CC BY
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Economical problems in the cities of Fergana valley (in the example of 1917-1924s)
In the consequence of horrible circumstances and public disgrace that the conquerors and first rulers of India were subject to, the victories and conquests lost their brilliance; they were looked at unjustly and shortsightedly. Clive and Hastings were in the position similar to the position of Caesar, William of Orange and Napoleon. Their behavior was looked at from the point of ordinary people... Same rules applied to the deeds of ordinary people were applied to their actions,
which decided the fate of millions of people, appointed and threw down the rulers and established the whole Empire. It is similar to the summons of Caesar, Cromwell and William of Orange to the commercial court or the court of correctional police.» [4, 46].
One can agree or disagree with the above stated opinion, but we reckon that law is for everyone. And the English law gave its definition towards the first general governors of India.
References:
1. Antonova K. A. English conquest of India in XVIII. - Moscow: Publishers of the eastern literature, 1958. - 324 p.
2. Bart de Panoen. India under the British rule. - М.,1848.
3. Lord Clive. A latter to proprietors of the East India stock. - L., 1794.
4. Malcolm J. The Life of Robert, Lord Clive. 3 vols. - L., 1836.
5. Macaulay T. B. Lord Clive. - M., 1852.
Mansurov Ulugbek Umarovich, Senior teacher at Namangan state university, Uzbekistan E-mail: mirzo_ulugbek80@mail.ru
Economical problems in the cities of Fergana valley (in the example of 1917-1924s)
Abstract: In this article informed about the economic regression occurred in the cities of Fergana valley and its results.
Keywords: The cities of Fergana valey, Oktober revolution, economic crisis, the Soviet government, hungriness, the press, the problem of food, new economiy policy.
In the result of the economical events carried out by setting the Soviet government in Turkistan the economical situation in Fergana valley got worse. In the consequence of the decline in the agriculture of Russia in 1917 and the drop in productivity delivering grains to the region dramatically reduced. Especially, in the previous years before the October revolution from 14 million pood to 20 million pood (pood is a unit of measure equal to 16 kg.) grain was brought into Turk-istan every year, but in 1918-1919’s with great difficulties less than 1,5 million pood grain was brought, only [1, 104].
While 52 million pood grain harvest was gathered in 1917 throughout Turkistan, the demand of the region for the grain was 110 million pood at that time [2, 102]. In the result of the economical crisis in the region the rural working people’s interest towards growing cotton decreased, and it also caused dramatically reduction of agricultural fields. Also, devastation didn’t go around the industry of the region. In the cotton ginning industry, which was a leading branch of the industry, the volume of manufacturing reduced more than twice in 1917 than in 1915 [3, 514-517]. Because of the general crisis in the economy in the result of World War I began in 1914 the future harvest was lost because of stopping bringing in the grains from abroad and the severe cold in the winter of1916-1917, and the droughts in the summer of1917. The decline in the field of cotton growing brought to increase the number of the unemployed in the cities of Fergana valley.
According to the information, in 1917 in Fergana there were about 400 thousand unemployed sharecroppers (which uses the landowner’s animals and equipment in exchange for 1/4 of the crop), 300 thousand landless cotton-growers and 50 thousand factory workers [4]. In 1918 in Fergana 1,5 million people met 800 thousand dessiatina (measure of land = 10,900 sq. metres or 2.7 acres) land, that is, it coincided with half dessiatina land each person [5]. In such condition the farmers and urban people who dispossessed their living devices filled the rank of the strugglers for freedom against the Soviet government.
In 1917 in Fergana the areas of cotton fields dropped from 248,325 dessiatina to 70,000 dessiatina in 1918, and to 33,000 dessiatina in 1921. The number of livestock animals was 1,565,414 in 1917, and in 1921 it was 146,336 [6, 225].
