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HISTORICAL SCIENCES
UDC 930.24
Topildiev Nasirzhon Rahimzhanovich
Associate-professor, PhD Namangan Engineering Construction Institute Namangan city, Uzbekistan
POLIT ICAL SITUATION OF THE KOKAND KHANATE IN THE 50-60THS OF THE 19th CENTURY
Аннотация
Проанализирована политическая ситуация Кокандского ханства в 50-60-х годах XIX века, изучены события и тенденции политической жизни Кокандского ханства и его взаимоотношения с соседними государствами накануне его завоевания Российской империей.
Abstract
The political situation of the Kokand Khanate in the 50ths and 60ths of the 1_th century is analyzed; the events and tendencies of the political life of the Kokand Khanate and its relations with neighboring states on the eve of its conquest by the Russian Empire are studied.
Ключевые слова: Кокандское ханство, царизм, Россия, завоевание, стратегическое партнёрство, колонизация, торговля, культурные связи, политика, источник, источниковедение, Туркестан, народные восстания.
Key words: Kokand Khanate, Tsarism, Russia, conquest, strategic partnership, colonization, trade, cultural ties, politics, source, source study, Turkestan, peoples' uprisings.
In 1709, with the help of influential nobility, the Khan's throne of the state in the Fergana Valley created by the privileged Muslim caste of Khoja, was taken by the leader of the Ming-Shahrukhby tribe. From Eski Kurgan, the residence of the ruler was transferred to Kokand, since then the Khanate was called Kokand. Under Shahrukhby, the cities of Osh, Uzgend, Khujand were still independent, and the northern border of the state extended to Namangan Shahidan. After the death of Shahruhbi in 1721, the throne was transferred to one of his sons - Abdurakhimbiy. After him, Abdulkarim-bay ibn Shahrukhby (1734-1750) became the ruler. His son Abdurahman ruled only 9 months, then he was appointed as the hakim of Margilan, but Khan was the second son of Abdurahimbiy - Erdonaby (Abdulka-yumhan, 1750-1762), and after him, ruled Suleyman-han Shadiby ibn Shahruhby, Abdulhamidhan ibn Ab-durahimhan "Narbatyr" - Narbutaby, Alimhan (17981810). On February 6, 1810, Umarkhan Muhammad Abdulhamid (Narbutakhan) Bahadir ascended the throne of the Kokand Khanate.
During the reign of Umarkhan, the borders of the Kokand Khanate extended in the north to Turkestan and Dashti Kipchak, in the west to Samarkand, in the south to Kukhistan and Kulyab, Gissar and Shakhrisabz, and in the east to East Turkestan. Socioeconomic processes have intensified in the Kokand state, including in the Central Asian region.
If at the beginning of the XIX century The Kokand khanate was divided into a number of districts, then under Alimkhan and Umarkhan it was strengthened and expanded due to the Tashkent, Dashti-Kipchak, cities, fortifications and villages of the lower reaches of the Syrdarya. On these lands, the Kokands built fortresses and other fortifications.
It should be noted that Kokand and Bukhara have always fought for the border cities of Jizzakh and Ura-
Tyube, which annually and sometimes twice a year passed from hand to hand. After the death of Umarkhan, his son Muhammad Alikhan (Madalikhan) continued the wars of conquest, maintaining relations, mainly with East Turkestan. Under Muhammad Alikhan (1822-1842), residents of the foothill and mountainous (Pamir) provinces of Kulyab, Gissar, Ba-dakhshan, Darvaz, Masthokh recognized the power of Kokand, and then some possessions of northern Kyrgyz were also united to them. Despite the fact that in the last years of Muhammad Alikhan's rule, the political influence of the Kokand Khanate in Central Asia noticeably increased, the situation inside the country was extremely difficult. Taking advantage of the internal contradictions in the Khanate, the Emir of Bukhara Nasrullakhan began aggressive actions against him, and in May 1842 occupied the city of Kokand.
In the autumn of 1842, power passed into the hands of Sheralikhan, who lived in Talas in Kyrgyz-stan, and in 1844 his 14-year-old son Khudoyarkhan became Khan. But it so happened that he was twice in Bukhara captivity, once he fled to Bukhara, and therefore, in his absence, the Khan's throne passed to Mallakhan (1858), from him to Sultan Saidkhan (1863), and then Nasriddinbek, and since 1866 to Khudoyar-khan. Thus, the struggle for power between the Khan and the members of the Khan dynasty, the specific rulers, the representatives of the upper classes became more and more aggravated, there were frequent clashes between the sedentary and nomadic population; Kyrgyz and Kipchaks opposed the Khan's despotism. All this had a negative impact on the economic and social life of the Khanate, on its foreign policy position.
