CC BY
20«coyyomum-jmtmal» 2©2u / agricultural sciences
47
UDC 635.656:631.5
Mostovenko V.,
a graduate student of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University
Didur I.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-1299-47-52 ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF GROWING VEGETABLE PEAS
Abstract.
In addition to agronomic importance, as one of the best predecessors, peas provide significant economic efficiency. The constant rise in prices for mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, fuel, etc. leads to increased costs of cultivation and reduced profits from the sale ofpeas. Therefore, it is predominant not only to achieve a high level of yield but also to improve economic efficiency. Given that the control variant used mineral fertilizers in the norm N30P60K60 and pre-sowing treatment ofseeds with an inoculant, the lion's share of costs compared to other variants is the background of the control variant, which has been essentially superimposing on added variants. However, the low profitability of the control option is the cause of high costs for mineral fertilizers, and a small gradual increase in yield due to seed treatment with trace elements, soil liming, foliar fertilization is quite understandable in increasing the profitability of growing peas. The most important indicator of economic efficiency is profit. The economic efficiency of growing vegetable peas has been characterizing by positive results in all variants of the experiment. This indicator was the lowest in the control (7553-8601 and 11989-12630 UAH/ha), it was higher in the second, as well as the third andfourth versions of the research (8596-9644 and 13020-13673 UAH / ha); 14399 UAH / ha); (10548-11517 and 14814-15862 UAH / ha). That is, with the increase in the level of yield due to the intensification of the technology of growing crops, the profit of the extension products gradually increases. Reaching its maximum in the fourth version of the study, due to the synergistic interaction of nutrients, the return on fertilizers increases. The high yield of vegetable peas, which accumulated the highest energy values - 12.55 and 14.87 million kcal - provided a high coefficient of energy efficiency in our research, which was 3.36 in Skinado and 3.99 in Somerwood.
Keywords: lime rate, vegetative mass, control variant, vegetable peas
Introduction. Vegetable peas are an important protein crop. It contains 20-22% dry matter, 6-7% protein, 5-7% sugars, 2-4% starch. According to the protein, it occupies a leading position among vegetable crops. The biological value of protein has been determining by its easy digestibility by the human body, the composition of essential amino acids: lysine (1.52 m%), tryptophan (0.25%), threonine (0.84%), and others.
Through their research, scientists confirm that it is very chief for plants to provide them with trace elements and biologically active substances that come to them together with micro fertilizers and plant growth regulators, which are now an integral part of modern technologies for growing crops, especially with the introduction of new high-yielding vegetable pea varieties that require a balanced diet.
In addition to agronomic importance, as one of the best predecessors, peas provide significant economic efficiency. The constant rise in prices for mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, fuel, etc. leads to increased costs of cultivation and reduced profits from the sale of peas. Therefore, it is foremost not only to achieve a high level of yield but also to improve economic efficiency. The profitability of growing peas is 42.5-74.6%.
Research methods.
The scheme of the experiment included the study of the following options: Factor A - varieties: 1. Skinado - control. 2. Somerwood; Factor B - liming: 1. Without liming; 2. 0.5 norms of lime per year; 3. 1,0
norms of lime on g. K. Factor C - Feeding: 1. N30P60K» + Inoculation (background) - control; 2. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo (1 l / t of seeds); 3. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo (1 l / t of seeds) + Wuxal Microplant during the growth of vegetative mass - 1.5 l / ha; 4. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo (1 l / t of seeds) + Wuxal Microplant during vegetative mass growth - 1.5 l / ha + Wuxal Calcium, Boron (budding phase) - 1.5 l / ha.
The field experiment has been accompanying by phenological observations. The dates of onset and passage of phenophases have been recording: seedlings, budding, flowering, technical maturity.
An economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the elements of cultivation technology was calculated based on technological maps based on actual prices in 2019 according to the generally accepted method, taking into account costs per 1 ha, profit per 1 ha, cost, and profitability.
