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1FRANSIZ DiLiNDa SOZONULaRlN SEMANTiK D9Y9RL9Rl
AYGUN QOCAYEVA
ADPU, Filologiya fakultssi, Xarici Dillar Markazi, ba§ muallim
Xulasa. Fransiz dilindd isimlarda hallanma olmadigi ugun hal §akilgilarini sozonular avaz
edir.
Sozonular ela sozlardir ki, cumlada isim va ya avazlik va cumladaki ba§qa soz va ya element arasindaki alaqani gostarir. Fransiz dilinda i§lanan sozonlarinin malik oldugu qrammatik mana Azarbaycan dilinda ba§lica olaraq hal §akilgilari va qo§malarla ifada edilir. Muasir fransiz dilinda sozonlari ila alaqadar problemlardan biri onlarin nominativ manasinin olub-olmamasi ila baglidir. Bela ki, yuxarida qeyd edildiyi kimi, dilgilarin sozonlarinin manasi ila bagli fikirlari muxtalifdir; bazi dilgilar sozonlarinin heg bir manaya malik olmadigini, bazilar sozonlarinin qrammatik manaya, bazilari isa onlarin leksik-qrammatik manaya malik oldugunu deyirlar. Burdan bele naticaya galmak olar ki, "sozonlari fransiz dilinda boyuk ahamiyyata malik olan komakgi sozlardir. Sozonlari vasitasila sozlarin bir-birina munasibati ifada edilir. Sozonlari, adatan, aid oldugu isimlardan va ya isim funksiyasini da§iyan digar nitq hissalarindan avval durur, ona gora da bunlara sozonlari deyilir". Sozonunu bir qayda olaraq ismin va ya onun sintaktik avazlayicisinin qar§isinda i§lanan komakgi soz kimi xarakteriza etmak olar.
Agar sdzlw.sozonu, qrammatik mana, leksik- qrammatik mana, komakgi soz
SEMANTiC VALUES OF PREPOSiTiONS iN FRENCH
AYGUN QOJAYEVA
ASPU, Faculty of Philology, Center for Foreign Languages
Summary. Because nouns do not have case in French, case suffixes are replaced by prepositions.
Prepositions are words that indicate the relationship between a noun and pronoun in a sentence and another word or element in the sentence. The grammatical meaning of prepositions used in French is expressed in Azerbaijani mainly by case suffixes and conjunctions. One of the problems with prepositions in modern French is whether or not they have a nominative meaning. So, as mentioned above, linguists have different opinions about the meaning of prepositions; some linguists say that prepositions have no meaning, some say that prepositions have a grammatical meaning, and some say that they have a lexical-grammatical meaning. From here it can be concluded that "words are auxiliary words of great importance in the French language. Prepositions express the relation of words to each other. Prepositions usually precede the nouns to which they belong or other parts of speech that have the function of a noun, so they are called prepositions". The word can be characterized as an auxiliary word used in front of a noun or its syntactic substitute.
Key words: preposition, grammatical meaning, lexical- grammatical meaning, auxiliary word
СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПРЕДЛОГОВ ВО ФРАНЦУЗСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
AЙГЮН ГОДЖAЕВA
ЛГПУ,Филологический факультет, Центр иностранных Языков
Резюме. Поскольку существительные во французском языке не имеют падежа, падежные суффиксы заменяются предлогами. Предлоги - это слова, которые указывают на
связь между существительным или местоимением в предложении и другим словом или элементом в предложении. Грамматическое значение предлогов, используемых во французском языке, в азербайджанском языке выражается в основном падежными суффиксами и союзами. Одна из проблем с предлогами в современном французском языке заключается в том, имеют ли они номинативное значение. Итак, как говорилось выше, лингвисты имеют разные мнения о значении предлогов; Некоторые лингвисты говорят, что предлоги не имеют значения, некоторые говорят, что предлоги имеют грамматическое значение, а некоторые говорят, что они имеют лексико-грамматическое значение. Отсюда можно сделать вывод, что «слова — это вспомогательные слова, имеющие большое значение во французском языке. Предлоги выражают отношение слов друг к другу. Предлоги обычно предшествуют существительным, к которым они относятся, или другим частям речи, имеющим функцию существительного, поэтому их называют предлогами. Предлог можно охарактеризовать как вспомогательное слово, стоящее перед существительным или его синтаксическим заменителем.
