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УДК330.101
Qurbonov Ja.P.
Sotvoldiyev E.M.
Andijon Agricultural Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan city FORMATION OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE
Abstract: This article discusses the structure, purpose and function of economic science
Keywords: Structure, economy, function
Курбонов Ж.П.
Сотволдиев Э.М.
Андижанский Сельскохозяйственный Институт
Узбекистан, г. Андижан ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ
Аннотация: В этой статье обсуждается структура, цель и функция экономические науке
Ключевые слова: структура, экономика, функция
The history of economic thought is closely connected with the history of the national economy. Man has always sought to learn the secrets of economic processes, to learn how to regulate them in the right directions. Already in the ancient world, interest in economic life was reflected, reflected in the works of Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle, other scientists of the ancient world, in the works of the thinkers of ancient Egypt, China, India. It was the ancient thinkers who introduced the name of the science of "economy" into circulation, which in Greek means "oikos" - a house, a farm, a "nomos" teaching, a law.
Xenophon (about 430-355 BC) a representative of ancient Greek economic thought, a historian, a philosopher, became an ideologist of the class of slaveholders. Agriculture, based on slave labor, he regarded as a natural phenomenon. He substantiated the division of physical and mental labor: the executors of slaves, the leaders of slaveholders. One of the first he drew attention
to the relationship between the division of labor and the size of the market. His work "Economics" was widely spread in ancient Rome, and later feudal Europe.
Aristotle (Aristotle's) - (384-322 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. In his works he covered a wide range of areas of knowledge: logic, physics, zoology, psychology, ethics, politics, rhetoric, poetics, and economics. He also considered slavery as the basis of production. The science of wealth he divided into savings and hremenistiku. Under the former, he understood the natural wealth that arose as a result of productive activities in agriculture and crafts and aimed at satisfying the needs of people and limited to these needs. The second kind of wealth he called unnatural, because it arises from circulation and is not limited in any way. Proceeding from this, he considered the product as a commodity having a double meaning; in essence, spoke of consumer and exchange value. Aristotle spoke of the need for a fair exchange, which meant the equality of dissimilar things. However, Aristotle could not find out what this equality is, he believed that the goods become commensurable only thanks to money.
In the Middle Ages, economic views developed under conditions of domination of the religious worldview. This also applies to the economic problems of early Christianity, and to the economic teachings contained in the Qur'an. In general, pre-capitalist epochs are characterized by the formation of only separate elements of economic knowledge within the framework of a single, yet undivided science.
As an independent science, economic theory emerges only with the emergence of the capitalist system, the formation of the national market. It expressed the needs and interests of the bourgeoisie as an ascending class. Since capitalist relations began to take shape, first of all, in the sphere of trade, respectively, the first theoretical school was mercantilism (from the Italian "mercantile" - merchant, merchant). Representatives of this school believed that the wealth of people is money, gold, for which you can buy everything. Such representations were not accidental. International trade brought in large profits, a tangible increase in wealth due to the fact that in one country the goods were bought at low prices, while in another they were sold at higher prices. Mercantilists advised the state to expand trade, accumulate gold in the country. One of them, Antoine de Montcretien, gave the economic theory the name "political economy" (in 1615), which in Greek meant "politeia" - the social structure, the art of governing the state, that is, became the science of state management of the economy. This name has become traditional.
Subsequently, the theoretical doctrine of the physiocrats appeared (A. Turgot, F. Quesnay, 1694-1774).
"Physiocracy" - in translation from Greek - the power of nature. Physiocrats believed that the source of wealth is production, or rather, agriculture, where wealth occurs naturally and is a gift of nature. Produced costs, for example, when sowing cereals, pay for the increase in production.
The difference is a net product or net income. Physiocrats overlooked the
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fact that nature itself without the application of capital and labor can not constantly multiply the wealth of society.
The most reasonable answers to the questions were given by the classical school. Its outstanding representatives were the English economists William Petty (1623-1687), Adam Smith (1723-1790) and David Riccardo (1772-1823gg). They established that the wealth of a nation arises in production, and in all its branches, and its universal form is the value of goods. Growth of wealth occurs when initially the amount of cost is spent for production, grows by an additional amount (profit). W. Petty wrote that nature, figuratively speaking, is the mother of all wealth, but his father is labor. The economic and social progress of society is increasingly dependent on the results of labor. Classics put forward and substantiated a system of concepts and categories that are a reflection of many economic processes. From that moment, economic theory became a true science.
Under the influence of the industrial revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the contradictions of capitalism began to manifest itself, the public role of the bourgeoisie changed, the class struggle of the proletariat intensified. Under these conditions, criticism of bourgeois classical political economy began to increase.
Used sources:
1. Умарова Г. Ш. Роль иностранных инвестиций в развитии национальной экономики //International scientific journal. - 2016. - №. 3. - С. 148-149.
2. Камолов А.А. Внешнеэкономическая деятельность Узбекистана"Теория и практика современной науки 5 (2017): 958-961.
