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UDC 633.171: 631.559:631.51.01
THE CHANGE OF BROOMCORN MILLET (PANICUM MILIACEUM l.) PRODUCTIVITY STRUCTURE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF DIFFERET TLLAGE INTENSITY
Bobkova Y^., Abakumov N.I., Candidates of Agricultural Science Mikhaylov M.R., Assistant Professor Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia
E-mail: bobkovaj75@mail.ru, agronom113@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
The influence of five methods of the main tillage of different intensity on elements of structure of a crop was studied on the bases of millet broomcorn Quartet. Also the indicators characterizing the stability to lodging resistance of millet by options of experience were analyzed. During the research it was determined that the millet productivity increases when the tillage intensity increases as well. The reduction of tillage intensity at millet cultivation leads to sharp reduction of productivity. The reduction of productivity is connected with the decrease in density and survival of plants to harvesting that, in its turn, is directly connected with the quality of planting outfit operation. The impossibility to realize the efficiency potential on zero tillage was connected with the formation of the smallest plant weight, number of grains in a plant that, in its turn, led to formation of small and shrink millet seeds. The formation of a big yield of millet grain in options with plowing became possible thanks to the formation of bigger number of seeds from a plant and higher seed productivity. The maximum losses during millet harvesting in plowing option with a reverse plow were caused by low lodging resistance of plants of this option connected with their high-tallness, bigger length of the top internode and head length.
KEY WORDS
Main tillage, zero tillage, survival of plants, broomcorn millet, productivity, seed efficiency, crop structure, lodging resistance, Orel region.
Millet is a traditional cereal, fodder and insurance crop in the Central Federal District. According to the Territorial body of FSSS in the Orel region in 2011 there were 1,6 thousand hectares, in 2012 - 1,2 thousand hectares of this crop. Though in 2000 in the Orel region this crop occupied 12,6 thousand hectares [1]. The millet productivity remains at a low level, it strongly varies by years and depends on weather conditions. So, during the period from 2010 to 2012 the productivity of this crop on the farms of the area changed in the limits of 13,017,3 c/hectare. Such productivity doesn't correspond to the potential opportunities of this crop.
The successful solution of this task can be provided only in the conditions of increased attention to the millet cultivation and universal introduction of the most progressive resource-saving technologies of its cultivation [2]. The increased insistence of millet to the temperature conditions, bringing to need to plant this crop in later terms, and its weak weed resistance during the first period of growth make special demands to the system of the main and presowing tillage [3]. The tillage before millet sowing in the Central Federal District has to be aimed, first of all, at purification from weeds, accumulation and moisture preservation. Depending on a zone, predecessors, contamination and weather conditions the main tillage before millet sowing is carried out on the system of the usual, improved ploughland, or on type of cover fallow. On pithy, pure from weeds soils zero tillage is also possible especially when using herbicides. In this case after the predecessor has been harvested the soil is husked on the depth of 6-8 cm, in spring it is cultivated 1-2 times in the process of weed growing [4]. Considering quite inconsistent data of a number of authors on this matter [3,6,7,8], the purpose of our research was to study the influence of various tillage methods on the formation of the broomcorn millet productivity.
In this regard in 2012 on the experimental field of the chair of agriculture of the Orel state agrarian university the researches aimed at studying various tillage systems and their influence on millet productivity were conducted. These researches are relevant for the Orel region as the question of the replacement of moldboard plowing by other tillage methods at cultivation of this important cereal crop was studied for the first time.
MATERIAL AND RESEARCH PROCEDURE
The soil of the experimental field represents typical for the area dark gray forest clay-loam gleysolic soil, parent material and calcic horizon spreading breeds are gleyed limons The microrelief of the plot is leveled-off. The arable layer has subacidic reaction of soil solution, rather high for this type of soils content of humus (4,76%) and the average content of labile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium.
As the target of the research a sort of millet zoned in the Orel region Quartet, released in the Orel region (originator - ASRI ZBK) was used.
