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6УДК 378.14
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-СПЕЦИФИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ НЕМЕЦКО-ИНОЯЗЫЧНОЙ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ
Мухамедина А.А., Батаева Ф.А. Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан)
Аннотация. Статья посвящена изучению национально-специфических особенностей немецко-иноязычной межкультурной коммуникации. Изучение проблемы немецко-казахского и немецко-русского двуязычия на материале Республики Казахстан в условиях современного полиязычия и двуязычия в процессе межкультурной коммуникации представляет большой интерес в связи с тем, что недостаточно изученной остается проблема речеповеденческого аспекта немцев в социокультурном пространстве казахстанского общества как проявление межкультурной коммуникации.
Ключевые слова: межкультурная коммуникация, полиязычие, социокультурное пространство.
STUDY OF NATIONAL-SPECIFIC FEATURES OF GERMAN-FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Mukhamedina A. A., Bataeva F. A. Abay Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University (Kokshetau, Republic of Kazakhstan)
Annotation. The article is devoted to the study of national-specific features of German-foreign language intercultural communication. The study of the problem of German-Kazakh and German-Russian bilingualism on the material of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of modern multilingualism and bilingualism in the process of intercultural communication is of great interest due to the fact that the problem of the speech-behavioral aspect of Germans in the socio-cultural space of Kazakhstani society as a manifestation of intercultural communication remains insufficiently studied.
Key words: intercultural communication, multilingualism, socio-cultural space.
The problem of the functioning of languages in a multiethnic state and the achievement of mutual understanding between peoples with different cultures and languages are constantly in the focus of attention of sociolinguists, political scientists, public and statesmen. They become especially significant in the context of globalization and integration of cultures due to the fact that the issue of preserving the originality of the cultures and languages of peoples is urgent.
The study of nationally specific features in German-foreign language intercultural
communication shows the inadequacy of the speech behavior of Germans and Kazakhs, since these ethnic groups are characterized by a peculiar culture. To adapt one ethnic group to another culture, it is necessary to overcome ethnocentrism and show a sense of tolerance to another language and culture.
Peoples living in a multilingual society feel the social need to choose a second language, the need to master the corresponding culture of another people. Thanks to the processes of intercultural communication and intercultural communication, the communicant enters another linguo-cultural
community, the main means of which can be the native language, as well as other languages that are mastered during a person's life.
The problems of bilingualism and multilingualism have been developed in a multidimensional way in foreign and domestic linguistics for a long time. In the works of many scientists, the issues of mastering a second language, increasing the level of their competence in it, the problems of language contacts in a multiethnic community are investigated. Scientists identify the sociolinguistic essence of bilingualism, defining it as "a process that occurs during the interaction of two heterogeneous societies (collectives or societies) through their use of two languages" [1], study the development of multilingualism in the country as an ethno-social phenomenon, which is an important means of the development of ethnic processes , as a result of the historical interaction of ethnic groups, as a phenomenon inherent in multilingual states and as a process characterized by the prevalence in the country [2] and peoples living specifically and long ago in the same territory [3]. So, for example, among the German population, who settled in Kazakhstan since the time of Boris Godunov and Peter the Great and resettled to the republic en masse during the war and deportation as a foreign language population, processes of bilingualism and multilingualism are widespread. 2 million Germans lived in the 1980s on the territory of the USSR. Most of them lived compactly in Kazakhstan (958,000 Germans). Several works are devoted to the study of the functioning of the language of the Germans in Kazakhstan. Among them, the work of B. Hasanuly stands out, in which the problems of contacting the German and Kazakh languages are considered. The scientist, studying the issues of interaction between the German and Kazakh languages, came to the conclusion that a lot of Kazakhisms are used in the language of the local Germans.
In his study V.A. Shtaff gives a sociolinguistic analysis of the functioning of the German language as a whole in the USSR. The author, characterizing the linguistic situation as a whole, also focuses on the linguistic situation in Kazakhstan. A.V. Shtaff, along with the study of the use of the German language in various spheres of public life, also explores the models of German-Russian bilingualism and diglossia, and also deals with the issues of borrowing Kazakhisms in German speech [4].
In the works of A.A. Rabinovich the
linguistic and methodological aspect is under consideration. Kazakh-German phonetic interference. The author investigates the typology of the Kazakh-German speech of Kazakhs, the system and uzus violations caused by the specificity of the Turkic singharmonism, the loss of "narrow" vowels, etc. [5].
S. A. Abdigaliev examines lexical interference in the German speech of Kazakhs, identifies typical errors and develops ways to prevent interference at the lexical-semantic level [6].
The work of B. I. Repin considers the translation of the words-realities of the Kazakh language into German. The scientist identifies the most typical mistakes made when translating from Kazakh into German and suggests more effective translation techniques (analogue, transliteration) [7].
The study of the problem of German-Kazakh and German-Russian bilingualism on the material of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of modern multilingualism and bilingualism in the process of intercultural communication is of great interest due to the fact that sociolinguistic research of this problem has not yet been carried out, in particular, the problem of the speech-behavioral aspect remains insufficiently studied Germans in the socio-cultural space of Kazakhstani society as a manifestation of intercultural communication.
Comprehensive study of the specifics of the speech behavior of communicants - subjects of German-foreign language intercultural communication. The German population, who have long lived in Kazakhstan in foreign cultural conditions of communication, on the one hand, retains identity with their culture, on the other hand, it presents a wide field for studying the behavior of German-speaking communicants in the process of German-Kazakh and German-Russian intercultural communication.
Intercultural communication is viewed as a process determined by sociocultural, cognitive, psycholinguistic and pragmatic factors. The theoretical provisions of the work should be regarded as a contribution to the theory of language, which can be used in the study of linguistic contacts.
