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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2020, 10(1), 101-105, 10.15 4 21/2 0 2 0_16
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The productivity of intensive pea varieties depending on the seeds treatment and foliar fertilizing under conditions of right-bank forest-steppe Ukraine
Mazur V1, Didur I1, Myalkovsky R2, Pantsyreva H1*, Telekalo N1, Tkach O2
1 Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3, Soniachna Str, Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 21008 2State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podilia, Kamyanets-Podilsky, Ukraine
E-mail: apantsyreva@ukr
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0539-5211, Publons: L-5102-2018.
Received26.01.2020 Accepted21.02.2020
It is developed the growing technology model, which provides for the growing pea varieties under compatible presowing seeds treatment by bacterial preparations Ryzohumin and Polimiksobakteryn, and triplex using of foliar fertilizing by complex fertilizers KODA 7-21-7 in the phases of budding and green beans and KODA Complex in the phase of pouring seeds in the background of fertilization N45P60K60, which provided grain yield formation on the level of 4.01 t/ha in class Tsarevych and 4.31 t/ha in class Ulus, where collection of crude protein was 1.02 t/ha and 1.07 t/ha. It is established the dependence between the pea yield size and weather conditions during the growing period. It is created the optimal conditions of mineral nutrition for pea plants due to using of bacterial fertilizers and foliar fertilizers, which promoted not only great yield formation, but also significantly increasing of biochemical indexes and, as a result - the increasing of crude protein content till 24.81-25.44% and its collection - till 1.02-1.07 t/ ha.
Keywords: Pea; Presowing seeds treatment; Foliar fertilizing; Yield; Seed quality
Introduction
The main task of modern agriculture in Ukraine is increasing of grain cultures productivity, which will be promote the formation of plants recourses stock, the providing of livestock by high-quality fully feed, and population - by food products. The pea is taking the important place in solving of this task. Its grain have got approximately 50% of carbohydrates and 26% saturated of essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins protein, that's why it is widely using in mixed fodder production for manufacturing of balanced concentrated feed. The short growing period and ability to fixation of atmospheric nitrogen makes pea like the best predecessor for winter wheat. Besides, that the plants ensure themselves on 2/3 by nitrogen, they leave 60-100 kg of easily accessible nitrogen for subsequent culture. By using compatible bacterization by biofertilizing preparations on the basic of specific kinds of rhizobia and phosphate mobilization bacteria is ability to increase the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation on 1330% and formation high-yield pea plantings. The wheat field doesn't get approximately 1 million ha of the greatest predecessor -pea in Ukraine's crop rotations, that's why the implementation of new high-productive pea varieties of intensive type, which are suitable for direct harvesting will provide the expansion of its acreages. Hence is arise the necessity of conducting the deep investigations with these varieties, to estimate their reaction on using of bacterial preparations on the base of nitrogen-fixing strains and phosphate mobilization bacteria, and complex fertilizers with content of macro- and microelements for foliar fertilizing. Besides, it is extremely important to determine how these methods of cultivation technology of pea under conditions of right-bank Forest-Steppe will influence on the processes of symbiotic and photosynthetic activity and realization of moustaches peas varieties genetically potential and grain productivity in general. Marked questions are quite relevant and require proper scientific justification for the conditions of the region.
Analysis of Recent Research and Publications
The using of biological bacteria compositions in combination with microelements while seeds processing stimulates the metabolic processes, is directing change the speed of initial growth reactions, provides intensive development of root system. The newest investigations shown, that beside the plants roots nutrition there is air nutrition. That's why the plant foliar fertilizing by microelements became a widespread agricultural method. It allows to optimize the plant macro- and microelements nutrition in some vegetations periods and in the final result - to increase the yield, and improve the quality of crop production. In the studies is established that pea growing with fertilizing of nitrogen by scheme N30 till sowing + N30 in the budding phase + P60K60 till sowing on the background of the integrated plant protection system and presowing seeds treatment by growth stimulator Emistim C and active strain of rhizobia Rhizobium leguminosarum, is forming the highest yield indexes - 3.48-3.98 t/ha, raw crude protein content -22,35-23,02%.
