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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
ETHNIC MAP OF THE KOKAND KHANATE (HISTORY AND TRENDS) Omurzakova T-О. Email: Omurzakova659@scientifictext.ru
Omurzakova Tursunay Omurzakovna - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Director,
INSTITUTE FOR HUMANITARIAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES SOUTHERN BRANCH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE KYRGYZ Republic, OSH, REPUBLIC OF KYRGYZSTAN
Abstract: to understand the meaning of modern ethnic processes of the peoples of Central Asia, not knowing the history of the past is quite difficult. Therefore, the article deals with the problem of ethnic history and ethnic processes occurring in the Kokand Khanate. The author focuses on the trends of this issue. This article also explores and analyzes the ethnic map of the Kokand Khanate in the XIX century. A new material on the topic under study has been generalized; for the first time, the materials of the 1885 report of the first Turkestan Governor-General K.P. von Kuafman on the census in the Turkestan region. Keywords: Kokand khanate, ethnos, peoples, sarts, Fergana valley.
ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ КАРТА В КОКАНДСКОМ ХАНСТВЕ (ИСТОРИЯ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ) Омурзакова Т.О.
Омурзакова Турсунай Омурзаковна - кандидат исторических наук, доцент, директор, Институт гуманитарных и региональных исследований Южное отделение
Национальная академия наук Кыргызской Республики, г. Ош, Кыргызская Республика
Аннотация: понять смысл современных этнических процессов народов Средней Азии, не зная истории прошлого, достаточно сложно. Поэтому в статье рассматривается проблема этнической истории и этнические процессы происходившие в Кокандском ханстве. Основное внимание в работе автор акцентирует на тенденции данного вопроса. В данной статье также исследуется и анализируется этническая карта Кокандского ханства в XIX веке. Обобщен новый материал по исследуемой теме, впервые вводятся в научный оборот материалы отчета 1885 года первого Туркестанского генерал-губернатора К.П. фон Куафмана о переписи населения в Туркестанском крае.
Ключевые слова: Кокандское ханство, этнос, народы, сарты, Ферганская долина.
УДК: 930, 22: 39 (575.2) (04)
"There was no and there is no human being in the world that would be out of ethnos," wrote Gumilev. The study of ethnic history of a particular people and ethnic processes has always been one of the important tasks of historical science. These problems are of particular relevance at the present time as in the post-Soviet countries, including in the Kyrgyz Republic, there is a process of strengthening the self-awareness of peoples, which provokes a heightened interest in both: determining the national specifics of each of them and interethnic relations.
The Kokand Khanate, as a regional power, played a large role in the lives of peoples of Middle and Central Asia. It controlled a vast territory - the territorial core in the form of the Fergana Valley with its surrounding areas, including Tashkent (almost the whole of south
and southeast Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan). The Kokand Khanate was larger in its area than continental Western Europe [1] and existed for 167 years from 1709 to 1876, when it was finally *. conquered by the Russian Empire.
The ethnic composition of the Kokand Khanate and its ethnic history has not been studied sufficiently. It is well known that during the Soviet era the study of ethnogenesis was explained from the point of view of "Marxist positions that had important scientific and theoretical significance in the struggle against bourgeois theories on the national question" [2]. As a result, modern post-Soviet literature on the national question was rendered by the so-called "Marxist-Leninist" view, which goes back to very superficial writings of Lenin on national ties as relations of bourgeois exploiters. It is not difficult to find examples: it is written in the work of A. Khasanov that "the first Osh district chief was Major Ionov with whom Kurmanzhan Datka established normal relations. Ionov's friendship with Kurmanzhan Datka is a friendship of the leaders of the Kyrgyz and Russian societies in the interests of the ruling classes" [3]. However in 1895 it was with the easy hand and thin gesture of Ionov that the youngest son of Kamchybek was sentenced to death, and Myrzapayaz, Mamytbek and a 13 year old grandson of Arstanbek were sent to Siberia for penal hard labor.
According to S.N. Abashin [4], the main difficulty in studying the ethnic composition of the Central Asian population is not a lack of information but a methodological presumption of the view on the history of its formation. The view presupposes, firstly, the indispensable presence of ethnic groups as the main forms of the division of society; secondly, a rather limited set of these ethnic groups themselves, the number of which is already predetermined in the ideology and structure of the national states of modern Central Asia.