In 1916 the average price of one pood of wheat was equal to 1 ruble 50 kopeck, and as a result of the starvation in the region the price of most food products increased. In 1917 a pood of wheat was valued at 35 rubles, a pood of flour was valued at from 2 to 40 rubles, and a pood ofrice was valued at from 5 to 45 rubles, and a pood of corn was valued at from 1 to 25 rubles [7]. People’s earnings were not enough to buy food. In the decision of the general meeting of Margilan workers it was noted as “a poor who earned 4 rubles per week even couldn’t feed oneself. Those, who can afford, can buy the flour. Such people comprise 10 thousand of 125 thousand population ofMargilan. In a week a worker could work to be able to buy flour enough
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only for one day, and the other days he/she stayed hungry. The flour given by the Food Committee was enough only for two days” [8, 16]. Because of the food committees established throughout the region let injustice in distributing the grains among the population the state ofthe local people became more difficult. For example, the Muslim people of Old Margilan insisted on being equalized with Russian, Jewish and Tatar people of the city Skobelev, who was getting 3-4 pounds (apound is a measure of weight equal to 453,6 gr.) in supplying with flour. In their decisions they made a request such as “the 90 bags of flour distributed by the food committees for a day are not enough for 82 thousand people, therefore the food committees of the uyezd should distribute 300 bags offlour everyday” [8, 16-17]. In some places the Muslims even were not given bread for several days. As it noted in the newspaper “Znamya svobodi”, the Muslim people of Andijan city were deprived from the supply of bread from October 25 to November 4 in 1916, even the European people ofthe city couldn’t get bread [9]. But, the local native people tried to solve this problem themselves. In 1917 it was reported in the pages of press that many of the local rich people were helping the poor. For example, it was noted that in Andijan Azim Hadji gave the poor the bread at a fixed rate. Also, in the structure of the food committees the power of the native local people was very low.
In order to supply the demand of the people for bread and baked goods in 1918 on February 18, 250 poods of wheat, 250 poods of flour were brought to Andijan from the city Skobelev [10, 99]. Free cafeterias were founded in Andijan uyezd and city. In November of1918 Help for starving people committee was organized. Under the leadership of this committee 12 cafeterias in Andijan city, and 40 cafeterias in the uyezd were opened until the December of 1918. While 52 cafeterias worked in the spring of 1918, their number increased to 55 in 1919 [11, 98]. 100 gr. bread was given to every people in the city.
The base of the economical politics in the first period of time of the Soviet government was comprised of economically centralization involving the whole period of time, that is, keeping the surrounding regions under the control, military governing system, centralized security, rationing system and injustice in them.
After the decisions of the government “Setting the state monopoly in cotton-growing” adopted in 1918 January 12 and “About confiscating the cotton supplies of the region” adopted in 1918 February 12, the state began to seize the cotton harvest of the poor farmers. As a result, in the region the number of the unemployed increased, starvation and disagreements began. The prohibition of the cotton trade negatively influenced on the development of the commercial business in Turkistan. The 422,726 desiatina area of cotton growing territory in 1913 dropped to 87,622 dessiatina in 1920 [12, 79]. In the result of the decrease in growing cotton and wheat in the region the prices in the markets increased. Also, the amount of the grains brought from Russia to Turkistan in exchange of cotton was dramatically lessened. In the result ofthe lessening of
the industrial manufacture in Turkistan and bringing the industrial and food products from Russia less and less the prices increased in the region. As a result in 1917-1918s there happened starvation in the region of Turkistan and it was blamed for more than 1 million people’s life. The life of the urban people also became worse and the disagreements increased among them. Everything at the disposal of the city craftsmen and shoemakers was taken away and confiscated to the benefit of the state. The economical politics held without considering the conditions of Turkistan region and many other reforms caused the people’s disagreement. The injustice in distributing the food and industrial products in 1917-1920s, closing the schools, inequality in teaching the children and belittling the benefits of the people living in this region influenced negatively on the emotions and feelings of the local people. When the inspections were carried out in Fergana valley in 1919 it was seen that the peoples condition was extremely decadent. In 1920 the food committees, with the agreement of the local governors, collected the products from Fergana valley twice as much as indicated in the plan [13, 44]. Especially, foods, cattles and horses were seized and taken away with force from the farmers in the villages for the Red Army supply, and often no document or money was given for it.
The starvation in Fergana valley can be conditionally divided into two periods.
