artistic expressiveness. Literary techniques such as metaphors, symbols, and exploring the inner world of characters through their relationship to space and time make the text rich and deep. The combined effect of these elements creates a unique literary world that invites the reader to discover new levels of meaning.
The transfer of spatio-temporal values in English can be carried out by various grammatical and lexical means. Here are a few ways to express spatial and temporal relationships:
First of all, these are aspect-tense forms of verbs. Then, there are lexical tools: spatial prepositions, the use of words and phrases that connect spatial and temporal aspects, and the use of time markers such as now, then, soon, later, to indicate moments in time. Example: "I will call you
later.", with words with a spatial connotation; and the use of words that carry spatial meanings, even if they describe time ("forward," "backward," "ahead."); lexical constructions: "throughout the years," "across the street."
These grammatical and lexical tools help to create a rich picture in the text, conveying not only the facts, but also the atmosphere, mood and relationships between events in a particular space and time.
Translation transformations in the transmission of spatial and temporal meanings can occur due to differences in language structures, cultural characteristics, and ways of expressing space and time. Some locations or concepts may not have a direct equivalent in another language. The translator can use descriptive expressions or adapt the place name to make it easier to understand in the target culture. The translator may choose to keep the original place names for authenticity or replace them with similar local analogues. Cultural features of architecture and geography: different countries and regions have unique characteristics of buildings, landscapes, and urban environments. The translator must take into account differences in the use of time forms, aspects, and phrases. Some cultures may adhere more strictly to precise time frames, while others may have a more flexible attitude to time. The translator must take these cultural characteristics into account [3, p. 87].
Words and phrases related to time may have a broader or narrower meaning in different languages. The translator must choose the terms that convey the meaning most accurately. Temporary circumstances such as "today," "tomorrow," "later," may need to be adapted to preserve their meaning in another language. In some cases, to maintain clarity and grammatical correctness, the translator may change the sentence structure to better meet the standards of the target language. It is important to note that the translator also acts as a mediator between cultures. They can make changes to adapt the text to meet the expectations and feelings of readers in the target culture. When translating a text with a focus on spatio-temporal meanings, it is important to pay attention not only to linguistic aspects, but also to cultural and contextual nuances in order to best convey the meaning and atmosphere of the original.
Example of spatial transformations:
"The quaint village was nestled between rolling hills and lush greenery."
"^HBonHCHaa 8epeBHa pacno?o:eHa Me:8y bo?hhctmmh xo?m4mh h nomHoft 3e?eHbR."
The translator used descriptive expressions ("Bo?HHCToe xo?mo" h "nomHaa 3e?eHb") to convey the image of the area, since the direct equivalent for "rolling hills" and "lush greenery" may not exist in Russian.
Example of temporary transformations:
"After years of anticipation, the day finally arrived."
"noc?e mhothx ?eT o:<8aHHa, 3tot 8,eHb Ha>oHeu,-To HacTyn<?."
The translator used the construction of "many years of waiting," to emphasize the length of time. In Russian, there is no exact analog for the expression "after years," and therefore a more detailed wording is required.
These examples demonstrate how translators can apply various transformations to convey spatial and temporal meanings, taking into account the characteristics of the target audience's language and culture.
The study of lexical and grammatical means of expressing space and time is necessary to convey spatial and temporal meanings, taking into account the characteristics of the language and culture of the source language.
References
1. Kubryakova E. S. On the concepts of place, object and space // Logical analysis of language. Languages of spaces. - M.: Languages of Russian Culture, 2000. - P. 84 - 92.
2. Heidegger M. Art and space // Time and being: articles and speeches. - M.: Republic, 1993. - P. 312 - 316.
3. Toporov V. N. Space and text // Text: semantics and structure. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - P. 227 285.
Батаева Фроза Асановна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан).
Bataeva Froza Asanovna, candidate of philological sciences, Abay Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University (Kokshetau, Republic of Kazakhstan)
: asanfroza@gmail.com
Мухамедина Айгуль Алкеновна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая ырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан).
Mukhamedina Aigul Alkenovna, candidate of philological sciences, Abay Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University (Kokshetau, Republic of Kazakhstan)
: aigul_kuam@mail.ru
Приступа Елена Николаевна, доктор педагогических наук, профессор, ФГБОУ ВО «Московский педагогический государственный университет» (г.Москва, Россия).
Pristupa Elena Nikolaevna, doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Moscow Pedagogical State University (Moscow, Russia).
: en.pristupa@mpgu.su Дата поступления: 06.02.2024
© Батаева Ф.А., Мухамедина А. А, Приступа Е.Н., 2024