Ключевые слова: предлог, грамматическое значение, лексико-грамматическое значение, вспомогательное слово.
Actuality
Prepositions are generally defined by three main characteristics:
1) the preposition is an auxiliary word, these words do not have an independent syntactic function and therefore cannot act as a member of a sentence.
2) the preposition expresses a relationship of subordination between words having an independent meaning.
3) a preposition is used before a noun. On the right side, there is always either a noun or a word acting as a syntactic equivalent of a noun.
Method
In the article, methods of observation, comparison, analysis and generalization were used. Annotation
Research shows that linguists have given different definitions to prepositions. In our opinion, these definitions do not completely characterize prepositions, and we think it is more appropriate to define prepositions as follows. An auxiliary part of speech that is used before a noun or a word that can replace it (pronoun) in a sentence and which expresses the grammatical relationships between them and which does not have any nominative meaning, including any external meaning, is called a preposition .
INTRODUCTION
Prepositions are defined as words that serve to express or specify the relationships that things have with each other. They are fixed and invariable; they have neither gender nor number, they alone do not form any meaning. For them to mean something, they must be followed by an expressed or implied regime, as opposed to adverbs. Some grammarians have divided prepositions into two subclasses: empty prepositions, which are a simple syntactic tool so much so that they carry no semantic load, and full prepositions, as opposed to the first, they carry a semantic load which brings together all the prepositions except the prepositions "a", "de" and "en".
The preposition considered as a grammatical morpheme, becomes a simple tool which acts as a sign of demarcation, an intermediary between two elements of the language system which it relates. Which leads us to say that it is only used alone when it functions as an adverb:
- In front, I was losing my intelligence. (Jean paul Sartre)
It is always followed by a diet which can be, of various nature, necessary and represents the core of the prepositional phrase. The morphology of prepositions leads us to the study of the operations relating to the creation of these words. This can be done using two approaches; one diachronic and the other synchronic. Their genesis is due to three processes: there are those called
"hereditary" whose origin comes from Latin, and by phonetic derivation have become the current prepositions: a = ab and ad, de = de, en = in, par = per, for = pro, sans = sine, sur = super. Those which were formed by composition such as: avec = apud+hoc, dans=de+ intus (Latin adverb) and thanks to the evolution of the language each has undergone metamorphoses until the current form. And those which come from a change of category, the case of some adverbs: since, with, behind, before..., as well as others derive from adjectives: full, except..., and from participle, whether it is present participle such as the prepositions: during, following..., or past participle such as the prepositions: except, except. As far as the expressions are concerned, they are the consequence of the fusion of nouns and prepositions or adverbs and prepositions: thanks to, to middle, far from.
The overlap of one category on another also plunges us into another problem: at what point are we going to consider, for example: with, after, before..., prepositions or adverbs. This double membership leads us to the same morpheme which can assume both functions: adverb and preposition. The distinction between these two categories being so fine that in certain cases, it is difficult to differentiate them.
Which leads us to wonder about the possibility that a preposition, when combined with a verb, acquires an adverbial status. Example : he votes against. we must make do
In both examples "against" and "with" are prepositions, although they are not followed by regime, because the regime in the first case can be interpreted by referring to a candidate for example, although it is not not mentioned in the utterance, it is recoverable in the utterance situation, the same thing for the second case.
Linguists have not decided on this, Moignet, Brondal and Pottier for whom, prepositions without regime remain prepositions, while Cervoni speaks of readverbialization. This controversy arises at the level of the following prepositions: against, with, for, without, before, after, in, above, below... given that they are less abstract and less versatile than their counterpart: a, de, en. In addition, the notional load that they carry makes them more capable of playing a dual role; linguists call this dual role "categorical extension". Cervoni states that "The class of prepositions derives from that of adverbs. The adverb would have been inserted between the verb and its complement provided with a case in order to compensate for the deficiencies of expression, to further specify the relationships of meaning. From a situation where we do not observe a case relationship between the adverb and the noun, and following a multiplication of connections, adverb-noun provided with cases we witness the appearance of a phenomenon conceived as a rection." (32) For him, the preposition appeared to replace the adverb in the case where the latter cannot ensure the function of connecting a verb to its complement. The distinction between the two categories therefore lies at the level of the delimitation of the field of each.