The aim of investigations consisted of productivity formation of intensive pea varieties type depending on the influence of presowing seeds treatment and foliar fertilizing under conditions of right-bank Forest-Steppe.
Materials and Methods
The investigations were conducted during 2014-2016 years in field crop rotation of feed crops selection department in the Podillya NAAS Institute of feed and agriculture on the gray forest medium loam soils with humus content (by Tyurin) in the arable layer 2, 10%. The reaction of soil solution pHsalty - 5, 1, hydrolytic acidity of 3.5 mg eq./100 g soil, the sum of absorbed bases 18.5 mg eq./100 g soil. The content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen (by Kornfil'd) -6,3 mg eq./100 g soil, mobile forms of phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (by Chirikov) - 10.8 and 7.2 mg eq./100 g soil respectively. The most favorable conditions for growth, development and yield formation of pea were in 2014 and 2016 years, when were observed sufficiency for plants as in thermal resources, so the moisture throughout the growing season. The most hot and dry was in 2014, when the average temperature during April-July exceeded the average performance at 3,3°C, while precipitation was only 217.2 mm, 73.8 mm less than the average long-term norm. The research envisaged the study of the action and interaction of three factors: A - variety; B - foliar fertilizing; C - presowing seeds treatment. The ratio of these factors is 2 x 4 x 4. The repeated in experiment is a quadruple, the placement of options is systematic in two storey. The square of sown area is 40 m2, of accounting area - 25 m2. We were studied two pea varieties of without leaves type - Tsarevych and Ulus. The sowing was conducted by ordinary row kind with using seed drill CH-16 in the first decade of April with sowing seeds norm - 1.3 mln. pcs. /ha of approved seeds. The presowing seeds treatment were conducted by chemical preparation Vitavaks 200 FF (2.5 l/ton of seeds) just two weeks before sowing, the treatment by biological preparations was done in the same with sowing day. It was used Ryzohumin (Rhizobium leguminosarum 31), 300 g on hectare seeds norm and Polimiksobakteryn (Paenibacillus polymyxa KB), 150 g on hectare seeds norm for seeds bacterization. The foliar fertilizers were carried out by soluble complex fertilizers KODA Foul 7-21-7 (2 l/ha), which contains macro- and micronutrients (N - 7,3%, P2O5 - 21,9%, K2O - 7,3%, Mn - 0,6 g/l, Zn - 0,6 g/l, Cu - 0,6 g/l, Fe - 1,3 g/l, Mo - 0,01 g/l, V - 1,2 g/l) at a dose of 2 l/ha and KODA Complex at a dose 1 l/ha, which contains - amino acids - 15,0% (Zn - 18,6 g/l, Mn - 6,2 g/l, Fe - 24,8 g/l).
The determination of biochemical seeds quality indexes of pea were carried out according to the methodologies "The estimation quality and animal husbandry analysis of forage " and "The biochemical methods for plants analysis. The yield quantity had been determine by gathering grain from each plot with grain combine harvester «Sampo - 130» and by weighting of each variety.
Results and Discussion
It should be noted, that on the control variants by the years of investigation (2014-2016 years) the yield of pea grain of variety Tsarevych was changing from 2.92 t/ha till 3.04 t/ha, in the variety of Ulus it was from 2.97 t/ha till 3.15 t/ha (Table 1). The improvements of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of pea plants was occurred of simultaneous presowing seeds treatment by Polimiksobakteryn and Ryzohumin, increased pea grain yield of Ulus on the background of fertilizing N45P60K60 till 3,27 t/ha or on 0,30 t/ha, or 10%, compared with control. The application of this method in combination with foliar fertilizing by complex fertilizers KODA increased the grain yield on 0,34-0,46 t/ha or 10,4-13,0%.