Intercultural communication is a phenomenon that reveals itself in an interdisciplinary approach to solving its problems.
In intercultural communication, the interaction of language is traced, which reflects the culture of the people and acts as a certain form of cultural behavior, and culture, which conveys the originality of socio-historical conditions and the specifics of cultural life and personality.
Intercultural and intracultural
communication are differentiated based on the following characteristics:
1) according to the representation of subjects of communication;
2) on the possession of various national
bases;
3) by the originality of the use of verbal and non-verbal means of communication;
4) the presence / absence of cultural and ethnolinguistic conflicts, communication barriers;
5) according to the forms of actualization of communication (ethnocentric and ethnorelative), interactive, the usual form of communication of representatives of one linguocultural community, cultural;
6) the need to use a common language and common social experience.
The linguistic situation with the ethnic component "German" is characterized by the following features:
1) is distinguished by ethnic diversity;
2) it is demographically unbalanced (the German language is characterized by a lower demographic power in comparison with the Kazakh and Russian languages);
3) the German language performs fewer social functions in comparison with the prestigious languages;
4) the German language in Kazakhstan has a social and stylistic differentiated system;
5) the legal status of the German language is unequal with the leading languages;
6) there is no degree of genetic affinity of the Kazakh and German languages;
7) the German language does not possess ethnic norms, it is not autochthonous;
8) with regard to the placement of the German population, the situation is autochthonous;
9) by the nature of contacts, the language situation is direct contact and indirectly contact (German-Russian-Kazakh, German-Kazakh);
10) the prestige of these linguistic entities is different. German-foreign language bilingualism is a two-component, one-sided type, widespread in rural areas, spontaneous and artificial, dialectal,
unbalanced in terms of the functional distribution of languages, non-mass, but more widespread, active, non-closely related, incomplete, partial, mixed.
Intercultural communication in the Kazakh-speaking environment is carried out in the forms of ethnocentrism and ethno-relativism. The ethnocentric form of intercultural communication is actualized in the context of the manifestation of the psychological attitude of ethnocentrism. In this case, the communicants strive to preserve their identity with their culture, perceive the foreign culture through the prism of the opposition "friend / foe". The ethnocentric form of intercultural communication presupposes a clash of subjects of different cultures and speakers of national languages.
The ethno-relative form of intercultural communication is realized in conditions of acculturation, when there is an integration of cultures (cultural and linguistic diffusion), cultural and linguistic expansion, adaptation to another culture. In the course of the implementation of the ethno-relative form of intercultural communication, certain factors take place, such as: psychological, cultural, cognitive, linguo-pragmatic.
In the process of the ethnocentric German-foreign language form of intercultural communication, the following speech representations are actualized:
1) speech behavior of communicants in cases of collision of "right" and "wrong" cultures;
2) verbal behavior in the event of a clash of national mentality;
3) speech behavior in a situation of identification with their culture;
4) speech behavior in the presence of cultural gaps;
5) speech behavior in situations of ethnic prejudice;
6) speech behavior in conditions of impaired competence in the second language;
7) ethno-speech behavior in terms of interlingual homonymy;
8) ethno-speech behavior during the actualization of various communication strategies;
9) etiquette behavior.
The ethno-relative form of German-foreign language intercultural communication involves the implementation of such speech patterns of behavior as:
1) ethno-speech behavior in conditions of culture shock;
2) pluralistic speech behavior;
3) speech behavior in the process of adaptation to another culture;
4) bilingual speech behavior during the integration of two cultures;
5) culturally competent speech behavior;
6) speech behavior in cases of manifestation of marginalism.
Intercultural communication of Germans is actualized in the conditions of acculturation of carriers of one culture and language to another. In the process of acculturation, subjects of intercultural communication go through:
1) the stage of culture shock;
2) the stage of tolerance;
3) the stage of adaptation;
4) stage of integration.
The study of the nationally specific features in the German-Kazakh intercultural communication shows the inadequacy of the speech behavior of the Germans and Kazakhs, since these ethnic groups are characterized by a peculiar culture, a special language. This can be traced, for example, in translation activities in the process of transferring a cultural context.
Bibliographic list
1. Khasanov B. Kazakh-Russian artistic and literary bilingualism. - Alma-Ata: Rauan, 1990 . - 191 p.
2. Khasanov B. National languages, bilingualism and multilingualism: searches and prospects. - Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan, 1989 . - 136 p.
3. Khasanov B. Languages of the peoples of Kazakhstan and their interaction. - Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1976 . - 216 p.
4. Shtab V. A. Sociolinguistic study of the language of the Germans in Kazakhstan: author. ... Cand. philol. Sciences: 10.02.19. - M., 1990 . - 23 p.
5. Rabinovich A. A. About combinatorial and distributive changes in the German pronunciation of Kazakh students // Zarubezh. linguistics and lit. - Alma-Ata, 1973. - Issue. 3. - P. 48.
6. Abdigaliev S. A. Ways of overcoming lexical interference in teaching the German language: author. ... Cand. philol. sciences. - M., 1996 .-- 23 p.
7. Repin B. I. Questions of translation of the Kazakh national-specific vocabulary (based on the translation of the epic novel "The Path of Abai" by MO Auezov into German): author. ... Cand. philol. sciences. - Alma-Ata, 1997 .-- 30 p.
Мухамедина Айгуль Алькеновна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков и переводческого дела, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан) e-mail: aigul_kuam@mail.ru
Батаева Фроза Асановна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков и переводческого дела, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан) e-mail: asanfroza@gmail.com
Дата поступления статьи: 12.10.2021
© Мухамедина А.А., Батаева Ф. А., 2021
