CC BY
18
УДК 81'37
ББК 81.03
Т 46
Tikhonova А.Р.
Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of English Philology Department, Adyghe State University; e-mail: aza.tihonova@mail.ru
Locative-directional preverbs in the Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages: a comparative aspect
Abstract:
For the first time an attempt is made to single out locative-directional prefixes in the Hattian verbs, reveal their meaning and functions by comparing them with locative-directional prefixes in the Abkhazian-Adyghe languages. While singling out prefixes we took into consideration legitimate sound correspondences of vowels and consonants in the Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages: voiced-voiceless, palatal-hard, etc. Hattian sentences are given in Latin, their Abkhazian-Adyghe matches - in the Cyrillic alphabet and Latin transliteration in square brackets. The materials of the study were bilingual texts «The God of Moon Fallen from the Heaven» and «А Building Ritual». The methodology of the investigation is based on L. Talmy's cognitive semantics and typology. Orientation relationships are used for analyzing the meaning of Hattian verbal prefixes. The analysis of the Hattian locative-directional prefixes and their comparison with Abkhazian-Adyghe locative-directional prefixes made it possible to reveal: 1) their coincidence in form and function; 2) the generality of archetype of locative-directional meanings in the matches; 3) the use of incorporation to widen the meaning of a locative prefix. Thus, in spite of a long time gap between the Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages, the locative-directional matches in the languages make it possible to speak of their close relationship. The results of the investigation may be used for writing books on history of Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages and for reconstruction of languages that have no writing.
Keywords:
Preverb, orientation, illative, allative, incorporation, localization, direction, motion.
Тихонова А.П.
Кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английской филологии Адыгейского государственного университета, e-mail: aza.tihonova@mail.ru
Аннотация:
Впервые предпринимается попытка выявить локативно-направительные превер-бы в хаттских глаголах и описать их значения и функции путем сопоставления и сравнения с локативно-направительными превербами в абхазо-адыгских языках. При выделении превербов во внимание принимались закономерные звуковые соответствия гласных, а также согласных в хаттском и абхазо-адыгских языках по звонкости - глухости, мягкости - твердости и т.п. Хаттские превербы даются в латинице, их абхазо-адыгские соответствия - в кириллице и латинской транслитерации в квадратных скобках. Материалом исследования послужили тексты двух билингв: «О боге луны, упавшем с неба» и «Строительный ритуал». Методика исследования основана на поло-
жениях когнитивной семантики и типологии, основы которой заложил Леонард Тал-ми. Категория глагольной ориентации в хаттском языке, являющаяся предметом настоящего исследования, до сих пор не получила освещения, если не считать фрагментарных высказываний отдельных исследователей. Анализ и сравнение хаттских локативно-направительных превербов и их абхазо-адыгских эквивалентов позволили выявить: 1) их совпадение по форме и значению, 2) общность архетипа локативно-направительных значений в сравниваемых языках, 3) использование приема инкорпорации для расширения значения того или иного преверба. Таким образом, несмотря на большой промежуток времени, который разделяет хаттский и абхазо-адыгские языки, соответствия локативно-направительных превербов в этих языках позволяют говорить об их бесспорном родстве. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при написании истории хаттского и абхазо-адыгских языков и при реконструкции языков, не имеющих письменной истории.
Ключевые слова:
Преверб, ориентир, ориентация, иллатив, эллатив, инкорпорация, локализация, направление, перемещение
Although the non-Indo-European character of the Hattian language is undisputed and considered to be established, the interpretation and investigation of Hattian is usually based only on the Indo-European Hittite translation, which may not reflect the grammatical peculiarities of the Hattian language [1: 63].
This study is an attempt to identify the spatial value of Hattian verbal prefixes (hereinafter preverbs) on the basis of their comparison with the Abkhazian-Adyghe preverbs. Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe verbal prefixes were considered kindred, if their graphic representation coincided in view of regular sound correspondences of vowels and consonants provided they were used in similar contexts with the same value [2: 71-76]. The position of prefixes was taken into account according to bilingual data cited by I.M. Du-naevskaya [1: 101-102,106; 115-116].
Alongside with I.M. Dunaevskaya a great contribution to the study of the Hattian verbs was made by E. Forrer, E. Laroche and A. Kammenhuber. However, according to I.M. Dunaevskaya, exploring the verb forms these researchers identified only root in some of them, and did not single out the prefixed part because of its ambiguity. In other verb forms, in situations more favorable for the analysis, they identified about
30 verbal prefixes, mostly personal-pronominal [1: 92]. The validity of Hattian prefixes is so far unconfirmed.
In the Hattian language formal markers of syntactic functions of the nouns are absent, therefore verb prefixes characterize not only and not so much the verbal lexeme, as assume the expression of all the components of the orientation semantics including location of the object, direction, and even the semantic type of a reference object. For more details see [3:72].