Most modern scholars in their scholarly works dealing with the history of the Kokand Khanate often write that the population of the Kokand Khanate consisted mainly of Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks and Kazakhs [5] or "the largest in terms of territory and population was the Turkestan General Governorate ... The main predominant part of the more than five million population of the region were Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Turkmens and other indigenous peoples..."[6].
But statistics and information on the population in the colonial period, in the report of the "conqueror and builder of the Turkestan Region," General-Adjutant K.P. Von Kaufmann of 1885, which is one of the main sources, gives a completely different list of the "indigenous peoples" of Turkestan: the population of the General Governorate is estimated at approximately 3.150.000 peoples ... it consists of: Tajiks, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Kipchaks, Turkmens, Sarts, Kyrgyz, Kuramins, Tatars, Chalakazaks, Taranches [7], Dungans, Mongols, Chinese, Kalmyks and a small number of Indians, Persians, Jews, Arabs, Afghans and Gypsies, who were scattered in the province" [8].
Having extensive authority over the province with the right to wage wars and conclude peace treaties, Von Kaufman [9], in order to fully control the conquered territory, conducted a population census covering the period from November 7, 1867 till March 25, 1881, and more specifically studied the quantitative index of these peoples.
The information and statistics of the Russian General about the population of Turkestan can be taken as reliable, since he was not only politically interested, but also had administrative resources to carry out the census of this magnitude. Therefore, the results obtained are the most accurate for the late nineteenth century. This relates, first of all, to the population and also to its social composition. Proceeding from this, here is a summary of the complete data provided by General Von Kaufmann.
In particular, he writes that "in the entire region there are up to 150,000 Tajiks of both genders, which is about 5% of the total population. Sarts amount to about 800,000 people, which is up to 26% of the total population. Having originated from assimilation of different races due to centuries-old clashes and the still ongoing interaction of the Iranian and Turkic peoples, the Sarts form the main contingent of the urban and rural native population in the Syr-Darya and Fergana regions and in Zeravshan region. Kuramins amount up to 80,000 people of both genders. Uzbeks amount up to 200,000 people, which is more than 6% of the entire local population. They
significantly mixed with the Tajik and other sedentary nationalities of the country, having converted to Sarts - an ethnographically undefined tribe, which predominated under this name throughout the cultural belt of the Central Asia. Despite the prevailing political role played by Uzbeks in the recent history of Turkestan, . Uzbeks merged with other local tribes, having long ago changed the former agricultural and nomadic way of life to farming, from the time of which only its tribal divisions remained in tribal traditions" [10].
"The Kyrgyz population of the region amounts to about 1,500,000 people of both sexes. Its composition includes steppe Kyrgyz-Kaisaks (large, medium and small hordes) or "Kazaks", as they call themselves and mountain Karakyrgyz brought into Kyrgyz citizenship at a relatively later time. By its amount the Kyrgyz population of the region is about half of the local population. The Kypchaks amount to more than 70,000 people, constituting about 9% of the entire Ferghana population and supported by the Karakyrgyz, nomadic tribe in the Fergana Valley, played a very prominent role in all movements and troubles, the theater for which was the Kokand Khanate before submission to the Russian power. Karakalpaks in the whole General Governorate amount to 75,000 people, which makes about 2% of the total population. Turkmens amount to 6,000 people. Tatars, who have moved to the Turkestan Region from the Volga provinces at different times, amount to about 12,000 people, Dungans amount to about 15,000, Jews amount to about 15,000. Besides them, Arabs, Indians, Persians and Gypsies "Lyuli" by native name) live in an insignificant number", asserts K.P. Von Kaufmann.
The materials of the audit of the Turkestan Region, which was conducted in 1907, show that the greatest number of Uzbeks in the territory of the Fergana Region was registered in the Kokand district - 31.87%, while in Margelan district it was only 3.02%, in Namangan 10. Ibidem., p. 22-29. Ethnic map of the Kokand Khanate (History and trends) 219 district -0,02%, in Andijan and Osh districts - 0.01%. Replenishment of the Ferghana Sarts due to new alien elements did not end with the advent of the Uzbeks from Dashti Kipchak. Migrants continued to arrive to Ferghana up until the beginning of the 20th century [11].
