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37ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
FORMING NEGATION WITH THE PREFIXES Toshhonov L.T.1, G'ofurova H.T.2
1Toshhonov Lochinbek Tursunboyevich - English language
teacher ANDIJAN BRANCH TASHKENT STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY; G'ofurova Himoyat Turdaliyevna - Teacher,
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL №4, ANDIJAN, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: in this article, the meaning of negation is expressed in the English language by the prefixes, words, with negative words and phrases. Forming of parts of speech from one of the parts of speech by adding negative prefixes before the stem are expressed. Keywords: prefix, negation, lexical-semantic, positive meaning, speech, root, morpheme, and stem.
UDC 8.1897
There are a lot of ways of expressing negations in linguistics. Categories of negation are expressed by words and negative prefixes on speech and literature. In literature and oral speech negative prefixes are being used widely. Distributional, lexical-semantic structures of negative prefixes and their statistical characteristics are being learned.
While studying we have widely used the works of the well-known scientists works. In their works negative prefixes can be clearly confounding. Such as: Quirk.R, S Greenboum, G.Leech and J. Svartvik "A comprehensive grammar of the English Language", London (1985); I.V.Arnold "Modern English language lexicology" Moscow «Higher school» 1986 ; Vesnik D. and Khidekel S. Exercises in Modern English Word-building. 1964; K. Kruizsinga. A Handbook of Present-Day English, pt II Z. 1939; Stekauer, Pavol. English Word-Formation. A History of Research (1960-1995). Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation. A Synchronic-
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Diachronic approach. Munchen: Beck.sche Verlagbuchhandlung, 1969 and others.
Today learning foreign languages and express thoughts in other target languages that is very necessary for any modern person. Other languages' history, culture and traditions are connected with this. In this condition we can't express our thoughts.1 More effective way of forming negation is prefixation. It is creating new words by adding prefixes before the root.
A prefix is a syllable that is added to a word at the beginning and to change its meaning. Using prefixes properly is important for expressing situations.
It is necessary to know the meanings of prefixes to determine accurately the meanings of many words. There are some prefixes borrowed from Latin that are widely used in contemporary English and some of them express the negation:
1. Ab. Absent, absolve, abduct, abstract, abuse, avert. The meaning of ab is from, away. It may take the forms a, ab, abs.
2. Ad. Admit, adhere, accord, accept, accredit, affix, allure, annex, appeal, aspire, ascend. The meaning of the prefix is to. By assimilation it may take the form a, ac, af, al, an, as.
3. Ante. Antecedent, antedate, anticipate. The meaning of the prefix is before. It has the forms ante or anti.
4. Con. Confine, convert, coordinate, committee, collect, compile, contain, connect, correspond. The prefix, assimilated to co, col, cor, evidently means together.
5. De. Descend, depart, decompose, deface. Be seems to mean down, from.
6. Dis, di, or dif. Dissent, divide, differ, diffuse. The prefix means separate.
7. Ex, e, or ef. Exalt, expand, elect, evade, evolve, effect, exceed. The meaning of the prefix is out of, from.
8. In. Invade, incline, illumine, illustrate, immerse, impress, irradiate. The meaning of the prefix is in, into. In inactive, incautious, illegal, irreligious, the meaning of in is not. The forms il, im, ir are assimilated from in.
1 Toshxonov L.T., Development of multy language competence of university students. Академическая публикация №8/2019.
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9. Ob. Occupy, offer, oppose, obtain. The meaning of the prefix is in front of, against. The assimilation gives oc, of, op.
10. Pre. Predict, prefer, precede, presuppose, prepay. The meaning of pre in these words is before.
11. Pro. Proceed, proclaim, prolong, propose. The idea of forward, before is clearly shown by pro in these words. The forms por, pur are found in portray, portend, purchase, pursuit, purpose. In pronoun and proconsul, pro means for.
12. Re. Recede, return, recast, recommend, reassert, reform. The meaning of re is back, again.
13. Sub. Sublet, subjoin, submarine, succeed, suffer, suggest, summon, suppress, surprise, suspect. Sub means under. The words given show that it assimilates with c, f, g, m, p, r, s, and becomes sue, suf, sug, warn, sup, sur, sus.
