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TARAQQIYOT STRATEGIYASI: AQLLI SHAHAR, RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT, SUN'IY
INTELLEKT
EXPLORING THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF CITIES AROUND THE WORLD
assist. teach. Z.A.Mirzayeva, stud. Sh.Xabibullayeva,
Fergana Polytechnic Institute
Annotation. This article presents the evaluation of the world's cities from the point of view of urban planning, the study and implementation of the infrastructure of large cities.
Keywords: square, urban places, residents, religious groups, industrialized, manufacturing, location, communities, obey, garbage collectors
City is a community where thousand or even millions of people have been living and working. Cities are the most crowded places in the World. New York City, for example, has an average of about 19,900 persons per square mile (7,700 persons per square kilometer). The United States as whole averages only about 68 persons per square mile (26 persons per square kilometer). Similarly, other large cities of the world have population densities that are hundreds or thousands of times as large as their average national population densities.
The percentage of the world's people living in urban places (cities and their surrounding areas) keeps growing. In 1800, only about 2.5 percent of the world population lived in urban places. This figure reached 45 percent in 1990, and it is expected to grow to 55 percent by about the year 2010. In 1800, the United States classified only about 5 percent of its population as urban. This figure has reached about 75 percent and might reach 80 percent by 2010.
Cities offer a variety of activities for their residents and visitors. Art museums display works by famous artists and musicians perform in classical recitals or rock concerts. Motion pictures from around the world play at local theaters. Restaurants offer food from diverse cultures, and department stores sell a wide range of products. Huge stadiums enable thousands of people to attend sporting events.
Nevertheless, many cities are overcrowded, dirty, and noisy. Traffic jams delay people who are trying to travel to work, stores, or other places. Automobiles and electric power plants dirty the air with fumes that endanger people's health. Motor vehicles, factories, sirens, and construction equipment create bothersome noise. Many cities have a high crime rate, and violence sometimes breaks out between racial or religious groups.
People choose to live in or near cities for several reasons. Many people enjoy the rapid pace and bustling activity of city life. However, the main reason people choose cities is the number and variety of jobs available. The cities of most industrialized nations serve as manufacturing centers. A manufacturing company might provide jobs to many people, such as factory workers and accountants. Far fewer jobs are available in the cities of developing nations, including most of the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Even so, large numbers of people flock to these cities searching for work.
Physical environment of a city includes its location, its climate, and the availability of water and food. Cities have been founded in many kinds of environments, but their development has depended on certain favorable environmental features. All cities, for instance, must have enough drinking water. Early communities, which depended on farming, needed enough rainfall to grow crops. Good soil was also essential for growing crops, and nearness to other food—animals and edible plants— was helpful. Other favorable environmental features included a reasonably mild climate and a location near materials for making clothes and building shelters.
Early people found many favorable environmental features in river valleys with hot weather. Some chose to settle in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley of what is now Iraq and the Nile Valley of what is now Egypt. Other early people settled in the Huang He (Yellow River) Valley
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TARAQQIYOT STRATEGIYASI: AQLLI SHAHAR, RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT, SUN'IY
INTELLEKT
of present-day China and the Indus Valley of what are now northwestern India and Pakistan.
Through the years, other environmental features have also helped cities develop. Since ancient times, for example, people have traveled in ships to trade with people of other nations. Many cities that lay near large bodies of water became important trading centers. They included Istanbul, Turkey; London, England; Shanghai, China; and Venice, Italy. Chicago, in the United States, and Toronto, in Canada, developed partly because they lay along important land and water transportation routes. Many cities, including Manchester, England, gained importance as manufacturing centers because of nearby minerals or other raw materials needed for manufacturing. Some cities owe their development chiefly to climate. For example, the warm, healthful climate of parts of Florida and the Southwestern United States attracted many people.
Neolithic had a simple social organization. People were required to respect each other rights, and children had to obey their parents. But most villages had few government officials as we think of such officials today. Someone probably took care of the surplus food, and there may have been a chief planner for defense against outsiders. As cities grew, the duties of family members and neighbors toward each other remained basically the same. But to keep order in cities, governments took on a greater role in managing community affairs and providing services for the people. Government officials organized trade, planned military action, and conducted religious worship. The number of workers employed by cities also increased. Today, these workers include mayors, city planners, garbage collectors, police officers, and teachers.
List of used references:
1. "Shaxarsozlik asoslari va landshaft arxitekturasi". Isamuxamedova D.U., Adilova L.A.
2010.
2. "Zamonaviy shaharlar" ensiklopediyasi. O'zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi Milliy nashriyoti
3. "Градостроителный анализ". N. Yargina Moskva, «Sroyizdat»1984g.
4. "Справочник проектировшика". Под обшей редакцией В.Н.Белорусова, Москва ,1978 г.
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