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UDC 633.171:338.43:631.51.01(470.319)
THE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF PRIMARY TILLAGE AT BROOMCORN MILLET PRODUCTION IN THE OREL REGION
Lobkov V.T., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Abakumov N.I., Bobkova Y^., Candidates of Agricultural Sciences Mikhaylova Y.L., Researcher Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail: bobkovaj75@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
The influence of primary tillage methods with the application of herbicide Dimesol on the phytosanitary condition of crops and productivity of grain was studied on the bases of broomcorn millet Quartet. Also technological cards of crop cultivation by options of experience were calculated and the structure of expenses at millet cultivation was analyzed. During the research it was stated that productivity of millet increases when the intensity of tillage increases as well. The reduction of tillage intensity during millet cultivation leads to sharp reduction of productivity; thus it is necessary to strengthen herbicidal protection, especially against the second wave of weeds. Options with dump tillage appeared to be the most favorable ones in the economic relation. Considering the structure of expenses by production of millet grain, it is found out that the greatest part of them is the share of mineral fertilizers (about 60%). At millet cultivation without tillage there was a fuel depreciation practically twice. This option needs additional studying.
KEY WORDS
Main tillage; Broomcorn millet; Productivity; Herbicide; Content of impurities; Weeds; Expenses; Benefit cost; Orel region.
Panicum miliaceum L. is one of the most important groats crops not only in Russia but all over the world too. CFD plays a great role in millet seeding development and increase of this crop productivity. In future it is necessary to increase millet seeding in this region to 5070 thous. ha or by 2-3 times and simultaneously it’s necessary to increase productivity to 1,57 t/ha. The successful solution of this task can be provided only in the conditions of increased attention to cultivation of millet and universal introduction of the most progressive resource-saving technologies of its cultivation [2].
Millet is very demanding towards temperature conditions, which leads to the necessity to sow millet in a later date and low weed resistance in the first growing period lays a claim to the system of primary and secondary tillage [3].
According to the traditional technology the system of primary tillage should solve three important tasks which the crop level depends on: autumn-winter and spring moisture accumulation in the soil and its saving; creation of favourable conditions for soil aeration, beneficial microorganisms life and food saving; weed vegetation ravage is a great problem of millet as well as centers of infection and blasts elimination [4].
The goal of our research was to study alternative tillage of millet growing, giving additional harvest of this crop and being economically effective at the same time.
For that matter some sort of research aimed to study different tillage systems and its influence on millet growth was held at the experimental field of the arable farming chair of the Orel state agrarian university in 2012. The following research is relevant for the Orel region as the question concerning the mouldboard plowing exchange on other ways of tillage when planting this crop was examined for the first time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The soil of the experimental field is a typical for the area dark gray forest clay-loam gleysolic soil, soil-forming and buried material — gleyed limons, spots of gleying can be seen from 75 cm. The microrelief of the plot is leveled-off. The topsoil has low actual soil acidity
(pH 5,6), it is rich in humus substance (4,76%) for this type of soil and average content of labile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium.
The target of the research is a sort of millet Quartet, released in the Orel region (originator - VNIIZBK).
The field test included five options: 1) zero tillage; 2) subsurface cultivator tillage at a depth of 20-22 cm; 3) KOS tillage at a depth of 14-16 cm; 4) tillage with a usual plow PLN-3-35 at a depth of 20-22 cm; 5) tillage with reverse plow LEMKEM at a depth of 20-22 cm.
One used azophoska at a rate of 4 dt/ha before seeding. The millet seeding was held on the 30th of May with a drill-machine Amazone D-9-60. The norm of seeding was 37 kg/ha, the depth was 6 cm. After the seeding the rolling down with star-wheeled rollers 3KKSH-6 was carried out.
The field experiment was held with a method of random replications in triple frequency. The land size was: length - 30 m, width - 20 m, the registration area — 120 sq.m. All observations, analyses and the account were carried out using standard techniques. Species composition segetal flora in crops of millet was carried out using the software «Agroweeds: catalog weeds Central Russia" [5].
As a whole the period of vegetation of millet from May to September 2012 can be characterized as favorable, with increased temperature and small precipitation deficit, but it practically wasn't reflected in the yield of this crop.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sprouts appeared on the 7-8 day after the seeding. During the stage of tillering herbicide Dimesol - system postemergence herbicide to protect a wide range of crops from one-year and some long-term broad-leaved weeds was applied. The second accounting of weeds was carried out in two weeks after the herbicide application. The millet was in booting stage (Table 1).