The first period involves the years from 1917 to 1919, the information about this period was kept in the periodical press. The second period involves the years from 1921 to 1923 and all the terrible events of the starvation reflected in the archives about that time [14, 246].
If the main reason of the first period of the starvation was the severe colds in the spring and the droughts in the summer of1917, and completely stopping bringing the grain from the Centre, the starvation in 1921-1923s was caused by the wrong economical politics of the Bolsheviks, the general decadence and the military movements in the valley.
Because of the unparalleled hard situation in the region starvation and various diseases were widely spread out in Turkistan. The starvation rapidly surrounded the cities. Also, the population of the whole villages entirely died out due to the starvation the cities became empty. The most of the victims of the starvation were comprised of country people. It was possible to meet thousands of people in every step in the streets of Fergana, Kokand, Margilan and other cities, who were exhausted ofhunger and entreating for a piece ofbread. According to the official information, in 1919 the starvation surrounded the most part of the population of Kokand uyezd, especially the most of the country people. Because more than 90 % of the population of the uyezd lived in the countries. According to the official information of the journal “Turkistan halk huja-ligi” in 1920, the price of food increased 58,8 times much in 1919 than in 1914 and 10,6 times much than in 1918. Particularly, in December of1919 the price ofwheat - 3.6 times, mung bean - 6.7, bread - 7.9, beef- 14.9, mutton - 19.5, carrot - 12.4, onion - 3.0, grapes - 16,3 times increased than in the previous
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Economical problems in the cities of Fergana valley (in the example of 1917-1924s)
year [15, 153]. In the autumn of 1919 the food supplys became poor, especially, the lack ofbread and meat increased. In particular, as the cost of production was 4-5 rubles, the market price of meat surpassed 40 rubles. The population stricken with hunger had to live from hand to mouth with the roots of plans and grasses. As a result various diseases such as tuberculoses, cholera, typhoid fever spread among the people and the most part of the population were slaughtered. In the notification 1082 ofthe Health Care Commissioner S. D. Asfandiorov sent to Turkistan Central Executive Commmittee on February 19 in 1923 it was noted that in Kokand uyezd the death level among the patients suffered from tuberculoses reached up to 40 % [16, 37].
At that time Kokand city was full of hungry people come from surrounding villages. They, in thousands gathered and lay in the mosques, streets and even in the graveyards. According to the information of a farmer who witnessed these events, he saw 17 dead men, who died on the way to the market to sell their last things, in the distance of 20 kms as far as Kokand [17, 201]. The level of death among the hunger people was so high that everyday hundreds of dead people could be found in the streets of the city. The most terrible time of the starvation came across the May, June and July of 1922, because of many dead people in the cemeteries at that time, it was impossible to breathe in the nearby surrounding house because of the malodorous smell. As a result, the 122,247 people population of Kokand city in 1917 [18, 119], reduced to 50,338 people in 1924 due to the hunger and military movements [19, 10].
In 1917-1919s it began to report in the periodical presses bout the terrible starvation in Turkistan region [20, 86-101]. Especially, from the January issues of the newspaper “Ulug Turkistan (the Great Turkistan)”, series of worrisome information about the terrible of the starvation began to be edited. In particular, in the issue of “Ulug Turkistan (the Great Turkistan)” on January 24 in 1918 in the article named “The disaster of starvation” by Abdulla Kodiriy, it was informed about that in Turakurgan village near Namangan city a wife and four children of a man named Orzigul died from hunger, and even in the streets people were starving to death, the number of people dying from hunger was rising in the villages such as Kurgoncha, Yandama, Mozorkuy, Eskiobod and Kumboy [21].
In the spring of 1918 the starvation in Turkistan got its way in Andijan city too. At that time in the telegram sent to Tashkent by D. S. Uryupi, the chairman of Andijan Council, on March 26 it was requested to introduce the people widely with that every day hundreds of people were dying from hunger in Andijan, typhoid and other diseases were increasing in the result of hunger, the number of the unemployed was rising and workplaces were losing and to inform about it in the newspapers and meetings [22, 148]. In order to provide the hunger people with food measures were worked out in Andijan city. In this purpose a special committee was organized in the city, and its representatives were sent to the region and uyezd’s districts for arranging the grain.