Calculations of energy efficiency were performed according to the method of OK Medvedovsky and P.I. Ivanenko.
Results. The cost of the grown production depending on variants of researches varied from 18091 to 23463 UAH. in the Skinado variety and from UAH 2,436 to UAH 27,808 in the Somerwood variety, depending on the applied cultivation methods and varietal characteristics (Tables 1, 2).
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Table 1.
Indicators of economic efficiency of growing the vegetable pea variety Skinado depending on liming and _foliar fertilization, the average of 2017-2019.___
Foliar feeding factor C Liming factor B Crop capacity, t / ha Cost products from 1 hectare, UAH Costs per 1 ha, UAH The cost of 1 ton grain, UAH Profit, UAH / ha Profitability level,%
1. N30P60K60 + Inoculation (background) - control. Without liming 2,29 18091 10538 4061,7 7553 71,7
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 2,38 18802 10646 4473,1 8156 76,6
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 2,45 19355 10754 4389,4 8601 80,0
2. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo Without liming 2,46 19434 10838 4405,7 8596 79,3
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 2,54 20066 10946 4309,4 9120 83,3
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 2,62 20698 11054 4219,1 9644 87,2
3. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant Without liming 2,66 21014 11218 4217,3 9796 87,3
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 2,75 21725 11326 4118,5 10399 91,8
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 2,81 22199 11434 4069,0 10765 94,1
4. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant + Wuxal Calcium, Boron Without liming 2,82 22278 11730 4159,6 10548 89,9
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 2,91 22989 11838 4068,0 11151 94,2
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 2,97 23463 11946 4022,2 11517 96,4
zation is quite understandable in increasing the profitability of growing peas. The highest indicators of economic efficiency have been obtaining on the variant of the experiment, where it has been applying against the background of the control variant of soil liming (1.0 norms per hectare), pre-sowing seed treatment with micro fertilizer Wuxal Extra CoMo, foliar fertilization Wuxal Microplant and Wuxal Calcium, Boron in both varieties vegetable peas.
Table 2.
Indicators of economic efficiency of growing Somerwood vegetable peas depending on liming and foliar __fertilization, average 2017-2019 ___
Foliar feeding factor C Liming factor B Crop capacity, t / ha Cost products from 1 hectare, UAH Costs per 1 ha, UAH The cost of 1 ton grain, UAH Profit, UAH / ha Profitability level,%
1. N30P60K60 + Inoculation (background) - control. Without liming 2,84 22436 10538 3710,6 11898 112,9
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 2,91 22989 10646 3658,4 12343 115,9
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 2,96 23384 10754 3633,1 12630 117,4
2. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo Without liming 3,02 23858 10838 3588,7 13020 120,1
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 3,07 24253 10946 3565,4 13307 121,6
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 3,13 24727 11054 3531,6 13673 123,7
3. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant Without liming 3,16 24964 11218 3550 13746 122,5
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 3,21 25359 11326 3528,3 14033 123,9
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 3,27 25833 11434 3496,6 14399 125,9
4. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant + Wuxal Calcium, Boron Without liming 3,36 26544 11730 3491,1 14814 126,3
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 3,45 27255 11838 3431,3 15417 130,2
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 3,52 27808 11946 3393,8 15862 132,8
Given that the control variant used mineral fertilizers in the norm N30P60K60 and pre-sowing treatment of seeds with an inoculant, the lion's share of costs compared to other variants is the background of the control variant, which has been essentially superimposing on additional variants. However, the low profitability of the control option is the cause of high costs for mineral fertilizers. A small gradual increase in yield due to seed treatment with trace elements, soil liming, foliar fertili-
«шушетим-лшигмау» #тш, жж / agricultural sciences
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At the same time, the cost of production varied from 23,463 in the Skinado variety to 27,808 UAH / ha in the Somerwood variety, despite the overpriced of growing products - 11,946 UAH / lia, the maximum
profit - 11,517 and 15,862 UAH / ha and the highest level of profitability - 96.4 and 132.8% (Figs. 1, 2) and the lowest cost of cultivation in our studies.
