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FEATURES OF THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION IN THE COUNTRIES OF
CENTRAL ASIA
Altayev A.
doctor of historical sciences, professor, Al-Farabi Kazah National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Utegenova I.
master student of history, Al-Farabi Kazah National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract
The article comprises the range of the issues related to the ethnic composition of populations in countries of Central Asia in modern period. An analysis of large amount of statistical data shows the dynamics of changes in the number and proportion of the titular and largest ethnic groups of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan between 1989 and 2017.
Keywords: Central Asia, ethnic structure, multi-ethnic composition, ethnic homogeneity, title ethnos, repatriation
Central Asia is a vast and complex region, which is designated by the proposal of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, five former Soviet republics -Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In the ethnic sense, the first four countries are Turkic, and the latter refers to the Iranian group.
The population of the region has historically evolved as a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional. At the same time, due to a number of political and socio-
economic factors, Asian and European components were present in its composition, the ratio of which had different variations in a specific country profile. After gaining independence, the ethnic composition of the population of Central Asia underwent a radical transformation.
Today, the population potential of the CARs is growing rapidly, since its total number from 1991 to 2017 increased from 50,995,000 to 70,167,203 people.
Table 1
Population of Central Asian countries in 1991-2017. [1]__
1991 2017 Growth in thousand people Increase in %
Kazakhstan 16 793 000 18 074 100 1 281 100 7,1
Kyrgyzstan 4 422 000 5 529 000 1 107 000 20,01
Tajikistan 5 358 000 8 965 827 3 607 827 40,2
Turkmenistan 3 714 000 5 477 176 1 763 176 32,2
Uzbekistan 20 708 000 32 121 100 11 413 100 35,5
Total 50 995 000 70 167 203 19 172 203 27,3
For the period 1991-2017 years. the total population of Central Asia increased by 19,172,203. or 27.3%. The largest growth rates are in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan- 40.2 and 35.2%, respectively. At the same time, Uzbekistan with the highest population in 1991 has further consolidated its position, in 2017, the share in the region reached 45.8%, or almost half.
Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan showed an increase in population by 32.2 and 20.01%, their population increased by 1,763,176 and 1,107,000 people, respectively. The lowest growth rates were shown by Kazakhstan - only 7,1% or 1,281,100 people. It retained the
second place in terms of its population, today its share is 25.8%, which is almost half that of the leader, Uzbekistan.
The growth of the population in all the states of the CAR without exception was due to the increase in the title ethnic groups. Today, the most numerous ethnic group in the region is Uzbeks, in second place Kazakhs, on the third - Tajiks, followed by Kirghiz and Turk-mens. In the population of Central Asian countries there are more or less these five ethnic groups.
Table 2
Number and relative density of titular ethnic groups in the population of the CAR countries [2]
Countries Kazakhs Kyrgyz Tajiks Turkmens Uzbeks
Thousand % Thousand % Thousand % Thousand % Thousand. %
Kazakhstan 11748179 66,48 23274 0,15 44738 0,25 - - 548841 3,11
Kyrgyzstan 35087 0,57 4 492 667 72,98 53 848 0,87 2128 0,034 898 363 14,60
Tajikistan 595 0,01 60715 0,80 6373834 84,26 15171 0,20 1054726 13,94
Turkmenistan 138000 2,70 1000 0,02 4900 0,10 4011000 78,57 479000 9,38
Uzbekistan 830400 2,5 274400 0,9 1544700 4,8 192000 0,6 24858159 82,9
Total in the 12752261 18,2 4852056 6,9 8022020 11,4 4220299 6,01 27 839 39,75
region 089
The largest number in the region is the Uzbek eth-nos - 27,839,089 people, which is 39.7% of the total population of the CAR. 24,858,159 of them live in Uzbekistan, which is 82.9% of the population of the republic. Uzbeks are settled in all CAR countries, the largest number of them is in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan - 1,054,726 and 898,363 people, or 13.9 and 14.6%, respectively.
In Turkmenistan, Uzbeks are the second largest ethnic group - 479,000, which exceeds 9%. In Kazakhstan, in 2016, Uzbeks took the third place in number and density, ahead of the Ukrainians who had previously been in this position. Uzbeks today represent the most numerous and widely dispersed throughout the Central Asian region ethnos.
Kazakhs - the second largest ethnic group in the CAR - 12,752,261 people or 18.2%, most of them -11,748,179 lives in their country. Today the Kazakhs have regained their predominance in the population structure, their share has reached 66.48%.
The largest Kazakh diaspora is represented in Uzbekistan - 830,400 or 2.5%. The number of the Kazakh population in this country is declining and quite rapidly due to the processes of repatriation to Kazakhstan. So, since 2004 their specific declined from 4.05 to 2.5% (1.55%).