The field experiment consisted of five options: 1) zero processing; 2) subsurface cultivator tillage at a depth of 20-22 cm; 3) KOS tillage at a depth of 14-16 cm; 4) plowing with a usual plow PLN-3-35 at a depth of 20-22 cm; 5) plowing with a reverse plow LEMKEN at a depth of 20-22 cm.
The field experiment is placed by a method of randomized repetitions in triple frequency. The field size was the following: length - 30 m, width - 20 m, the registration area -120 sq.m. All supervision, analyses and account were carried out by the standard techniques.
In general the period of millet vegetation from May to September 2012 can be characterized as favorable, with increased temperature and small precipitation deficit that practically didn’t reflect the productivity of this culture.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The millet sowing was carried out on May 30 with the drill-machine AmazoneD-9-60. The norm of seeding was 37 kg/hectare, the depth of seeding was 6 cm. After the seeding the rolling down with star-wheeled rollers 3KKSH-6 was carried out. The sprouts appeared on the 7-8 day after the seeding, on June 13 millet was in a phase of three leaves. At this time the calculation of plants by experience options was carried out.
During the vegetation of plants some of them die for different reasons. The reduction of a number of dead plants is one of reserves to increase productivity. The productivity will be defined by the quantity of normally developed millet heads and weight of seeds in one head. These indicators have to be optimum for receiving a big crop. At a norm of seeding in 37 kg/hectare and the mass of 1000 seeds of 7,5 g, the quantity of the sowed seeds was about 490 seeds on 1 sq.m. Taking into consideration the quantity of plants in a phase of three leaves, we arrive at a conclusion that on all options of experience, except for the fifth one, the field viability was about 30%, and on the fifth option it was nearly 38%. It should be noted that it is the lowest indicator. It is necessary to conduct additional researches on this question as the increase in field viability will allow to reduce the norms of seeding. The dynamics of number of millet plants during the period sprouts-harvesting is presented in Table 1.
Table 1 - Dynamics of number of millet plants during the period sprouts-harvesting, 2012
Option Phase of three leaves, piece/sq.m. Harvesting, piece/sq.m. % of safety to harvesting
1 137,3 92,1 67,08
2 145,3 120,8 83,17
3 149,3 122,1 81,79
4 137,3 113,6 82,76
5 184,0 151,7 82,43
By the time of harvesting the death of plants on options from the second to the fifth one was less than 20%, and on option with zero tillage it was more than 30%. The disk coulter of a drill-machine Amazone D-9-60 is not able to provide uniform depth of seed placement on the raw background with some straw on its surface. Because of it the part of seeds gets into non-optimal conditions that prevent further development of these plants. Thus, the millet plants at zero tillage are in a depression throughout all period of vegetation. The percentage of plants death before harvesting on this option is extremely high. Tillage, forming homogeneous layer, is necessary during millet cultivation.
The crop species productivity is an integrated indicator of studied processing methods. At its size, besides studied factors, weather conditions [8] have considerable impact. In general weather conditions of 2012 were favorable for millet cultivation. Its productivity by options of experience fluctuated from 18,0 to 43,1 c/hectare (table 2).
Table 2 - Millet productivity and losses during harvesting
Indicators Option
1 2 3 4 5
Producti-vity economical, dt/ha 18,0 24,9 27,5 29,9 30,2
Producti-vity on control bundle, dt/ha 24,5 29,2 33,4 34,7 43,1
Losses during harvesting dt/ha 6,49 4,3 5,9 4,84 12,9
Millet belongs to crops of blotchy ripening. In the beginning the grains located close to the top part of the head ripen, then ripening goes down. Considering heterogeneity of plants in crops, the phase of ripening can be extended up to 35-40 days. When grains ripen, leaves and a culm of millet remain green containing much water. This feature of millet makes it impossible to harvest it in one phase. Otherwise desiccation with chemical preparations is recommended as it was carried out in our experience. 10 days before harvesting the test sowing crops was processed with the nonselective herbicide Typhoon in a dose of 2, 0 l/hectare.