Fig. 1 Profitability level and yield of Skinado pea variety depending on liming and foliar feeding Note: 1 - without liming; 2 - 0.5 norms per year; 3 - 1.0 norms for g. K.
Fig. 2 Level ofprofitability and yield of Somerwood pea variety depending on liming and foliar fertilization of
products - 4022.2 and 3393.8 UAH/ha. Note 1 - without liming; 2 - 0.5 norms per year; 3 - 1.0 norms for g. k.
No damage has been observing in any of the variants of the experiment. Analyzing the cost of production for each of the research options, it should have been noting that the increase in yield obtained from soil
liming, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with micro fertilizers, and foliar fertilization with micro fertilizers has been reflecting in the gradual increase in profits. The aforementioned determines the payback of additional
50 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES / «€©yL©(MUM"JOUrM&lL» #12(99), 2021
Bor, the profit compared to the power of maximum soil liming increased by 2916 and 3232 UAH / ha.
Thus, due to the optimization of the micronutrient nutrition system, synergistic interaction of fertilizers, the profit increased from 8601 and 12630 to 11517 and 15862 UAH / ha at the maximum liming of the soil (1.0 n.v. per year).
Carrying out energy analysis after generalization of experimental data of field experiment allows establishing energy efficiency of the agricultural production process as the dominant factor of reproduction of agricultural production taking into account features of agriculture at the existing level of development of technologies and equipment. The use of general energy methods for assessing the processes of crop production allows justifying the technology of cultivation in terms of optimizing the energy balance of agroecosystems.
The cost analysis shows that the lowest cost of 1 ton of grain (4022.2 and 3393.8 UAH) has been observing in the fourth version of the experiment, where soil liming has been carrying out (1.0 norms per hectare).
In determining this balance should take into account the peculiarities of crop production - the presence of renewable (solar energy, soil fertility, and energy potential, air and soil temperature, rainfall) and non-renewable (vitality concentrated in mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides, the energy contained in technical means and equipment, the energy of living labor, etc.).
Given the constant fluctuations in the price of crop products, fertilizers, pesticides, biologicals, PPPs, and other resources, energy assessment of the developed elements of pea cultivation technology is principal with the establishment of indicators of energy consumption in agricultural production with its comparison to energy growth accumulated by crops. (Table 3, Table 4).
Table 3.
The energy efficiency of growing Skinado vegetable peas depending on liming and foliar fertilization, aver-
costs for growing products, given the low cost of activities. Thus, the lowest costs for growing products have been obtaining in the first version of the experiment from 10538 to 10754 UAH / ha. The increase in production costs was observed in the second variant of the experiment from 10838 to 11054 UAH / ha, as well as in the third and fourth variant of the experiments from 11218 to 11434 and from 11730 to 11946 UAH / ha.
The cost analysis shows that the lowest cost of 1 ton of grain (4022.2 and 3393.8 UAH) has been observing in the fourth version of the experiment, where soil liming has been carrying out (1.0 norms per hectare). Which is associated with the highest yield of vegetable peas. The highest (4069.0 and 3496.6; 4219.1 and 3531.6; 4389.4 and 3633.1 UAH) was the third, second and first version of the experiment, where soil liming with the maximum rate of lime has been carrying out. The aforementioned is due to lower yields.