The Herbicide worked properly, but the second wave of weeds, especially on options of zero tillage, subsurface cultivator tillage and tillage with a reverse plow by this time have already started. There was a reduction of dry weight of weeds more than twice on options of KOS tillage and a usual plow.
T able 1 - Quantity of weeds and their air-dry weight before and after the application of herbicide
Dimesol in millet crops
Option Before herbicide application After herbicide application
All weeds long-term Including Dry biomass, of , g All weeds Long-term including Dry biomass, of , g
1 93,33 28,00 29,48 265,33 49,33 62,52
2 76,00 14,67 4,60 77,33 17,33 26,95
3 40,00 33,33 14,37 49,33 25,33 9,68
4 21,33 20,00 17,91 18,67 14,67 6,41
5 58,67 50,67 7,75 36,00 25,33 26,91
HCP05 84,45 22,24 29,70 148,00 35,19 54,60
The harvesting of millet was carried out using continuous combine method by a selection combine harvester TERRION-SAMPO SR2010. To arrange preharvest desiccation herbicide of continuous action Tornado in a rate of 2 l/ha was applied before harvesting. To define losses control bundles were selected that also helped to calculate percent of the lost plants by the time of harvesting.
The integrated result of all changes in technology of crop cultivation is productivity. Millet belongs to crops of blotchy ripening. In the beginning the grains located close to the top part of the head ripen, then ripening goes down. Considering heterogeneity of plants in crops, the phase of ripening can be extended up to 35-40 days. When grains ripen, leaves and a culm of millet remain green containing much water. Therefore millet harvesting is carried out either using two-phase method, or with applying of a preharvest desiccation [2].
The productivity will be defined by the quantity of normally developed heads of millet and weight of seeds in one head [6]. These indicators have to be optimum for having a big
crop. During vegetation some plants die for different reasons. The reduction of a number of dead plants is one of reserves to increase productivity. At norm of seeding in 37 kg/ha and the mass of 1000 seeds of 7,5 g, the quantity of the sowed seeds was about 490 seeds on 1 sq.m. Proceeding from the quantity of plants in a phase of three leaves, it is obvious that in all options of experience, except for the fifth, field viability was about 30%, and in the fifth option it was nearly 38%. It should be mentioned that it is a very low indicator. It is necessary to have additional research on this question as the increase in field viability will allow to reduce norms of seeding.
By the time of harvesting the death of plants from the second to the fifth options was less than 20 per cent and on option with zero tillage it was more than 30 per cent.
The disk coulter of a drill-machine Amazone D-9-60 isn't able to provide the equal depth of seeding down on the raw background with availability of straw on the surface. Because of it a part of seeds gets into non-optimal conditions that worsens further development of these plants.
From the aforesaid it is possible to draw a conclusion that millet plants at zero tillage are in depression throughout all vegetation. The percent of plants death before harvesting on this option is extremely high. During millet cultivation the main tillage forming a uniform processed layer is necessary.
Productivity of millet by options of experience is presented in table 2.
The millet productivity on options is showed in the picture 2.
Table 2 - Millet productivity and losses during harvesting
Indicators Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5
Productivity economic, dt/ha 18,01 24,9 27,5 29,86 30,24
Productivity on control bundle, dt/ha 24,5 29,2 33,4 34,7 43,1
Losses during harvesting dt/ha 6,49 4,3 5,9 4,84 12,86
% 26,49 14,73 17,66 13,95 29,84
As it is seen from the data of the table 2, reduction of tillage intensity during millet cultivation leads to reduction of productivity. It is connected with increase of the content of impurities and decrease in density of standing and plants survival by the time of harvesting. The greatest productivity, as well as losses when harvesting, was observed during the fifth option. The size of losses is apparently connected with millet drowning (8 points from 10) that significantly complicated the harvesting. The smallest productivity was received during option of zero tillage, it is quite natural, considering a stressful condition of plants during the vegetation period.
Millet is an economic crop. At big crops it provides good income to farms, especially at cultivation of valuable grades. So, in EPF "Streletskoe" of the Orel region the average productivity of this crop within 9 years was 32, 3 dt/ha, and net income with 1 ha was 5 802 rub/ha, profitability was 65% [2].