A similar pattern marked increase grain productivity in a variety of Ulus, while it exceeds the sort Tsarevych to yield to 0,18-0,30 t/ha. The using of foliar fertilizing in the budding phase by KODA Foul 7-21-7 contributed to an increase in yield of the variety Tsarevych till 3,26-3,60 t/ha, of the variety Ulus - 3,44-3,84 t/ha or on 9,2-10,1% in comparison with variants without foliar fertilizing. The duplex application of foliar fertilizing by this manure in the phases budding and green beans was increased the grain yield of peas on 0,47-0,61 t/ha or 15,8-17,4% in comparison with variants without foliar fertilizing. The triplex application of foliar fertilizing by KODA Complex in the phase of ripening seeds was increased the grain yield of variety Tsarevych on 0,58-0,74 t/ha, of the variety Ulus on 0,59-0,81 t/ha in comparison with variants without foliar fertilizing. However, the maximum grain yield of peas 4,01 t/ha in the Tsarevych variety and in the Ulus variety - 4,31 t/ha was obtained by growing with using presowing seeds treatment by composition Ryzohumin +Polimiksobakteryn on the background of mineral fertilizing N45P60K60 and carrying out the triplex foliar fertilizing of crops in the blossom phase and phase of green beans by KODA Foul 7-21-7 and in the phase of ripening seeds of pea by KODA Complex. The proportion of factors impact in peas grain yield formation is shown on Figure 1, which is authentically in the five percent significance level. The carrying out of foliar fertilizing was provided the formation of 55% of peas grain yield, 20% -presowing seeds treatment, 17% were depended on the potential of the variety and 8% - from unregulated factors.
20% 8% 17%
55%
□ Variety
□ Foliar fertilizing
□ Presowing seeds treatment □ Other factors
Figure 1. The proportion of factors in formation of peas grain yield, % (in average for 2014-2016).
Table 1. Grain yield of peas depending on the impact of presowing seeds treatment and foliar fertilizing, t/ha, 2014-2016.
Foliar fertilizings Pre sowing treatment seeds 2014 Years 2015 2016 Average
variety Tsarevych
Without treatment 3,04 2,92 2,95 2,97
N45P60K60 (background) Polimiksobakteryn 3,16 3,04 3,04 3,08
Ryzohumin Ryzohumin + 3,23 3,38 3,09 3,21 3,13 3,21 3,15 3,27
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment 3,37 3,23 3,18 3,26
Polimiksobakteryn 3,46 3,35 3,30 3,37
Background +I* Ryzohumin 3,54 3,41 3,43 3,46
Ryzohumin + 3,74 3,54 3,51 3,60
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment 3,53 3,45 3,35 3,44
Polimiksobakteryn 3,69 3,53 3,51 3,58
Background +I+II* Ryzohumin 3,78 3,62 3,57 3,66
Ryzohumin + 4,00 3,79 3,72 3,84
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment 3,65 3,53 3,46 3,55
Background +I+II+III* Polimiksobakteryn 3,82 3,67 3,58 3,69
Ryzohumin 3,95 3,74 3,70 3,80
Ryzohumin + 4,19 3,95 3,88 4,01
Polimiksobakteryn
variety Ulus
Without treatment 3,47 2,80 3,19 3,15
N45P60K60 (background) Polimiksobakteryn 3,58 2,96 3,28 3,27
Ryzohumin Ryzohumin + 3,69 3,86 3,02 3,17 3,36 3,47 3,36 3,50
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment 3,78 3,11 3,42 3,44
Polimiksobakteryn 3,95 3,24 3,54 3,58
Background +I* Ryzohumin 4,07 3,32 3,63 3,67
Ryzohumin + 4,24 3,53 3,76 3,84
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment 3,99 3,32 3,58 3,63
Polimiksobakteryn 4,18 3,46 3,71 3,78
Background +I+II* Ryzohumin 4,33 3,57 3,82 3,91
Ryzohumin + Polimiksobakteryn 4,54 3,80 4,00 4,11
Without treatment 4,13 3,42 3,67 3,74
Background +I+II+III* Polimiksobakteryn 4,31 3,58 3,81 3,90
Ryzohumin Ryzohumin + 4,50 4,74 3,72 3,99 3,94 4,20 4,05 4,31
Polimiksobakteryn
Note:* I - Foliar fertilizing in the budding phase - KODA Foul 7-21-7; II - Foliar fertilizing in the green beans phase - KODA Foul 721-7; III - Foliar fertilizing in the phase of ripening seeds - KODA Complex.