The most important indicator of economic efficiency is profit. The economic efficiency of growing vegetable peas has been characterizing by positive results in all variants of the experiment. This indicator was the lowest in the control (7553-8601 and 11989-12630 UAH / ha), it was higher in the second, as well as the third and fourth versions of the research (8596-9644 and 13020-13673 UAH / ha); 14399 UAH / ha); (1054811517 and 14814-15862 UAH / ha). That is, with the increase in the level of yield due to the intensification of the technology of growing crops, the profit of the expended products gradually increases. Reaching its maximum in the fourth version of the study, due to the synergistic interaction of nutrients, the return on dressing increases. Thus, against the background of control of pre-sowing seed treatment Wuxal Extra CoMo, foliar fertilization Wuxal Microplant, and Wuxal Calcium
Foliar feeding factor C Liming factor B The energy intensity of the crop from 1 ha, million kcal Costs energy per 1 ha, million kcal Energy efficiency ratio, Eer
1. N30P60K60 + Inoculation (background) - control. Without liming 9,67 3,44 2,81
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 10,05 3,45 2,91
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 10,35 3,46 2,99
2. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo Without liming 10,39 3,47 2,99
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 10,73 3,51 3,06
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 11,07 3,54 3,12
3. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant Without liming 11,24 3,59 3,13
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 11,61 3,63 3,20
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 11,87 3,66 3,23
4. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant + Wuxal Calcium, Boron Without liming 11,91 3,68 3,24
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 12,29 3,71 3,31
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 12,55 3,73 3,36
This assessment allows us to clearly determine the levels of resource consumption and propose the most economical measures to reduce the energy intensity of pea grain [9]. The highest energy consumption on the option Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant + Wuxal Calcium, Boron for maximum soil liming (1.0 lime rates per hectare) - 3.73 million kcal,
this is due to the maximum intensification of cultivation vegetable peas in this version of the experiment. However, the high grain yield of vegetable peas, which accumulated the highest energy values - 12.55 and 14.87 million, kcal provided a high coefficient of energy efficiency in our research, which in the variety.
Table 4.
The energy efficiency of growing Somerwood vegetable peas depending on liming and foliar fertiliza__tion, average 2017-2019___
Foliar feeding factor C Liming factor B The energy intensity of the crop from 1 ha, million kcal Costs energy per 1 ha, million kcal Energy efficiency ratio, Eer
1. N30P60K60 + Inoculation (background) -control. Without liming 11,99 3,44 3,49
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 12,29 3,45 3,56
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 12,51 3,46 3,61
2. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo Without liming 12,76 3,47 3,67
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 12,97 3,51 3,69
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 13,22 3,54 3,73
3. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant Without liming 13,35 3,59 3,71
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 13,56 3,63 3,74
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 13,82 3,66 3,77
4. Background + Wuxal Extra CoMo + Wuxal Microplant + Wuxal Calcium, Boron Without liming 14,20 3,68 3,86
0.5 norms of lime for g. K. 14,58 3,71 3,93
1.0 norms of lime for g. K. 14,87 3,73 3,99
Skinado was 3.36, and Somerwood - 3.99. The lowest was the coefficient of energy efficiency in the control version of the study in the variety Skinado - 2.81 and the variety Somerwood - 3.49. That is, despite the reduction in energy costs of growing vegetable peas and the energy accumulated in the grain harvest provides the lowest energy efficiency in our research.
Conclusions:
Given that the control variant applied mineral fertilizers in the norm N30P60K60 and carried out pre-sow-ing treatment of seeds with an inoculant, the lion's share of costs compared to other alternatives is the background of the control variant, which has been essentially superimposing on additional variants. However, the low profitability of the control option is the cause of high costs for mineral fertilizers, and a small gradual increase in yield due to seed treatment with trace elements, soil liming, foliar fertilization is quite understandable in increasing the profitability of growing peas.
The most important indicator of economic efficiency is profit. The economic efficiency of growing vegetable peas has been characterizing by positive results in all variants of the experiment. This indicator was the lowest in the control (7553-8601 and 11989-12630 UAH / ha), it was higher in the second, as well as the third and fourth versions of the research (8596-9644 and 13020-13673 UAH / ha); 14399 UAH / ha); (1054811517 and 14814-15862 UAH / ha). That is, with the increase in the level of yield due to the intensification of the technology of growing crops, the profit of the expended products gradually increases. Reaching its maximum in the fourth version of the study, due to the syn-ergistic interaction of nutrients, the return on fertilizers increases.