In this paper, we use terms traditional for typological descriptions [3: 67-68].
By orientation we understand a semantic category of motion, describing the spatial characteristics of the situation as a whole. Motion itself is a change in an object's basic location from one point to another in space. So motion event pertains to both motion and location. The basic motion event consists of one object (the figure) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference object or ground - location with respect to some place of object). Orientation is conceived as a variable [4: 26].
Markers of orientation can be both verbal and nominal.
Verbal markers of orientation (in our case preverbs - verbal prefixes) serve as indicators of space: they indicate where, how,
where to or where from the motion indicated by the verb takes place.
The most common marker of orientation in Hattian is the preverb ta-.
E. Forrer was the first of the researchers to draw attention to the directional meaning of the prefix ta- and its graphical version za- (Richtungsprafix) in phrases tu-uh-ta-su-ul, tu-uh-za-su-ul [5: 237].
The origin of this preverb obviously goes back to the lexeme t(a)/at «seat, place»: Hattian titahzilat «throne» is the place where the Lord sits. In the Abkhazian-Adyghe languages -ma[ta] is a locative indicator: Abkhazian. ameapma [atearta] means «place, seat» from ameapa [ateara] «to sit»; -m(e)[-t(e)] in Adyghe uibxbanm [shhant], Kabardian upcb3um3 [schhente] «pillow, cushion» literally means «the place for head» with shha, schhe «head», -n is an accretion (epenthesis).
The locative meaning of ta- in Hattian is clearly seen from the utterance sa wa-ah-ku-un wu -ru-se-mu ta-az-zi-ia-ah-du
u
ta-/zu-u-h/a-as-/ti «the apple-tree saw her, the sun goddess of the city of Arinna, in the sky, from top to bottom with radiant garments covered»: ta is an indicator of place, which means «on top, on the surface»; zuh «garments»; as «radiant»; ti/it «to be on» Cf. with the Kabardian umuu [itin] «to be on» zuh «clothes».
As it will be shown below, the preverb ta- in conjunction with other locative indicators is able to express the meaning of direction for all the types of verbal reference objects.
1) The direction inwards (towards the inside or centre of something), into (illative) is rendered by the compound verb, consisting of two stems with the inclusion (incorporation) of the root-suffix -lAa into the second stem {-1Aa means «to put into»): ma-al-hi-ib (good )-hu te-e-ta-ah-su-ul «good, it is said, put it inside»: a-as-ah-bi (evil) ta -as-tu-u-ta su-u-la «be wary of putting evil inside (the house)». Cf. Adyghe hjiwh [ilin] means «to lie inside»).
At the same time the directional preverb ta- and the personal-pronominal prefix
ah- are put before the second stem, and the verbal reference object «House» (confined space) is expressed implicitly, i.e. it is understood only from the context. For more details see [6: 282-284].
Of particular interest are variants of the same content set forth by different Hittite scribes. If the verb ku-ua-at in the utterance tu-u-pi ta-u-ua se-ih-ku-ua-at «fear and terror they have gripped him» may actually be interpreted as «seize, grip», in the second variant ta-a-u-ua tu-pi ta-ah-ku-ua-at the verb ta-ah-ku-ua-at with the preverb fa-indicates most likely the direction inwards, «move into» and corresponds to the Abkhazian a-Taicyapa [a-takuara] «drip inside» «fear and terror filtered into him»
As for the so-called prefix tas- / tes-, which is translated by the Hittites with the help of the negation «no», in fact, it is part of the verb with the warning (prohibitive) meaning. Hattian ta-as-te has correspondence (equivalent) in the Adyghe language: TemTeH [teschten] «to fear».
Like Abkhazian-Adyghe languages, Hattian builds up negative forms of verbs and pronouns by the prefix m(a~): ia-ae i-ma-al-hi-ip «evil inside do not place», zi-si -im a-ah-kun «nobody saw him.»
Presumably, the combination of the negative prefix with a reinforcement particle in the Adyghe language developed into the verbal negation -ep\ Ts yaxtms muhn [Te wahte tiep]. «We have no time». 3biMu cbi(pau3ti. [Zimi sifayep] «1 do not want anything». Negation in the Kabardian language is formed with the help of the suffix -K-bbiM [-kim]: ap mxbbuibiM edotcspK-bUM [ar thilim edzherkim] «he doesn't read books.»
Direction inwards something (illative) can also be expressed with the help of the preverb ha-: ka-a-mar istarrazil ha-nuua Hasammil «slipping into the dark earth god Hashamil went».