The least significant difference 005 t/ha; A-Variety; B - Foliar fertilizing; C - Presowing seeds treatment
2014 year. A - 0,021; B - 0,029; C - 0,007; AB - 0,042; AC-0,042; BC - 0,059; ABC - 0,083
2015 year. A - 0,024; B - 0,034; C - 0,009; AB - 0,048; AC-0,048; BC - 0,068; ABC - 0,096
2016 year. A - 0,023; B - 0,032; C - 0,008; AB - 0,045; AC-0,045; BC - 0,064; ABC - 0,091
The results of multiple regression analysis is identified the significant dependence between yield pea and hydrothermal conditions (Table 2).
Table 2. Regression models of dependence between the yield pea and the hydrothermal conditions (average for 2014-2016).
The regression equation
Yield (y*), ^=-3,327+0,004X^0,004X2 t/ha y2=-2,454+0,015Xi+0,006X2 yi=-3,590+0,858X3-6,892X4 _y2=13,265+0,304X3-13,261X4
RMH R2 F Ft
0,987 0,978 285,20
0,989 0,978 285,64 6,70**
0,896 0,804 26,60
0,951 0,905 61,78
Note:* Y1 - Tsarevych, Y2 - Ulus; X1 - Precipitation, mm; X3 - The sum of active temperatures (°C); X3 - The average air temperature, °C; X4 - HTC; Rmh - Multiple correlation coefficient, R2 - Coefficient of determination, F - Fisher criteria; Ft - Table-Valued Fisher criteria. ** - Authentically at 1% significance level.
By the results of correlation analysis of average for the years 2014-2016 research, it is determine the dependence of peas yield from the average air temperature (r=0,867 for Tsarevych and r=0,839 for Ulus), precipitation (r=0,958; r=0,948), the sum of active temperatures (r=0,989; r=0,987), HTC (r=0,867; r=0,950), which is authentically at 1% significance level. There is debating question: is there the inverse relationship between harvest and protein content in grain? With the improvement of mineral nutrition and optimal provision of heat and moisture the protein content in the grain is increasing at once with the increase of harvest. This pattern confirms our studies where indicators of chemical composition increase with increasing of productivity. The value of grain pea is that it contains a significant amount of crude protein. It is determined, that at using presowing seeds treatment and foliar fertilizing by complex fertilizers, and its content was increasing significantly in connection with optimization of mineral nutrition of plants during growing season. So, on the control variant on the background of mineral nutrition N45P60K60 without seeds treatment, the crude protein content of Tsarevych variety in average for 2014-2016 was 21,94%. On the plots with background fertilizing N45P60Kg0 and with presowing seeds treatment, this index was increased till 22,50-22,88%. The increasing of crude protein on 1,6-2,1% occurred by the effect of foliar fertilizing, but the greatest amount of crude protein (24,81%) was accumulated on the variant, where was used the full rate of mineral nutrition N45P60K60, presowing seeds treatment by Ryzohumin and Polimiksobakteryn and three foliar fertilizations by KODA (Table 3).
Table 3. Quality indexes of pea seeds of the variety Ulus depending on the impact of pre-seed treatment and foliar fertilizing, %
(average for 2014-2016).
Crude protein
Foliar fertilizing
N45P60K60
(background)
Background +I*
Background +I+II*
Background +I+II+III*
HIP (LSDkr
Presowing treatment
seeds
Without treatment
Polimiksobakteryn
Ryzohumin
Ryzohumin +
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment
Polimiksobakteryn
Ryzohumin
Ryzohumin +
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment
Polimiksobakteryn
Ryzohumin
Ryzohumin +
Polimiksobakteryn
Without treatment
Polimiksobakteryn
Ryzohumin
Ryzohumin +
Polimiksobakteryn
n
nte
n o
u
21,94 22,50 22,19
22,88 22,50 23,19 22,81
23,56 23,06 23,69 23,38
24,19
23,75 24,38 24,06
24,81 1,52
g n
ia ~
O 4J
0,69 0,74 0,74
0,80 0,77 0,83 0,84
0,91 0,84 0,90 0,91
0,99
0,89 0,95 0,98
1,07 0,06
(A 3
a
(A
o
Q.