The high grain yield of vegetable peas, which accumulated the highest energy values - 12.55 and 14.87 million, kcal provided a high coefficient of energy efficiency in our studies, which in the variety Skinado was 3.36, and in the variety Somerwood - 3, 99.
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UDK: 712. 253.002
Prokopchuk V.,
Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University.
Pantsyreva H.,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. ORCID: https://orcid. org/0000-0002-0539-5211
Mazur K.
Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-1299-53-57 FEATURES OF CULTIVATION AND USE OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS IRIS L. IN LANDSCAPING
PODILLYA OF UKRAINE
Abstract.
A promising task of green construction is to replenish the quantitative and species composition of ornamental plants in order to improve botanical gardens and parks, which are the key to modern urban landscaping. The current state of use of ornamental and valuable plants of the genus Iris L. in the Podillya zone to determine their prospects for landscaping the park zone of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University has been studied. Expansion of the collection offlowering plants in green construction due to the preservation of their gene pool will allow to study the selection of introduced species, varieties and hybrids adapted to the conditions of the growing area with the development of modern principles of their use in landscaping. According to the results of research of existing and introduced plants of Iris L. in Vinnytsia region, it is proposed to use in landscaping varieties and hybrids of these plants, which are characterized by high criteria for a set of morphological and economic-biological characteristics. The most promising varieties offoreign selection for the creation of the Iris L. collection on the basis of the architectural and exposition section of the Department of Forestry, Horticulture, Horticulture and Viticulture of the Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry have been studied. Summary of recommendations for the use of promising cultivars of foreign selection in green construction, taking into account their biological and ecological and morphological features. It is investigated that the study of varietal diversity of Iris L. allows to significantly expand the knowledge about their adaptive properties and use in different areas of floriculture in the Podillya area, as well as in selection work. It is determined that from the scientific and practical point of view the researched collection fund is perspective for creation of flower beds, borders, groups on a lawn background, mixbor-ders and is an excellent material for creation of garden compositions. It is proved that the expansion of variants of modern decorative compositions with their participation will give the park zone of Vinnytsia NA U a more spectacular look.
Keywords: Iris L., variety, hybrid, landscaping, introduction, variants of use.
Formulation of the problem. Selection and introduction of new plant species into culture is an important task of modern botanical science, which can be solved through introduction. This allows you to enrich plant resources, improve the range of ornamental plants used in green building. Successful introduction of promising plant species into the culture is possible under the conditions of deep knowledge of the biology of their development, reproduction, as well as the study of the peculiarities of their cultivation and use.
Species of the genus Iris L. are promising for use in landscaping, and most of them have a high degree of decorativeness, even without breeding work, but in Ukraine they are not used enough in green building. In general, these are varieties and a small number of well-known species, while in nature there are many species, varying in color, shape and size of flowers, timing of flowering, and other decorative qualities.
In this regard, the study of species of the genus Iris in Podillya is a topical and promising issue.
Analysis of recent research and publications. In research institutions, botanical gardens, nurseries, biostations and expositions, the introduction of plants is combined with a system of integrated use of cultural
habitat through expanded reproduction outside the natural or cultural habitat and as an effective means of preserving their genetic cenoses and species populations. Therefore, the most important task of green building is to replenish the quantitative and species composition of ornamental plants in order to improve botanical gardens and parks, which are the key to modern urban landscaping. Today, these scientific studies are relevant and due to the need to introduce new and uncommon species and varieties, hybrids of flower crops in order to enrich the cultural biodiversity of a particular natural and historical area with promising species, varieties and forms. Flower species of natural flora are selected from collection funds and are characterized by high decorative value in combination with economic feasibility for their introduction into industrial culture in the natural and climatic conditions of the Podillya zone. Species of the genus Iris are promising flowering and deciduous ornamental plants. This genus has a number of positive features: high decorative value, significant species and varietal diversity in shape, size and color of the flower. Roosters are undemanding to soils, light-loving, although they grow well in slightly shaded areas, do not like too humid places, quite drought-resistant.