In the Adyghe language preverb X3-[he-] combined with a verbal root -xb3 indicates the movement «inwards», into: X3-xbs [hehe] «come into (e.g, the water)». The
movement «outwards» (allative) is expressed by the same preverb in conjunction with the verbal root -kIu[chi] xs-klia-et: «came from (e.g. the water)».
2) Direction towards the reference object, moving with the object of the verb is fulfilled by a verb consisting of two stems including the root-suffix -/, which denotes localization in space. Compare element -I with the Adyghe jikb «foot, footprint, footstep» (ta-a-ru) tu-uh-ta-su-ul tu-u-mi-il «Taru (god of thunder) sent after him (the god of moon) (on his heels, in the wake) downpour.»
3) the preverb ta- also shows direction onto the surface of the reference object URUha-at-tu-s tittahzilat suuaa tabarna katti ta-ni-ua-as «In Hatusse throne was placed, (for) the ruler- the king to ascend it.» This preverb ta- is used in conjunction with ablaut alternation in the root of the verb: cf. nuua «go», niua «ascend».
In the Adyghe language preverb me-[te-] is used with the same meaning in conjunction with the verbal root -xi>3 [he] (illative), me-xts «step on», while the preverb me- combined with the verbal root -kIu represents movement «from the surface of something (allative): re-Klbiet [te-chig]» descended from.»
The Hattian verb of motion nu-u-ua «go» in the phrase a-sa-ah ta-as-te-nu-u-ua pi-e-ui.-il «evil you beware let into the house,» exhibits the properties of a labile verb, i.e. from intransitive it becomes transitive, and it is used in the sense of «let».
4) The direction of action from a lower towards a higher position, place (an upward movement of the type down-up) is also expressed by the preverb ta-: a-an-ta-han kastip «he opened (it) the bar (literally lifted it up)».
In the Abkhazian language the preverb nf- indicates the direction of action from the bottom up or from the inside up: a-nf-gara «to pull sth. from the inside. «
To indicate approach to some reference object Hattian verbs of motion are used with the preverb ka-fq(a-): Se-it-tu-uq-qu-as = se-it-tu-uk-k[a-as] «she came up to him.»
In the Adyghe language the same function is performed by the preverb jcbs [ke-:] Heyuf mwcbojis xbauhxsp Kta-jdoufmbix. [Neusch tikale hachleher ke-kloschtyh] «Tomorrow guests will come to our town».
In the Hattian language deictic orientation with the direction «there» is expressed by the preverb ni/ne-: li-e-ua-e-el ni-i-bu-bi-e zi-i-u pala «His house (the Temple ) rises there (i.e. not here but in Lahtsan) like mountains. «
The meaning «from here to there» is rendered by the preverb ne- in the phrase ba-la an-ne-es ka-han-ua-suidd-un «then he reached the throne of the king» and, as in the Adyghe language, the reference is made with the help of the ergative case. Cf. r-bymM m-cbisb [Gunem nesig] «(he) came to the end (to the border)».
In the Abkhazian and Abazin languages the preverb ua-Zue- indicates movement away from the speaker: d-na-um «he came there».
The Adyghe language retained the preverb ne- only in one verb m-cbiu [ne-sin] «reach», which is generally not used without the preverb m- [ne-] as this preverb has lost its meaning and is now a constituent part of the root. Ktaji3M mcbisb [Kalem nesig] «(he) reached the city». For Kw-cbisb [ke-sig] «(he) reached here», there is a parallel form Kbs-mcbizb which is used with the same meaning [6: 84].
In the Kabardian language the preverb h3- [ne-] is used with some other verbs: h3-mvbbicbiH [ne-plisin] «to reach with glance some limit» e.g. cs-m-wvbavub [se-ne-plash] «1 looked there» [7: 192].
Direction or location inside in the Hattian language is expressed with the help of the preverb i- as, for example, in the following compound word from the verbal root Ue l-ua h-isi «gods of the house»: ue I
e a ° e
«house in the function of the attribute», ua h
' a
«gods», is(i) «sit in»; is(i) is the so-called «bound root»: root, which is singled out only in a number of prefixed lexemes. Compare with the Adyghe Yhbm u-c [wunem is] «(he) sits in the house» = (he) is in»: a static posi-
tion inside a place.
Compare Hattian ia-a-e i-ma-al-hi-ip «evil inside do not put» with Kabardian u-jitxau [i-lhan] «put into». It is an example of motion from the exterior to the interior of a place.
As you can see, the spatial orientation of the verb in the Hattian language basically goes on the horizontal and rarer on vertical axis «bottom-up» and «top-down» from the egocentric point of reference.
