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Секция 9. Технические науки
Section 9. Technical sciences Секция 9. Технические науки
Blednykh Vasily Vasilyevich, Academician, the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy Svechnikov Petr Grigoryevich, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy E-mail: i.t-novikova@mail.ru
Economic reasons of tillage quality
Abstract: The optimal values for tillage quality are proved to be highly dependent on harvest prices and inputs to obtain the required tillage quality, with an abstract model of the tillage quality being elaborated to establish the existing levels of optimal tillage quality that is highly dependent on harvest prices and the inputs to prepare the soil. Keywords: tillage quality, harvest, inputs, economic effect, produce, profits, soil pulverization.
Since ancient times man has been tilling soil, applying different technologies and agricultural implements. The choice of the tillage system that should be used in a peculiar situation, implements and work tools that should be chosen for quality tillage depends on the purpose of soil cultivating. With the lack of foodstuffs the purpose is to obtain the maximum harvest. With the overstock of foodstuffs on the market, the economic factors of production on the cultivated area are of primary importance.
The term “tillage quality" in the modern agricultural science includes the given depth of soil tillage and its variants, soil pulverization, position of soil layers before and after tillage, the quality of soil turnover, stubble plowing and trash burial, stubble preservation on the field surface, mixing crop residues with the top soil layer, etc. [1]
To continue further analysis of this problem it’s necessary to introduce the notion of some abstract indicator of soil tillage quality, taking into account only one of the above mentioned factors — soil pulverization. The statement that work to form soil pieces is proportional to the number of formed pieces (N) doesn’t contradict to the laws of physics. Thus, on the area the sides of which are covered with the soil pieces (n), the number of pieces is
N = n2.
The work to form the soil pieces on 1 unit of field area can be found by using the following formula A = AN = An2 (1),
where A — the work needed to obtain 1 piece of soil (j/piece).
The same supposition can be made about the number of buried (non-buried) plants, depth of plowing, etc. The statement that cash costs for the implementation of operation (technology) are proportional to the work doesn’t contradict to the laws of economics and physics. Each piece of soil (or any other quality parameter) makes its own contribution into crop capacity. Therefore, one can expect linear influence of the soil pieces number to crop capacity.
When introducing the generalized quality index — K, the above-mentioned suppositions can express the functional correlation of crop gathered from 1 hectare (Y) and cash costs for 1 hectare (C) depending on the value of the quality index K (i. e. the number of soil pieces on the sown area):
Y = ßK (2),
C = aK2 (3),
where a and ß are dimensionless indexes.
The existence of these two correlations determines the optimum parameter of tillage quality. At first it’s necessary to choose (determine) the optimization criterion. Thus, the maximum profit (P) is the criterion of the tillage quality on 1 hectare of the sown area:
P = B — C (4),
where B = zY = zßK the gross cost of the harvest,
z — the market price of a harvest unit (RUB/hwt, RUB/tn),
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Section 9. Technical sciences
C = aK2, that stands for the soil tillage inputs (supposing the expenses in other technological operations being constant).
Thus,
P = zßK — aK2 ^ max (5).
P, RUB/ha
The diagram of the functional correlation P = / (K) is given in Picture 1. The index K with which the profit gets its maximum rate, will be the optimum tillage quality (at given harvest prices in the above mentioned formulas of expenses and harvest from tillage quality).
Pic. 1. Profits from 1 hectare of sown land depending on the tillage quality (z = 250 RUB/hwt, ß = 2, a = 100).
P, RUB/ha
Pic. 2. Profits depending on the soil tillage quality (z = 250 RUB/hwt, ß = 2, a = 75). P, RUB/ha
Pic. 3. Profits depending on the soil tillage quality (z = 125 RUB/hwt, ß = 2, a = 100).
The diagrams (Pic. 1-3) prove the fact that the optimum parameters of tillage quality are very dependent on harvest prices and the expenses for the required tillage quality.
When the tillage expenses getting lower, the optimum parameter of tillage quality grows (Pic. 2); when prices for the grown crop getting lower, the optimum parameter
of tillage quality reduces (Pic. 3).
There aren’t any necessary devices for measuring tillage quality, i. e. one can only visually assess tillage quality due to exact monitoring of climatic conditions of vegetation and thorough measurements of crop capacity.
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Секция 9. Технические науки
The task of soil preparation in any tillage technology can be fulfilled with many types (kinds) of working devices, tools and tractive vehicles, and in future by the direct influence of various kinds of rays: heat, sound, microwave, etc. What technology should be chosen, what way of tillage will be applied? The reply is always evident: the priority will be given to such systems and
technologies, tools or devices which will provide the maximum profit on every hectare of sown land and such a device (system, technology) will get mass application. Only in this case agriculture will be able to survive and develop.
The given situation can be diagramed in the following way (Pic. 4).
Pic. 4. Economic effect with different parameters of tillage quality, rouble/ha:
B — the grown output in terms of money (4);
C — the expenses for soil preparation in terms of money (3);
P — the profit with different parameters of tillage quality (z = 250 RUB/hwt, ß = 2, a = 100 (4)).
Thus, the following conclusion can be drawn: the abstract model of tillage quality allows to determine that there is always the optimum rate of soil tillage quality. The value of the tillage quality depends on harvest prices and expenses needed for soil preparation.
References:
1. Blednykh V. V., Svechnikov P. G. 2014. Theoretical foundations oftillage, tillage tools and aggregates. Chelyabinsk, CSAA, Print.
Juraev Fazliddin Urinovich, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration, Bukhara branch, doctor of philosophy technics, professor of department,
the Faculty of Melioration E-mail: ushr@rambler.ru Ubaydullayeva Shaxnoz Raximdjanovna, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration, Bukhara branch, doctor of philosophy technics, the Faculty of Melioration
E-mail: ushr@rambler.ru
Filtration soil in the one-dimensional motion of the fluid and the potential energy in the mole drainage
Abstract: Nowadays loosing layers ofsoil and making drainage peep-hole becoming important and actual problems in the agriculture of Uzbekistan. Because drainage-peep hole machines in soil layers and their scientific variants for local conditions were not come up with. Soil layers especially in high salty lands and creating mathematical models of throwing sub-soil water.
Keywords: Soil, drainage, saline lands, filtering soils, potential energy.
In one size trend the pressure is P potential coordinate. The procedure of 2 part seeping liquid
function p (if it has) is the function of only one submits in the law of seeping lesson. This procedure
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