In Turkmenistan, the share of Kazakhs is 2.7% and continues to decrease, according to some sources it is already less than 1%. The number and proportion of the Kazakh population in Kyrgyzstan is low, 0.57% and very low in Tajikistan - 0.01%.
Thus, the Kazakhs are mainly concentrated in the territory of Kazakhstan, and their earlier larger number and share in other Central Asian countries is declining rapidly due to the unstable situation in them and the policy of repatriating the oralmans - ethnic Kazakhs in Kazakhstan.
Tajikistan is the third largest ethnic group, accounting for 11.4% of the total population of the region. The overwhelming majority - 6,373,834 people live in the territory of their country, where they make up 84.26% of the total number of Tajikistan. The largest Tajik diaspora is located in Uzbekistan - 1,544,700 people or 4.8% 0.87% of Tajiks are represented in Kyrgyzstan, 0.25% in Kazakhstan and just 0.1% in Turkmenistan. The fourth largest ethnic group in Kyrgyzstan is 6.9% of the total population of the CAR. 4,492,667 people live in Kyrgyzstan, the number and relative density of them in other countries of the region is low -
from 0.02% in Turkmenistan to 0.9% in Uzbekistan. The fifth place is occupied by Turkmens with a share of the population of 6.01%. At the same time, out of their total number in the entire region, 4,220,299 people
- 4,011,000 or 99.2% are resettled in Turkmenistan itself. In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, this ethnic group is represented by 0.62, 0.20 and 0.034%, and there is no data for Kazakhstan.
After considering the number and proportion of the title ethnic groups of the Central Asian countries, let us turn to the peculiarities of their ethnic composition.
Kazakhstan. The most multi-ethnic country in the region, according to some sources, about 130 ethnoses live in it. As of 01.01.2016, Kazakhs constitute the majority of the population - 66.48%. The second largest ethnic group is Russian - 20.61%, in third place - Uzbeks with 3.11%, followed by Ukrainians (1.64%), Ui-ghurs (1.45%), Tatars (1.15%) and others [3].
In 2016, in comparison with 1989, when the last All-Union Census was carried out, the number of Kazakhs increased from 6,534,616 [4] to 11,748,179. The share of Kazakhs increased from 39.69% to 66.48% -almost 1.7 times. The increase was due to both an increase in natural growth, but mainly due to the immigration of oralmans.
The share of Russians during this period declined from 37.82% to 20.61%. There was a serious decrease in the number and share of other European ethnoses: Ukrainians - from 5.44% to 1.64%, Germans - from 5.82 to 1.03%, Belarusians - from 1.11 to 0.33%, Poles
- from 0.32% to 0.18%.
The reasons for a such abrupt decline in the number and proportion of European ethnic groups was the activation of emigration in the mid-1990s, which declined at the beginning of the 21st century. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan remains the only country in Central Asia in which the number and proportion of the European, primarily Russian, ethnicity is high. Entire regions with a predominance of the Russian-Slav population are preserved. Thus, in the Kostanay region out of 883,640 people, the Russians make up 367,335 people, and together with the Ukrainians - 443,356, while the Kazakhs - 350,905.
Eastern and Asian ethnic groups have demonstrated positive trends. Thus, Uzbeks showed the largest growth rates and specific weight, whose share increased from 2.02% to 3.11%. The share of Uighurs increased from 1.13% to 1.45%, Dungan from 0.18 to
0.37%, Turks from 0.30 to 0.62%, Tajiks from 0.17 to 0.25%, Kurds - from 0.15 to 0.25%, Kyrgyz - from 0.08 to 0.15%.
Thus, at this stage, the Kazakhs returned the numerical advantage that was lost during the Soviet period. The Russian and European populations show a decline, while the eastern, primarily Turkic, and Asian ethnic groups increase the number and proportion.
Kyrgyzstan is also a multiethnic country with almost the same ethnic representation of Kazakhstan -about 100 nationalities. However, the large-scale migration of Russian, Slavic and European ethnoses led to a significant decrease in their representation in the country and the predominance of the indigenous Kirghiz and some other Turkic and Asian ethnic groups.
By 2016, the Kirghiz population increased to 4,393,057, their share was 72.98%. The second place is occupied by Uzbeks, whose number in 2016 was 898,363 people or 14.6%.
Russians settled down in third place, their number in 2016 decreased to 356,637 people or 5.8%. Compared to 1989, the reduction is more than 2.5 times in absolute figures and almost 3.6 times in terms of shares. The fourth position is taken by the Dungans, which showed growth from 0.87 to 1.12%. [5]. On the fifth line, the Uighurs, slightly increased their share from 0.86 to 0.91%
In general, Kyrgyzstan, while maintaining a small representation of non-indigenous ethnic groups, which for the time being ensures its multinationality, demonstrates the trend towards a monoethnic composition typical for other Central Asian countries, with the exception of Kazakhstan.