In 1919, 12 cafeterias in Andij an city and 40 cafeterias in the uyezd were opened and the people could eat there for free [23].
Their number increased to 55 in 1919. Also, food products from different cities of Turkistan were brought to Andijan as a humanitarian aid. Particularly, in the January of 1918, 250 poods of grain and flour from the uyezd of Skobelev and 200 poods of flour from Kokand city were brought [24, 99].
In 1919 in Fergana valley 64 committees helping the poor people were organaized, 33 of them were situated in Skobelev uyezd, 12 of them were in Andij an uyezd and 19 of them were situated in Osh uyezd [25, 136].
In the winter and spring of 1917-1918s 30 percent of the population died because of the terrible starvation in Fergana valley [26]. While the population of Fergana region was 2 million 160 thousand people in 1917, it reduced to 1 million 669 thousand people in 1923 [27]. Only in Kokand city 120,984 people lived in 1917, and the number of its population reduced to 50,338 people in 1923 [28, 37]. While registering the people in 1920, it was defined that many people had died here or left the half destroyed villages [29, 24]. When inspecting the 74 volosts of the region in 1922 - 370,943 hungry people were registered in the places, and it was indicated that 63,010 people had died from hunger and 481,632 people suffered from hunger [30, 164].
The food problem occurred in Turkistan in 1917-1918s didn’t go around the city of Skobelev. In the D ecember of1917 -48 wagons of food products were brought to Fergana region from the Center [31, 33]. Food committees were organized in the city. in the middle of the February in 1918 - 4 free eating houses were organized for the hungry people in the city of Skobelev [31, 33]. In such eating houses hot meals were rarely distributed and the meals contained only water and bean.
In 1918 the council of Skobelev appealed about the lack of bread of the population. The situation in the region was so poor that special staff were not enough to guard the prisons. As a result, in the February of1918 the military commander of the region Skobelev officially appealed to the district attorney explaining that it was necessary to release the prisoners and find jobs for them in the provinces of Russia where there was enough food.
In 1918-1920s many measures were carried out for the hungry and orphan children in Kokand city too. One of the boarding schools “Turkistan railways” was founded first in Kokand. In this educational establishment the children of the railway workers were given food for free and also young personnel were trained there for the railway specialization.
In order to fulfill the demand of providing the staff of Kokand department of Turkistan Railway and Railway school with the additional classrooms the city council gave them a part of Simkhaev’s house. The city provision centre separated 75,026 rubles of money for the education of preschool children and improving the material security and placing 100 children to nursery schools in October and December of 1918. 50 of the abandoned children were placed to dormitories by the social-security department. By the decision of the city council 59,439 rubles of money was spent for providing these dormitories with food from 1918,
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September 19 to November 30 [32, 274]. Together with the abandoned children the children of the families with insufficient income were admitted to these dormitories.
Besides the orphanages opened in Fergana region, the local wealthy people also put large cauldrons near the mosques and fed the hungry people from their account turn by turn. The Head Orphanage was opened in the Haqqulbek mosque in Kokand city, 800 men and 229 women in total were provided with food there.
In the 10 dessiatina land belonging to the orphanage in Kokand 50 people were busy with a job. Besides that, the children in the orphanages were also engaged in shoemaking and sewing. The first orphanage in Kokand meant for 50 children began working in the September of 1918. In these orphanages 112 rubles 50 kopecks was spent for each child every day. In 1918 on September 15 this kind ofestablishment was opened in Skobelev city too, and about 55-60 children lived there.
The second step of the starvation was happened in 19211923s, and this period of time is considered to be the most terrible time of the starvation in the valley. It is known, Fergana valley stayed in the war fire in the result of the armed struggle against the Soviet system as soon as annihilating Turkistan Anutonomous in 1918, in February. The Military movements happened in the valley in 1918-1922s completely derailed the industry and agriculture of Fergana region. The first signs of the second step of the starvation began to appear in the winter of 1921. The economic depression in the spring of 1922 encircled not only the countryside but also the towns.