1,06
1.07
1.08
1,08 1,09 1,11
1.13
1.14 1,16 1,18 1,19
1,21
1.17
1.18 1,2
1,21 0,08
E
3
M (A
a t o
Q.
1.23
1.24 1,24
1,26 1,26 1,27
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.34
1.35 1,35
1.39 0,08
0,98 1,20 1,15
1,28 1,08 1,27 1,20
1,35 1,25 1,37
1.29
1,46
1.30 1,45 1,39
1,53 0,07
2
3,10 3,15
3.12
3,20 3,10 3,20
3.13
3,20 3,20 3,20 3,20
3,22
3,20 3,27 3,25
3,30 0,25
e
(A
o
e
U
4,75 5,00 4,92
5,13 5,20 5,33 5,28
5,50 5,50 5,64 5,58
5,69
5,60 5,68 5,64
5,73 0,38
Note:* I - I - Foliar fertilizing in the budding phase - KODA Foul 7-21-7; II - Foliar fertilizing in the green beans phase Foul 7-21-7; III - Foliar fertilizing in the phase of ripening seeds - KODA Complex.
KODA
It is observed the trend, under analysis of collecting peas crude protein, which is same for yield, as this index combines two values -grain yield and content of crude protein. The studied factors were significantly influenced on collection of crude protein. So, presowing seeds treatment increased collection of crude protein on 0,05-0,11 t/ha, foliar fertilizing by KODA on 0,20-0,27 t/ha during growing season, which is authentic at the five percent significance level. The biggest collection of crude protein in Tsarevych - 1,02 t/ha, in Ulus 1,07 t/ha was obtained on the variant with mineral nutrition N45P60K60, the using of the presowing seeds treatment by Ryzohumin and Polimiksobakteryn and three foliar fertilizations by KODA in average of three years (2014-2016), which is bigger than control variant on 0,33 t/ha and 0,38 t/ha, accordingly.
The using of presowing seeds treatment and foliar fertilizations resulted in the optimization of mineral nutrition and the appropriate changes in indicators content of phosphorus and potassium in pea grain, which were studied, ensuring their increase when imposition of studied factors. So, the phosphorus content in sort Tsarevych was 0,96-1,11%, in sort Ulus1,06-1,21%, potassium content - 1,15-1,31% Ta 1,23-1,39% accordingly, although the change of these macronutrients content was in the within the error limits, but sustained growth in dependence to the intensification of the process. Carbohydrates are related to the initial products of photosynthesis, organic acids are synthesized in the oxidation process from them, lipids - in the recovery process. The derivatives of hydrocarbons, as fat and cellulose, constitute a small number in range 1,02-1,60% and 5,10-5,77% for Tsarevych and 0,981,53% and 4,75-5,73% in Ulus variety, that's why there is no significant effect from technology growing methods on content of these matters.
Conclusion
The maximum yield of pea grains 4,01 t/ha in the sort Tsarevych and 4,31 t/ha in the sort Ulus was formed by using Ryzohumin and Polimiksobakteryn inoculating of seeds and conducting foliar fertilizing by KODA Foul 7-21-7 in the phases of budding and beans formation and KODA complex in the phase of ripening seeds, which is bigger on 1,04 and 1,16 t/ha in comparison to the control. The biggest crude protein output in the sort Tsarevych - 1,02 t/ha and in the sort Ulus -1,07 t/ha is obtained on the same variant. The sufficient attention is given to increasing crop yields through the use of micronutrients in scientific workshops and conferences. Investigations of scientific institutions confirm the necessity of foliar fertilizing field crops by complex fertilizers, which containing stimulants, amino acids, micronutrients. However, these agricultural practices are causing a lot of questions, that's why we were conducted the research of optimization the mineral nutrition of pea, systematized the results of microbiological interaction and complex fertilizers on the yield and its quality with recommendations for agricultural producers.
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Citation:
Mazur, V., Didur, I., Myalkovsky, R., Pantsyreva, H., Telekalo, N., Tkach, O. (2020). The Productivity of intensive pea varieties depending on the seeds treatment and foliar fertilizing under conditions of right-bank forest-steppe Ukraine. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(1), 101-105. I CM ^H This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