The term "Sart" is completely absent in modern ethnographic literature of Central Asia, despite the fact that a hundred years ago it was designation for a significant part (800,000 people, 26% of the total population according to Von Kaufmann) of the region's inhabitants. However from 1917 to 1926 the term 'Sart' disappeared from the vocabulary of politicians, scientists and the public.
According to ethnographer S.N. Abashin, in 1917 an agricultural census was organized. In the early 1920's the ethnographer, I.I. Zarubin commenting on the results of the census, pointed out that . already during the work the leaders explained to the employees that there was no special Sart people and that this term should be replaced everywhere with the word "Uzbek" [12]. Despite the fact that the census was for purely economic reasons, the Bolsheviks decided to use the census to consolidate a new approach to ethnographic classification using the scientific legitimacy of the information gathering procedure, the census, and created a category which erased the ethnonym, 'sart' in Central Asia.
The formation of the Sart population of the Ferghana region was partially made up of Central Asian Arabs and Uighurs who migrated there during the 18th and 19th centuries. In other words, the settled Turkic-speaking population of Ferghana, called the Sarts, represented a complex synthesis of heterogeneous ethnic elements united by a common type of economy, similar way of life, language dialects and a common identity.
Thus, the population of Central Asia in its composition, which is recorded in various sources in the second half of the XIX century, was the information procured a result of intensive migration, mixing of the population, processes of linguistic and cultural assimilation in the XVIII - XIX centuries. There were no borders in the society that could outline an ethnic group or nationality by labelling them with one "ethnic identity". The only term which had some modicum of uniformity was the Muslim identity which was consented to and used by the population themselves as an identity marker. In conclusion while there exists a lot of information on the ethnic groups and make up of Central Asia in the XIX-XX centuries it is largely based on
information which was treated through Tsarist Russian eyes in the colonial period and MarxistLeninist ideology in the Soviet period. While there is much which is noteworthy in these sources, the treatment and analysis of the works have to undergo further study in order to distinguish the Russian and Soviet bias before any conclusive judgements can be made on the ethnic composition of Central Asia. For these purposes it is essential to consider the historical information cited from the Kokand Khanate not only in the Russian language but also other local languages, Persian, Chaghatai and Arabic.
In conclusion, as it can be seen, it is essential to create a proper methodology in order to understand the different terms and labels used to differentiate the population of Central Asia. The Kokand Khanate is an important period in the history of Central Asia for which we have reasonable amount of information available. This information needs to be understood and analysed within the context of a more accurate account of the mixed Central Asian population.
References / Список литературы
1. Beisembiev Т.М. Kokand historiography: A study on the source study of Central Asia of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Almaty, 2009. P. 70.
2. Bromley Yu.V. Some results and prospects of the Soviet ethnographic science, the 24th CPSU Congress and the tasks of the development of social sciences. -Tashkent, "Fan" UzSSR, 1972. Р. 392-393.
3. Khasanov A.Kh. Mutual relations of the Kyrgyz with the Kokand Khanate and Russia in the 50-70's. XIX century. Frunze, 1961. P. 173-175.
4. Abashin S.N. Ethnographic knowledge and national construction in the Central Asia. M., 2009. Р. 5.
5. Bababekov H.N. Peoples movements in the Kokand Khanate and their socioeconomic and political preconditions (XVIII-XIX centuries). Tashkent, 1990. P. 7.
6. Turkestan in the early XX century: the history of the sources of national independence. Tashkent, 2000. P.9, approx. 1.
7. The Taranches themselves call themselves Sarts: the Taranches, which the Chinese name, is translated by the word "worker". Their ancestors were moved to the Kuldzhinsky region by the Chinese government from the Eastern Turkestan after the conquest of Dzhungaria.
8. Kaufmann's collection published in the memory of 25 years of the conqueror and organizer of the Turkestan Region, the General-Adjutant K.P. Von Kaufmann, I. M., 1910. C. IX.
9. The draft of the all-accounted report of the General-Adjutant K.P. Von Kaufmann on civil administration and organization in the provinces of the Turkestan General Governorate on November 7, 1867. March 25, 1881. SPb., 1885. P. 20-21.
10. Ibidem. P. 22-29.
11. Gubaeva S.S. The population of the Fergana Valley in the late XIX - early XX century. (Ethno-culturalprocesses). Tashkent, 1991. P. 33.
12. Abashin S.N. Ethnographic knowledge and national construction in the Central Asia. M., 2009. Р. 47.