In the result of the new economic policy began in Turk-istan in the middle of 1921 several reforms were held in the economic field. In Fergana region the economic life and agriculture faced the crisis because of the unproductiveness and starvation. Large agricultural fields and also the cotton fields reduced. As a result the existed cotton cleaning factories stopped working. Of the 180 cotton cleaning factories existed in Fergana region only the 4 worked in 1922, they were situated in Andijan, Fergana, Kokand and Namangan [33].
The starvation increased in Fergana valley didn’t go around Namangan uyezd. Like in the cities of Fergana valley, the free eating houses were organized in Namangan uyezd too. Such kind of eating houses were situated in Namangan city and Chust district. In 1922 the number of people suffering from hunger in the uyezd was 1485 in total, the 270 of them were children [34, 27]. In the early august of 1921 the commission helping the hungry people began to work. In the consequence of weekly activities held in October of1921 - 18 million rubles of money and other things were gathered from the population in Namangan city as a help for the hungry. Besides that, 4 million 698 thousands rubles was gathered from the community work day organized in order to help the hungry people. In Namangan uyezd from the August 5 to August 12 food products, dressing gowns, soaps, quilts and also 8 million 025 thousands rubles charity alms were gathered [35]. In 1922 in Namangan city Abdurazzaq Hakimbekov worked in the position of the head of the committee against starvation [36]. Several
boarding schools and free eating houses worked during his time too in Namangan city. In 1923 in the eating houses existed in Namangan city 697 hungry people we provided with bread and hot meal. Also, the boarding school number 2, named after Rahimboev, which was established in the city in 1923, registered about 70 children [37, 11]. In the same year the boarding school established in Chust city collected 100 children. In 1923 in Namangan city every 1000 people suffering from hunger needed 9 450 poods ofwheat, 2 250 poods of cereals, 2 250 poods ofvegetables, 500 poods of meat, 300 poods of oil, 300 poods of soap, 360 sazhen [sa: d3en] (measure of length = 2.134 metres) wood [38, 11].
The commission helping the hungry people organized in Fergana region mentioned the following information in its report to “The Central Commission helping the hungry people" under the Turkistan Central Executive Committee during the time from April 20, 1922 to May 1: “the local people are begging for bread with tears in their eyes because of the hunger, but we cannot add them into the list of the hunger without permission, most of the hungry local people are unemployed and unable to work” [39, 115]. According to the information, the number hungry people reached to 277 thousand people in Fergana valley in 1922-1923s [40, 9].
From the end of 1922 and the beginning of 1923 the Centre began to pay attention to the starvation in Fergana. Because, not helping Fergana region, the main cotton-growing region, might bring to increase growing wheat and vegetables instead of cotton in the region. Therefore the Centre began to help Fergana.
According to the information of the company finishing the results of the starvation in Fergana, in the September and October of 1922 the number of the population was indicated to be 877,855 or 875,549 people. In the summer and autumn of 1922 only 63,689 or 64,336 people from Fergana region died and 46,689 or 64,336 people had to move to another places because of the hunger here [41, 43]. In the autumn of 1922 it was determined that 387,018 people in Fergana valley were suffering from hunger, 154,807 of them were comprised of children [42, 5]. From the autumn of1922 in Fergana region the following norms of providing the population suffering from hunger with food was indicated: 1 pound ofbread, 1/4 cereals, 1/4 vegetables, 6 zolotnik of (some 4.6 gr.) meat 3 zolotnik of oil for every person per day and 1 pound of soap per month [43, 122].
In Fergana region with the help of the committee helping the hunger people the population suffering from hunger was helped as followings [44, 3]:
1. The state taxes taken from people were reduced, special privileges were given to bring the food products and work tools used in agriculture into Fergana;
2. Seeds and animals were given in order to increase the growing fields;
3. Eating centres for the people suffering from hunger and children’s homes were established.
In 1922 in Fergana region 17 children’s homes, 16 eating centres and 31 food distributing centres worked [45, 5].