The maximum productivity of millet grain was received on option with plowing with a reverse plow (30,2 c/hectare), minimum on zero tillage. However, it should be noted that the greatest losses were typical for the option with plowing with a reverse plow too. It is connected to a great degree with the fact that the plants in this option were of lower lodging resistance because of their high-tallness. The least losses of millet grain during harvesting were observed on the second option of experience with subsurface cultivator tillage.
During the determination of millet productivity with a control sheaf the same tendency as during the accounting of productivity with a continuous combine method was registered.
The analysis of crop structure is an important method to evaluate the development of cultivated plants, it allows to determine consistent patterns of crop formation and to track its dependence on variety of factors of environment, effect of chemicals or extreme weather conditions, as well as influence of diseases, weed plants, and in our case tillage.
The big crop is provided by the best development of basic elements of structure of each plant [10]. In our research we tried to find out as far as productivity depends on each of sign and their influence on its efficiency (Table 3).
As a result of the structure analysis of millet plants grown up on various methods of tillage, it was noted that the option with zero tillage, characterized by the lowest productivity, had the minimum mass of a single plant, the smallest amount of grains from a plant, seed efficiency and weight of 1000 grains. According to the mass of plants the zero option authentically differed from other options of experience. The formation of the maximum weight of millet plants was typical for options of tillage with subsurface cultivator and reverse plow.
The greatest number of grains on a plant was created on plowing options of PLN-3-35 and a reverse plow (467,6 pieces and 370,3 pieces, correspondently). Probably the maximum productivity on these options of experience was created at the expense of this indicator.
According to the indicator of seed efficiency the options 2,4,5 authentically differed from the options 1 and 3. The maximum seed efficiency was observed during the option on PLN-3-35 plowing (3,4 g / plant).
The fineness of seeds is expressed by an indicator of weight of 1000 grains. According to this indicator no reliable distinctions in options of experience were observed. But it was noted that the smallest seeds were formed on zero option, and the largest seeds were on options with subsurface cultivator and KOS.
Table 3 - The elements of millet plants efficiency by experience options
Tillage option Weight of a plant, g Number of grains in a plant, units Seed efficiency, g/ plant Weight of 1000 grains, g Photosynthesis economic effectiveness rate, %
1. No-Till 3,1 153,9 1,1 6,2 32,3
2. Subsurface cultivator 8,5 354,1 2,8 8,0 32,9
3. KOS 7,0 265,3 2,1 7,9 30,0
4.PLN-3-35 plowing 7,5 467,6 3,4 7,3 45,3
5.Plowing with a reverse plow 8,0 370,3 2,9 7,7 36,3
HCP05 2,10 103,2 1,18 1,91
The size photosynthesis economic effectiveness rate reflects the role of seeds in the formation of the general efficiency of a plant. The option with PLN-3-35 plowing differed most favourably from the others according to this indicator. The plants grown up with zero tillage realized their potential for formation of seed efficiency least of all.
As a whole according to the table 3, it is possible to confirm that the formation of a large number of grains on a plant as well as high seed efficiency on options with plowing, allowed millet plants to create the highest productivity. The plants grown up on the first option, couldn't realize their efficiency potential . They were characterized as the plants having the smallest weight of a plant and number of grains from a plant that led to the formation of small and shrink seeds that as a result led to smallest of all options productivity.
Lodging not only complicates the mechanized harvesting, but also leads to big losses. Early lodging during flowering or at the beginning of grain formation is especially dangerous. One distinguishes two types of lodging: stem lodging and radical lodging. In the first case it is usually connected with a footstalk inclination in length of the bottom internode, in the second case the plants lodge or bend from roots without a bend of a footstalk [15].
In our experiences the lodging of millet plants was uneven during different options that allowed us to analyze how tillage can influence this indicator (Table 4).