We calculated technological cards of millet cultivation by experience options. The option with zero tillage happened to be the worst one. As the size of productivity was on this option the smallest one, and the size of expenses decreased slightly, the product cost appeared to be the highest one — 550,1 rub/dt, and profitability of the lowest one was
0,78%. The application of the subsurface cultivator as a tool for the soil allowed to increase productivity to 24,9 dt/ha and to reduce costs of production of 1 dt of product to 443,13 rub, having increased profitability to 25,11%. When using KOS unit for the tillage the indicator of profitability increased to 35,09%, and the costs of production decreased to 410,38 rub/dt. The economic indicators of the fourth and fifth options were close. Productivity on these options differed in 0,38 dt/ha, however smaller production expenses on the fifth option lowered costs of production to 363 rub/dt and increased profitability to 52,52 %. The options of millet cultivation with the use of mouldboard plowing were the most economically effective ones.
Various processing methods of millet cultivation lead to change in structure of expenses for getting a unit of production. These data are shown in the diagram (Figure 1).
□ Option 1
□ Option2 ■ Option3
□ Option4
□ Option5
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v° x\° <j> „X
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Figure 1 - The structure of expenses during millet cultivation, %
The main groups of expenses during millet cultivation in percentage of all expenses are presented in the diagram. The greatest items of expenditure are a labour compensation fund, fuel, depreciation of equipment and mineral fertilizers. The labour compensation fund changes within 2 per cent - from 6% on the first option to 8% on the fourth one. The consumption of fuel for production of one unit of product was maximum on the fifth option, at zero tillage (1 option) this indicator decreased by 2,5 times. Depreciation charges on the third and fifth options were about 10,7% as soil-cultivating units of foreign production were used. The greatest expenses fell on mineral fertilizers and were nearly 70% on the first option and fluctuated within 60-56,6% on other options. Therefore, to decrease the prime cost of millet grains it is necessary to use mineral fertilizers more effectively, and combinine it with decrease in a dose of introduction (for example - add into rows when seeding instead of background introduction).
CONCLUSIONS
Taking into consideration the obtained data, it is possible to arrive at the following conclusions:
1. The reduction of tillage intensity during millet cultivation leads to the sharp reduction of productivity;
2. The reduction of productivity is connected with increase of the content of impurities and decrease in density of standing and plants survival by the time of harvesting that is, in its turn, directly connected with the quality of operation of the seeding unit.
3. At crop cultivation on zero technology the seeding unit shouldn't have disk coulters;
4. At decrease in tillage intensity it is necessary to strengthen herbicidal protection, especially against the second wave of weeds.
The production can be offered the following:
- At millet cultivation to pay attention to the system of the main tillage and to apply the semi-steam or improved fall tillage;
- To begin fight against weeds in the fields intended for the millet cultivation right after harvesting of the predecessor;
- It is necessary to harvest millet either with a two-phase method, or with the use of desiccators.
REFERENCES
1. Kislov, A. V. Organizational and economic problems and efficiency of resource-saving technologies in stabilization of agrarian and industrial complex development/ A.V. Kislov, V.V. Karakulev // News of the Orenburg state agrarian university, 2006, No. 2(10). - page 83-86.
2. Perspective resource-saving technology of millet production. - M: FGNU
"Rosinformagrotekh", 2010. - 52 p.
3. Solomatin, N.V. Minimalization of tillage for millet in a steam link of a crop rotation on southern chernozemic soils of the Orenburg Cis-Urals: author’s abstract ... Ph. D. thesis in Agricultural Science: 06.01.01 / Solomatin Nikolay Vladislavovich. - Orenburg, 2001. -18p.
4. Fedotov, V.A. Agrotechnology of field crops in the Central Chernozem region / A. Fedotov, S.V. Kadyrov, D.I. Schedrin. - Voronezh, Publishing house “Istoki”, 2011. -page 87-93.
5. Agroweeds: catalog weeds of Central Russia. / V.T. Lobkov, Y.A. Bobkov, S.A. Plygun, N.I. Abakumov // Certificate of state registration of the database computer number 2008620016. - 2008.
6. Bobkova, Y.A. The change of broomcorn millet (Panicum Miliaceum L.) productivity structure under the conditions of differet tllage intensity / Y.A. Bobkova, N.I. Abakumov, M.R. Mikhaylov // Vestnik OrelGAU, 4(43), August 2013. - P. 20-25.