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Economical problems in the cities of Fergana valley (in the example of 1917-1924s)
The presentation of the “tax of starvation” in Turkistan on January 1 in 1922 was difficult for the people of the region, especially for the poor people in the villages and towns [46, 246]. This tax was presented without considering the financial position of the poor people in the villages and towns. As it is indicated in the information, 6 600 poods of different food products were gathered from the people of Fergana region. With different ways from January 1, 1922 to December 124.5 million rubles of money, about 69 million poods of food products, 14.4 thousands of clothes were gathered in the savings of the Central commission helping the hungry people of the Republic of Turkistan. The most part of the gathered products was sent to the refugees came to Turkistan and to the central provinces of Russia suffering from hunger as an aid [47, 15-16]. Because of that tax presented to the population of the region the starvation began again in Turkistan in 1922-1923s, especially in Fergana region. As it was noted in the archive documents, it was possible to meet plenty of people suffering from hunger in the cities and villages of Fergana valley in 1924 [48, 1-4]. In 1923 in Fergana region 16 children’s homes, 16 eating houses, and 24 food distributing centres were organized. In the eating centres in towns brown bread, hot tea and hot meal were
given once a day. Dormitories were also organized together with the eating houses in Kokand, Andijan, Skobelev, Mar-gilan, Osh and Namangan cities of Fergana valley [49, 207]. The 55.6 thousand rubles gathered in 1923 was spent on the people suffering from hunger in the region by the Committee helping the hungry people [50, 91].
In conclusion, the reason for the starvation in the region was the policy of Russian realm first and then the government of Bolsheviks. The analysis of the policy carried out by the Soviet government shows that the Bolsheviks put the benefits of the Centre in the first place even in such difficult economic decline situations. The soviet government didn’t pay attention seriously to solve the economic problems in Fergana valley and also to prevent the starvation. Nevertheless, the local governors of Turkistan tried to settle the food problems as possible as they could on their own. But, the measures carried out by them were not enough to settle the economic problems in Fergana valley. But, it should be mentioned that during the food rarity in 1917-1923s the people of the cities of Fergana valley helped the hungry people immigrated from different places even though they were hungry themselves and showed humanistic kindness and patience.
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38. ФВДА, - Р. 435-фонд, 1-руйдат, 207-иш, 11-варак.
39. УзР МДА, - Р. 17-Фонд, 1-руйдат, 927-иш, 115-варак.
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Sobirov Abror Robidjon o’gli, The student of Namangan State University Uzbekistan E-mail: mirzo_ulugbek80@mail.ru
The history monuments of the city Namangan
Abstract: The article is about architectural monument of the city Namangan.
Keywords: Namangan, Hujamning Qabri, Azizhuja medrese, Medrese, medrese Mulla Kirghiz, Mullah Bozor Ohund, mosque, history monument, Mavlaviy Mullahodji ishan.
Namangan is one of the the most beautiful cities of Uzbekistan and differs its beautiful nature, unusual history sightseeing. The Clean faith, industry, probity — here is inherent quality of the inhabitants of this town. In Namangan are hitherto preserved plenty of history monuments. Many as ancient ruins, fortresses stayed under the ground, large temples referring to average age and many other are one of them. These buildings were a built by local skilful architects and in them there are their skill. Before present-day time, were preserved some of them, and has its especial importance.
For present-day time, in Namangan were built from hands of grew up in our area masters many of history monuments. Some ofthem “Hujamning Qabri" (XVIII age), “Azizhuja medrese” (the second half of XVIII age), mausoleum “Mavlaviy
Namangoniy” (begin ofXVIII age), madrasa “Mullah Kirghiz” (begins ofXX age), mosque “Atoullohon tura” (1915 yy.) and many others. One of such architectural monument is “Hujamning Qabri”, which is found on street Kuzagarlik [1, 20]. This mausoleum being monument in XVIII age, on its construction participated the most skilful master architects of that time, which decorated it with the most fine taste. For its embellishment is used carved ceramics, but this proves about that, as in that time was a method embellishment. The Threshold of the building is arch like, in the manner of small angular minaret. Facing of threshold and inside buildings decorated with colour, enamel glased tile. Beside the main door mausoleum is written “Amalii usto Muhammad Ibrohim ibn Abdura-him” that is to say “has Built the son of Muhammad Ibragim
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