The analysis carried out by a number of authors on various groups of samples of millet, allowed to define that the optimum zone on height of plants with which resistance to lodging remains within 7-9 points, is from 60 to 100 cm [12].
The height of plants in the experience was from 63,7 to 115,9 cm. The plants of the first option were the most undersized ones. Apparently it is connected with unfavourable living conditions (the increased density of soil, contamination, etc.). But the small height of these plants allowed them to keep resistance to lodging until harvesting. The options 2,4,5 authentically differed from the others in this indicator and were characterized by the maximum values. Low resistance to drowning was a peculiar feature of plants of these options. Here the lodging centers were noted even at the beginning of ripening. In our opinion that was the reason for high losses of grain during harvesting on option with plowing by a reverse plow.
Besides the height of plants a number of other morphological features of plants were analyzed, such as: number of internodes, length of the top internode, length of the head, footstalk thickness in the first internode.
The number of internodes on a plant varied depending on options of experience, submitting to the same regularity, as height of plants. The number of internodes on millet
plants changed depending on the tillage method, for example it was 4,4 pieces / plant in the first option and 6,8 pieces / plant in the second option.
Such features as the length of the top internode and length of a head characterize the resistance of millet plants to stem lodging, and the footstalk thickness near the first internode characterize the resistance of millet plants to radical lodging.
The plants of the first and fourth options differed significantly in length of the top internode from the others. And it should be noted that in the first option this indicator was minimum (9,3 cm), and in the fourth it was maximum (15,5 cm).
Table 4 - The indicators characterizing resistance to lodging of millet plants by options of experience
Option of tillage Height of millet plants, cm Number of internodes pieces/plants. Length of upper internode, cm Length of a head, cm Thickness of a stalk
1. No-Till 63,7 4,4 9,3 14,3 0,317
2. Subsurface cultivator 115,9 6,8 13,5 20,8 0,389
3.KOS 105,0 5,9 12,5 20,4 0,423
4.PLN-3-35 plowing 112,7 6,3 15,5 22,4 0,407
5.Plowing with a reverse plow 111,4 5,9 14,1 22,2 0,410
The feature of the head length repeats the regularity noted by options of experience for the previous feature. However, it is possible to notice that plants of the fourth option, characterized as the plants with the longest head, had also the maximum seed efficiency.
We didn't manage to reveal accurate regularity of influence of the footstalk thickness near the first internode on resistance to plants lodging by experience options. The greatest thickness of a footstalk was noted at plants of the third option (0,423 cm), however no reliable differences on footstalk thickness between options 3,4,5 were observed. Although the plants of the fourth and fifth options were characterized by the smallest resistance to lodging from the moment of the beginning of ripening.
CONCLUSIONS
Taking into consideration the obtained data, it is possible to arrive at the following conclusions:
- the reduction of tillage intensity during millet cultivation leads to the sharp reduction of productivity;
- the reduction of productivity is connected with the decrease in density of standing and plants survival by the time of harvesting that is, in its turn, directly connected with the quality of operation of the seeding unit;
- at crop cultivation on zero technology the seeding unit shouldn't have disk coulters;
- analyzing the structure of a millet crop by options of experience it was noted that the formation of a big crop of millet grain in options with plowing became possible thanks to the formation of bigger number of seeds from a plant and higher seed efficiency, while the plants which had been grown up on option with zero tillage, couldn't realize their potential of efficiency. They were characterized as the plants with the smallest weight and the smallest number of grains from a plant that lead to the formation of small and shrink seeds and as a result caused the smallest of all options productivity;
- the maximum losses during harvesting in option on plowing with a reverse plow were caused by low resistance to lodging of this option connected with their high-tallness, bigger length of the top internode and head length.
ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT
The authors of the article express gratitude to the research associate of the GNU
VNIIZBK of the Russian Academy of Agrarian Sciences the candidate of agricultural science
V. S. Sidorenko for the help in selection of techniques for carrying out researches with millet
crop.
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