Grasping the meaning of a linguistic unit or expression is a difficult and complicated task. Indeed, the fact of identifying a meaning is based on the property of the construction of meaning, which results from the relationships established between the different units composing a statement, and not from the unit itself. From this we join Guillaume's conception with regard to meaning "the dynamics of meaning forms a system obeying the basic principles of Gestalt theory where the whole is more than the sum of its parts and that on the other side , a part in a whole is something other than an isolated part or a part in another whole. (33) So, grasping the meaning of a preposition can be interpreted in two ways; on the one hand, when it is taken in isolation and on the other hand, when it is part of a whole, where the meaning can vary from one statement to another depending on the context and the different situations of statements. In this sense, we can say that "A preposition is a word that is placed before a noun or an equivalent unit to indicate what relationship the person or thing has with something else. » (.34) From Niesfield's point of view we could conclude that the preposition semantically provides discourse links with contextual information.
The preposition then contains different information which can be, on the one hand, internal to the preposition itself by characterizing their own meaning: "I started reading the newspaper", this means
that I have started an action which will have of progress, as opposed to "I have started reading the newspaper" which means that there is a certain duration of action which can be limited by another action. On the other hand, this information is necessarily present in its own definition but whose semantics depends on the context in which it is used.
We see this very clearly in the use of the preposition "sur" which is characterized by spatiality:
- The vase is on the table (location).
- He left for Algiers (destination located by a place).
- Judging people on their appearance (foundation).
- The tablecloth is on the table (covering).
-Income tax (the report).
- I'm working on this question (no spatial support with the previous sentence).
- I was about to leave (imminence, in this case "about" has a temporal and not spatial value).
- With that, I leave you (sequence and immediate posteriority, temporal use the same case as the previous sentence).
- Rely on yourself (reaction marker).
These examples show the polysemy of the preposition "sur" which is part of the set of prepositions, which allows us to understand the semantic relationship with the context in relation to its own meaning which designates a spatial position.
Each preposition has a unique meaning and meaning effects, a primary meaning and derivations. The meaning of the prepositional entity depends on the context since each expression can be associated with a different synonym. For Cadiot the meaning is, "either borrowed from the linguistic context, or inherited from the semantic representation of the referent, or lexically coded by the preposition. Certain prepositions can meet these two conditions, depending on their uses. » (35) He sees that prepositions have a semantic load, for example:
- He studies in my son's high school
The prepositional phrase can be interpreted as:
- He studies in the same high school as my son.
- He studies in the high school that belongs to my son.
- He studies in the high school where my son is principal.
In this case, we are faced with a multiplicity of interpretations, effects of meaning induced by the context. Cadiot calls this phenomenon "context management". Furthermore, it allowed us to see the complexity and ambiguity of prepositions as well as the different specific values in relation to the context. By context, we mean the representations of the cognitive level associated with the elements contained in the stated sentence and the conditions in which the utterance takes place. Linguistically and according to Cadiot's theory, prepositions are only units of identification (spatial, static and dynamic) among many other orientation and movement markers, etc.
Indeed, the semantic value of prepositions is projected in various communication intentions which are grouped according to P. Charaudeau in different communication sites, they express the qualification, the action, the situation in time and the location in space. He explains that the preposition "á", for example, serves to express different types of relationships, this is because it "has been constructed through its various uses a representational imaginary of space (movement towards a reference which can be realized in a concrete space (going to Paris)), in a mental space, "which describes for example the destination of an object" (a coffee cup), or in a temporal space (we will see each other again in the third day of your convalescence). » (36)
Taking into account the distribution of P.Charaudeau the prepositions will have different values: 1- Movement values: which are subdivided into:
The approach movement, which is expressed with verbs which describe the movement in correlation with the prepositions: to, towards, for, until, for example:
1. I'm going to Paris
2. He is heading towards high school.
3. I'm leaving for America.
4. We reached the border
In the first example the preposition "to" indicates that the movement is continuous and the goal is envisaged. In the second example the preposition "towards" indicates orientation towards the "reference" without being obliged to reach it. In the third example the preposition "for" indicates that the starting point is taken into consideration but the goal is uncertain. In the fourth example the preposition "until" indicates that the goal has been achieved.