Uzbekistan still retains a relative multi-ethnicity. But the bulk of the population is Uzbeks, whose share in the total population is systematically increasing. Between 1991 and 2017, the number and proportion of Uzbeks increased from 14,995,300 people (72.8%) to 26 917 700 people (83.8%). The second place is occupied by Tajiks, whose number increased from 9,807,000 to 1,544,700 people, that is, more than 1.5 times. The third line is occupied by Kazakhs, whose number as of 01.01.2017 was 803,400 people. Compared to 1991, it was decrease of 41,900 people.
The Russians, who in 1991 ranked second in number - 1,593,800 people and accounted for 7.7% of the total population, declined to 750,000 by 2017, and their share fell to 2.3%. Today they are on the fourth position.
Karakalpaks came in fifth place, the number of which increased from 431 900 to 708 800 people from 1991 to 2017, more than 1.6 times [6].
The reasons are a large-scale migration outflow of Russian and other Slavic, and European ethnic groups. Migration balance of the country for 25 years has a negative meaning. The decrease in the number and proportion is characteristic of all European ethnic groups. The growth of numbers is primarily due to the high natural growth of Uzbeks, the most numerous people in Central Asia.
The ethnic composition of Tajikistan has undergone significant changes as a result of the migration outflow of the Russian-speaking population. So, if in
1989 there were 388,481 Russians living in the republic, making up 7.63%, according to the 2010 census their number was reduced to 34,838 (0.46%), that is, more than 11 times [7].
In 2010, in the country, Tajiks together with indigenous ethnic minorities - Pamiri and Yagnobians - comprised 6,373,834 people or 83.4%. The Uzbeks settled down in second place - 926.3 thousand or 12.2%, and 1054.7 thousand, or 13.9%, with people close to them (lakays, konts, durmen, katagans, barbos, etc.).
The third place is occupied by Kirghiz - 60.7 thousand or 0.8%, followed by Russians - 34.8 thousand or 0.5%, in fifth place Turkmen - 15.1 thousand or 0.2%.
If before 1990 Tajikistan was three-national - Tajik-Uzbek-Russian, today it is actually a two-national-Tajik Tajiks. At the same time, the share of Uzbeks decreased from 23% in 1989 to less than 13.94% in 2010.
The definition of the ethnic composition of Turkmenistan is very difficult, since after the 1995 census, the data of the new 2012 census were never published, nor, in general, official annual data.
According to estimates, the number of Turkmen from 1989 to 2010 increased from 2,536,606 (72.01%) to 4,011,000 (78.5%).
The second largest Uzbeks in this period slightly increased their share from 9.01 to 9.38%. The share of Kazakhs increased slightly from 2.49 to 2.70%, Azer-baijanis from 0.95 to 1.02%, Tatars from 1.11 to 1.19%, Kurds from 0.12 to 0.14% [8].
All other ethnic groups showed a tendency to reduce. In particular, it affected to Russians, according to the 1989 census, ranking second in terms of numbers and specific weight (9.48%) [9], in 2010 it dropped to 3.23%, or almost three times.
In the ethnic composition of Turkmenistan, Balo-chi (one of the ethnic groups in Iran and Afghanistan), since 1926, was in fifth place in terms of numbers. However, this people also touched on the reduction, which in the period 1989-2010 in absolute figures - 428 people and in the proportion of 0.09%. The ethnic composition of Turkmenistan is rapidly moving towards homogeneity, according to different estimates, the share of Turkmen is 83 to 91%.
Thus, the ethnic composition of the population of Central Asian countries is becoming increasingly mono-national, the number of titular ethnic groups is growing rapidly. Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan increased the share of indigenous population to 83 and more percent.
At the same time, the number and share of the European component decreased substantially. Kyrgyzstan is on the way to ethnic homogeneity, the share of Kyr-gyz is already over 72%. Only Kazakhstan at this stage can be classified as a multi-ethnic state, in which a relatively high representation of European ethnic groups -Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Poles, etc.
REFERENCES:
1. Table comp. by author: Sources: Population on 01/01/2017. The website of the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan // http://www.stat.gov.kz, the site of the
National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic; Demographic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan 2017. // The site of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan. //http://stat.uz/en/; The website of the Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan //http://www.stat.tj/ru/; The site of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Turkmenistan //
http://www.stat.gov.tm/en/main/info/turkmenistan/
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4. All-Union Census of the USSR 1989. Kazakh SSR. Distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue. Table 9 with. // http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php ?reg=5
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8. National composition of the population of Turkmenistan according to Joshuaproject estimates
9. The national composition of the population of Turkmenistan for the 1989 All-Union Census. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_89.ph p?reg=7