14. Trans. Transform, transfer, transitive. The prefix means across.
15. Un, uni. Unanimous, universal, uniform. The meaning seems to be one. In unsound, uneasy, unreal, etc., the meaning is not.
The analysis of such words can be done on two levels:
1)morphemic (we analyze morphemes which build words);
2)derivational (words are analyzed from the point of view of their structure - complex or not).
Without affixes and prefixes words contain only the primary stem (man, girl, pen, do). Words also contain derivational affixes by adding prefixes or forming words from another word1.
Among them negative prefixes mostly modify the lexical meaning of the word:
By adding negative prefixes they change the meaning of the word, and also they can change the lexico-grammatical class of the word (the part of speech).
There are two types of prefixes:
1) The first type of prefixes can be used as independent words and it is called free morphemes. They form like these words "to
1 Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners CD-ROM 2nd Edition. CD-ROM © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2007. Text © A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007.
undercook - to go under", dog-cheap 'very cheap'; dog-days 'hottest part of the year.
2) The second type of prefixes can't function independently (bound morphemes). Such as; mis- misunderstand, un- unselfish, im- impolite, ir- irregular, dis-disbelieve, il-illegal.
As a rule prefixes do not change the part of speech, but there are several of them which do so. That's why they are called convertive (changing the form/ the part of speech). The runner was disqualified after a blood pressure. I think he is dishonest.
In linguistics prefixes can be classified according to their origin. Here they can be divided into native and borrowed.
Prefixes can also be classified into productive (which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of language development) and non-productive. Prefixes can belong to different styles.
There are some negative prefixes anti-, de-, un-. Such as; antiflash 'serving to protect the eyes', antimatter n, anti- novel n, anti-pollution, deglamorise 'to make less attractive'. The prefix un- increases its relating power, enjoys a new wave of fashion and is now attached even to noun stems.
A literary critic refers to the broken-down "Entertainer" (in John Osborne's play) as a "contemporary un-hero, the desperately unfunny Archie Rice". Unfunny here means "not amusing in spite of the desire to amuse'.1
According to their meaning English negative prefixes are grouped the following way (the major groups):
1) those of negative meaning (dis- - disloyal);
2) those denoting words with the opposite meaning or with the meaning of repetition of some action (un- - undress);
3) those denoting space, time and other relations (pre- -prewar).
As for other peculiarities of English prefixes, they form one of part of speech to another part of speech. Such as: partisan / nonpartisan, sectarian / nonsectarian, usual-unusual.
1Arnold I.V. Modern English lexicology. Moscow "Higher school" 1986. 219 p
Prefixes (un-, in-, il-, ir-, and dis-) are often used to give adjectives (and some verbs and nouns) a negative meaning. Here are common examples: happy-unhappy, like(v)-dislike(v), possible-impossible, legal-illegal (= against the law) correct-incorrect, e.g. irregular verbs un- is used with many different words, e.g. unfriendly, unable, unemployed (= without a job), untidy (= not in order; in a mess) im- is used before some words beginning with m or p, e.g. impolite (= rude), impatient (somebody who is impatient wants things to happen now; they cannot wait for things) il- is used before some words beginning with 1, e.g. illegible (= cannot be read because the writing is very bad) ir- is only used before some words beginning with r, e.g. irresponsible dis- is used before some adjectives, e.g. dishonest, and a few verbs, e.g. dislike, disagree in- is used before a limited number of words, e.g. invisible (= cannot be seen).
A prefix does not normally change word stress ,e.g. happy/unhappy; possible/ impossible. But the stress may change if you want to emphasis the negative or opposite: A: Was he happy about the change? B: No, he was very unhappy about it.
As a result, expression of negation which is express by affixation is being used widely in our speech. They are describing people imagination and emotions on speech. Learning comparative analyzes, expression of negation and facilities are being help and demonstrate distributive, lexical-semantic means in literary discourse.
References
1. Toshxonov L.T., Development of multy language competence of university students. Академическая публикация №8/2019
2. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners CD-ROM 2nd Edition. CD-ROM © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2007. Text © A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007.
3. Arnold I.V. Modern english lexicology. Moscow «Higher school» 1986. 219 p.