Lack of verbal spatial orientation on the vertical axis of the «bottom-up» and «top-down» type is compensated by nominal orientation, which is expressed with the help of a special affix -du / -tu / -su, joined to the name: kab hu (legend has it) i-iah-du (from heaven, where from) kasku (Kashku-god of the moon) zu-du (on earth: where to ) han (fell); kuru (seeing) ka-dah-zi-uuu-ri (Kadahtsivuri - a goddess) zi-ja-ah-su (from heaven: where from). Affix -du/tu/su expresses the direction from top to bottom towards the speaker (from the point of view of the narrator, who is on the ground).
According to O. Soysal, -du /-tu/-su are
graphic options, markers of ablative [9:186].
In the modern Adyghe language there are similar forms of a noun built up with the help of the suffix -du -[di], which means «location near someone or something, or direction to someone or something. U.S. Zekokh refers these forms to adesive case. Otherwise this case could be called the case of location. Adesive denotes: 1) stay about anyone, anything: TIvuttvuttOKKbiep Jiluotcbbmdu ufbic. [Psheshezhyer llyzhimdi schis] «The girl is sitting near an old man»; 2) direction to someone or something: Hbidwsebyjudu cbkIo. [Nybzhegumdi seklo] «1 go to my friend» [10: 95].
The results of the research show community of archetype of the locative-directional meanings in the Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages. Hattian preverbs bear striking resemblance to Abkhazian-Adyghe preverbs and cover the same locative-directional meanings. To widen the meaning of this or that preverb both languages often use a method of incorporation, which indicates that we deal with related languages.
References:
1. Dunaevskaya I.M. Principles of structure of Hattian (protohittite) verb // Near Eastern collection. Problems of Hittitology and Hurritology. - M.: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1961, P. 57-159.
2. Tikhonova A.P. Sound correlation of consonants and vowels in Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages // Bulletin of Adyghe State University. Iss. 2 (140), Maikop, 2014. P. 81-86.
3. Plungyan V.A. On the specifics of the expression of nominal characteristics in the verb: category of verbal orientation // Grammaticalization of spatial meanings / ed. by V.A. Plungyan. M.: Russkiye slovari, 2002. P. 57-98.
4. Talmy Leonard. Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Typology and Process in Conceptual Structuring. 2 vols. Vol. 2. - Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006, 495 pp.
5. Foner E. Die Inschriften und Sprachen des Hatti-Reiches. ZDMG, N.F. 1,2,1922, S.174-179.
6. Rogava G.V., Kerasheva Z.I. Grammar of Adyghe language. Krasnodar, Maikop: Krasnodar Publishing house, 1966, 462 pp.
7. Rogava G. V. Preverbs of direction in Abkhazian-Adyghe languages // Year book of Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics. Tbilisi, 1979. Iss.VI. P. 83 - 89
8. Kumakhov M.A. Morphology of Adyghe languages. M.; Nalchik, 1964. P. 192.
9. Soysal O. Hattisher Wortschatz in Hethittischer Textuberlieferung // Handbook of Oriental Studies Section l.The Near and Middle EastVol.1. 2004, Leiden - Boston: Brill. - 1029 pp.
10. Zekokh U.S. Adyghe Grammar. Maikop: GURIPP Adygheya, 2002. - 512 pp.
Примечания:
1. Дунаевская И.М. Принципы структуры хаттского (протохеттского) глагола // Переднеазиатский сборник. Вопросы хеттологии и хурритологии. М.: Изд-во восточной литературы, 1961. С. 57-159.
2. Тихонова А.П. Звуковые корреляции согласных и гласных в хаттском и абхазо-адыгских языках // Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. Сер. Филология и искусствоведение. 2014. Вып. 2(140). С. 81-86.
3. Плунгян В .А. О специфике выражения именных характеристик в глаголе : категория глагольной ориентации // Грамматикализация пространственных значений / под ред. В.А. Плунгян. М.: Русские словари, 2002. С. 57-98.
4. Talmy L. Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Typology and Process in Conceptual Structuring: 2 vols. Vol. 2. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006. 495 p.
5. Forrer E. Die Inschriften und Sprachen des Hatti-Reiches. ZDMG, N.F. I, 2, 1922. Bd. 76. S.174-179.
6. Рогава Г.В., Керашева З.И. Грамматика адыгейского языка Краснодар; Майкоп: Краснодар, кн. изд-во, 1966. 462 с.
7. Рогава Г.В. Превербы направления в абхазо-адыгских языках // Ежегодник иберийско-кавказского языкознания. Тбилиси, 1979. Вып. VI. С. 83-89.
8. Кумахов М.А. Морфология адыгских языков. М.; Нальчик, 1964. С. 192.
9. Soysal О. Hattisher Wortschatz in Hethittischer Textüberlieferung // Handbook of Oriental Studies Section l.The Near and Middle East. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004. Vol. 1. 1029 p.
10. Зекох У.С. Адыгейская грамматика. Майкоп: Адыгея, 2002. 512 с.