The movement of distance is expressed with verbs which describe the distance, for example the verbs come, go out... in correlation with the prepositions: from, from, from, from, for example:
1. The car skidded off the road.
2. He follows me from the door of his house
3. From Ouarzazate it is nothing but the desert.
4. From today, smoking is banned in public places
In the first example the preposition "de " specifies that the movement is continuous and there has been contact with the reference. In the second example the preposition "from" indicates that the starting point is taken into consideration and the movement continues from its origin. In the third example the preposition "from" emphasizes the starting point and the preposition "from" in the fourth example certainly focuses on the point, but it presupposes that before, something else was happening something different from what happens afterwards.
The movement of the route is expressed with verbs which describe a movement in a limited space (to walk, to pass, etc.) with the prepositions in, by, through, through, inside of, between..., For example
1. He keeps moving around the room.
2. He went through the window.
3. He smiled through his tears.
In each example the preposition helps to give meaning in relation to the context in which it is found, in the first example the preposition "in " expresses that the action takes place in an internalized space. In the second example the preposition "by" describes the passage from one place to another in a unidirectional movement. In the third example the preposition "through" expresses the same meaning as the previous example, only here, the passage from one point to another is done despite the obstacle presented by the reference itself.
Position values: regarding positions, there are two types ofpositions:
a)absolute positions
b) relative positions.
a) Absolute positions: these are positions which represent the place in which a being or an event is located, in relation to a "reference ". This position is characterized by two modes of vision, the mode of vision of belonging to the environment in which the reference is located in relation to the position, and the mode of vision of gaze.
The first position can be expressed with the following prepositions: inside, outside, in front, in front, in front, in front, behind, etc. Ex:
- He is next to me.
- He is in front. Conclusion.
De ce fait, nous concluons que les prépositions sont polysémiques, elles possèdent un sens et un effet de sens selon le contexte et la situation discursive dans laquelle elles se trouvent. Et en tant que relateurs de deux unités, elles sont aussi des éléments qui décrivent les faits de langage en fonction des intentions du locuteur et des enjeux communicatifs, qu'ils relèvent de leur polysémie et des effets de discours qu'elles produisent à partir de leurs différents usages selon les différentes situations discursives.
The second position is expressed by prepositions (in front of, behind, in front of, above, etc.), and also adverbs (here, there, above, etc.).
b) Relative positions: these are positions which represent the place where a being or a fact in relation to a reference which has no relation to the speaking subject, it is its aim in relation to an object in a space. The prepositions used are: à, au, dans, sur, au-dedans, inside, en, chez, among, in the middle, out of, in front of, in front of, behind...all these prepositions have the same value but to different degrees, for example the prepositions: on, before, at the front of.. express an orientation. While against, near, near, around express proximity, and the prepositions: to, in, in, inside of, at, among, between express the vision of a place. Conclusion.
Therefore, we conclude that prepositions are polysemous, they have a meaning and a meaning effect depending on the context and the discursive situation in which they are found. And as relators of two units, they are also elements which describe the facts of language according to the intentions of the speaker and the communicative issues, which they relate to their polysemy and the discourse effects which they produce from their different uses according to different discursive situations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. POTTIER B.: Systematics of relationship elements, Paris, Klincksiek, 1962, p. 118
2. RVONI J.: The preposition, semantic and pragmatic study, Paris-Louvain la Neuve, 1991 p. 34
3. GUILLAUME G.: Lessons in linguistics, Les Presses Universitaires Laval, Quebec, 1971. p. 23
4. CADIOT P.: Abstract prepositions in French, Paris, Armand Colin, 1997. p. 180
5. CHARAUDEAU P.: Grammar of meaning and expression 2nd edition, Hachette, Paris, 1992. p. 414