Taking advantage of the internecine struggle of the Central Asian Khanates, the government of the Russian Empire began to implement its long-standing plans to conquer the region, sending its agents to the Khanate
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under the guise of merchants or scientists to collect detailed information about their domestic and foreign policy. The materials of the present study indicate that after the execution of Musulmankul, the strife between the Kyrgyzs-Kipchaks and the sedentary population became even more feuds. The authorities of the empire sent their troops to the siege of Ak-Mechet (now Kyzyl-Orda), the conquest of which in 1852 marked the beginning of enmity between the Kokand Khanate and Russia.
In 1858, Mullahan marched against Khudoyar-khan and toppled him from the throne. At the same time, he sent ambassadors to China and Turkey. However, on February 24, 1862, Mullahan was killed. Al-imkuli (Kyrgyz) helped Mallakhan's son, Shah Murad to take the Khan's throne, and since the Khan was very young, "along with the right to appoint rulers of all cities and fortifications, Alimkuli is given the right to rule the Khanate". Knowing this, the Mingbashi Kanoatsho addressed to Khudoyarkhan, who was in Bukhara, with a proposal to take the throne of Tashkent. In turn, Shah Murad led a 14,000-man army to Tashkent. Emir of Bukhara Muzaffar, having decided to take advantage of the situation, began a campaign against Kokand. Wishing to save his strength, Shah Murad retreated to the Alatau. Thus, the forces of Shah Murad, on the other, the Khudoyarkhan, and on the third, the Emir of Bukhara, began to pull over to Kokand.
During 1863, Khudoyarkhan tried to break the resistance of the Kyrgyz Kipchaks, but failing, he again went to Bukhara. Sultan Saidkhan occupied the throne of Kokand with the help of the commander Alimkuli, and the latter retained the authority to govern the state. Under Sultan Saidkhan and Alimkuli, the invasion of the Russian army in the region accelerated. In May-June 1865 Tashkent was conquered. After the death of Alimkuli, by the orders of the Emir, Sultan Saidkhan was brought to Bukhara, and the Kokand Khanate was taken over by the Bukhara emirate.
УДК 930.2
Thus, in the relations of the Kokand Khanate with the neighboring states, the confrontation with the Bukhara Emirate caused a lot of trouble. These relations, with the exception of trade relations, were always complex: from open opposition to the conquest of the territories of the Khanate. For various reasons, the Bukhara emirs invaded the Khanate's possession five times.
The events in East Turkestan influenced the relations of the Kokand Khanate with China, with which in the 1930s of the XIXth century an agreement was reached, on the basis of which the Kokand Khan took duties and taxes from merchants. In response, the Kokand khans were not supposed to support the rulers of East Turkestan. At the same time, the authorities of the Russian Empire continued the policy of expanding the limits of their influence. Russian military expansion after Siberia, the Far East, the Volga region, the Caucasus and the Kazakh zhuz, spread to the Khanates of Central Asia. Strong opposition from the UK, coupled with the defeat in the Crimean War, somewhat slowed down the aggressive plans of the Russian Empire. However, the strengthening of the capitalist trend, which stimulated the development of industry, commerce and contributed to the intensification of trade and economic relations with the Central Asian Khanates, prompted the Russian leaders to form expansion towards them. Representatives of the region's trading capital, in turn, sought to exploit the favorable market situation that had arisen due to the growing needs of Russian industry for agricultural raw materials. But Russia sought not only to trade with the region, but also to dominate it, since it was a producer of agricultural and mineral raw materials, as well as a huge market for Russian goods.
References
1. Umarnoma, 31a - 31b.
2. Tuhfat at-tavorihi honiy. 218b.; "Tazkirai Sul-toni" 60b - 60a.; Beisenbiev T. Ed. - p.20.
3. Bababekov Kh. History of Kokand. - B.240.
Межян С. А., Сергиенко Е.А.
Кубанский государственный аграрный университет
ИСТОРИЯ ЗЕМЛЕУСТРОЙСТВА В РОССИИ
Mezhyan S. A., Sergienko E .A.
Kuban State Agrarian University
HISTORY OF LAND USE PLANNING IN RUSSIA
Аннотация
В статье описывается взаимосвязь между земельными отношениями и землеустройством. В общих чертах изложены основные этапы развития землеустройства России. Особое внимание уделяется вопросу о состоянии землеустройства на современном этапе.
Abstract
The article describes the relationship between land relations and land use planning. In General terms, the main stages of development of land management in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the state of land management at the present stage.
Ключевые слова: земля, земельные отношения, землеустройство, земельная реформа.
Key words: land, land relations, land use planning, land reform
