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142
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2018, 8(4), 26-33
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Energy-economic efficiency of growth of grain-crop cultures in conditions of right-bank forest-steppe zone of Ukraine
V. Mazur, I. Didur, G. Pantsyreva, N. Telekalo
Faculty of Agronomy, University of Vinnitsia, Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] Received: 21.09.2018. Accepted: 05.10.2018
The article aims to develop the theoretical framework and test the practical measures on increasing the efficiency of pea and lupine white breeding by cultivar selection, technological substantiation of basic tillage, and optimizing nutrition, in the conditions of the Forest-steppe zone. The results of the research in studying the peculiarities of growing, development and formation grain productivity of peas and lupine white depending on the pre-treatment of seeds and foliar nutrition usage are determined as well as economic, bioenergetic valuation and the evaluation of the technology on the competitiveness is given. In addition to soil introduction of the calculated doses of mineral fertilizers, it is imperative to use highly effective fertilizers for foliar fertilization on peas and lupine, in particular and microplant. It is also advisable to conduct the treatment before sowing peas and lupine with biopreparations on the basis of nodule bacteria and also carry out the treatment of seeds with biopharmaceuticals based on phosphate-mobilizing bacteria and a bacterial preparation for the prevention of fungal disease of the root system of plants. Using the obtained theoretical and experimental data, the breeding peculiarities and the development of the assimilation apparatus and the effectiveness of the PAPs usage, functioning of the symbiotic apparatus, formation of individual, and grain productivity of peas and lupine varieties depending on the method of basic soil cultivation and feeding systems were established. The economic and energy efficiency of peas and lupine grain production using the proposed elements of the technology of growing these leguminous crops in the conditions of the Forest-steppe zone was also calculated.
Keywords: Peas; lupine white; pre-treatment of seeds; foliar nutrition; grain productivity; grain quality; economic and bioenergetic efficiency
Introduction
Leguminous crops are the most important source of plant protein, which is a fundamental part of people's diet and animal feeding. Such leguminous crops as peas and lupine white play the most important role for agricultural industry in the condition of the right-bank Forest-steppe zone (Lapinskas, 1998). Important scientific researchers results in the technology of peas and lupine growing were made by national and foreign scientists A. O. Babych, V. F. Petrychenko, A. V. Cherenkov, S. M. Kalenska, V. G. Myhailov, M. I. Bahmat, M. J. Shevnikov, O. M. Bahmat, V. V. Lyhochvor, O. V. Ovcharuk, K. Novak, B. Furseth etc (Hunt & Layzell, 1993).
Systematic researches that would promote optimizing the production process of high yielding and industrial peas varieties are currently important for increasing yields and improving grain quality (Davis & Narenda,1986). The important factors of cultivar adoption to growing technology of such peas varieties are improving ways of basic tillage, choice of optimum fertilization alternative, in particular biopreparations and modern types of fertilizers for foliar nutrition of sowing usage (Eviner & Chapin, 1997).
Leguminous crops that are studied are strategically needed high protein crops of modern crop production, and economic and bioenergetic valuation of their breeding efficiency is long-range and important issue nowadays (Bohlool, Ladha, Garrity & George, 1992). In present-day socioeconomic conditions one of the main problems of agriculture economic sector of Ukraine remains essential increasing and stabilization leguminous crops production, that are the main source of balanced in amino acid composition and content of eco-friendly protein (Bollman & Vessey, 2006).
Materials and methods
Field researches have been conducted on the basis of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University's field in Agronomichne village Vinnytski rayon Vinnytska oblast during 2011 -2017. Soil cover is represented by gray forest soils that are characterized
27_Energy-economic efficiency of growth of grain-crop cultures_
by low humus content - 1.97%. The amount of absorbed bases is 1.44 mg Equiv per 100 g soil. Hydrolytic gray forest soils acidity of the trial field is 3.44 mg Equiv per 100 g soil, and pH salt is 5.1. Soil moistening is provided with atmosphere precipitation, since groundwater level is situated at a depth of 10-15 m.
Hydrothermal conditions during vegetative period of lupine white in 2013-2015 were different and characterized by certain features. However right-bank Forest-steppe zone in general is quite favorable for peas, lupine white and bean growth. In the experiment pea variety Ulus and lupine white variety Veresnevyy are studied.
The researches cover studying of effect and interaction of three factors. They are A - variety, B - foliar nutrition, C - pre-treatment of seeds.
Scheme of field pea Ulus experiment
Factor A - variety: 1. Ulus.
Factor B - pre-treatment of seeds:
1. Without treatment.
2. Ryzohumin (300 g per rate of seeds on a hectare).
3. Polymycobacterium (150 ml per rate of seeds on a hectare).
4. Ryzohumin (300 g per rate of seeds on a hectare)+Polymycobacterium (150 ml per rate of seeds on a hectare). Factor C - foliar nutrition:
1. Without nutrition with addition of fertilization N45P60K60.
2. Addition+nutrition in the budding stage CODA Fol 7-21 -7 (2 l/ha).
3. Addition+nutrition in the budding stage CODA Fol 7-21 -7 (2 l/ha) and in the green beans stage CODA Fol 7-21 -7 (2 l/ha).
4. Addition+nutrition in the stages of budding CODA Fol 7-21 -7 (2 l/ha), of green beans CODA Fol 7-21 -7 (2 l/ha) and of seed filling CODA Complex (1 l/ha).
Scheme of lupine white Veresnevyy experiment Factor A - variety: 1. Veresnevyy.
Factor B - pre-treatment of seeds:
1. Without treatment.
2. Ryzohumin (300 g per rate of seeds on a hectare).
3. Emistim C (150 ml per rate of seeds on a hectare).
4. Ryzohumin (300 g per rate of seeds on a hectare)+Emistim C (150 ml per rate of seeds on a hectare). Factor C - foliar nutrition:
1. Without nutrition.
2. Ryzohumin+nutrition in the budding stage Emistim C (2 l/ha).
3. Emistim C+nutrition in the green beans stage Emistim C (2 l/ha).
4. Ryzohumin+nutrition in the stages of green beans Emistim C (2 l/ha) and of seed filling Emistim C (1 l/ha). Phenological observations were conducted according to "Method of state sort testing" (2000). Mathematical treatment of the obtained results was conducted by means of dispersion and correlation-regression analyzes (Dospehov, 1985; Vergunova, 2000) using modern program pack Exсel, Sigma and Statistica. Evaluation of cost efficiency of lupine white narrow-leaved breeding was conducted by means of Macybor O. K.'s methods "Agricultural economics" (1994). Calculation of lupine narrow-leaved growing technology energy efficiency was conducted using the Medevskogo O. K. and Ivanenko P. I.'s method "Energy analysis of intensive technologies in agriculture production" (1988) and the method of All-Russian Williams Fodder Research Institute (1989).
Results and discussion
The yield of grain legumes
The deficiency of vegetable protein, the orientation of agriculture to environmentally appropriate cultivation, as well as the high cost of mineral and organic fertilizers cause increased interest in legumes (Brelles-Marino & Boiardi, 1996). These culture-an inexhaustible source of soil enrichment by nitrogen compounds nitrogen fixing nodule bacteria in symbiosis with plants, and therefore have important agronomic importance (Brevedan & Egli, 2003). Their cultivation can reduce the cost of crop production due to the inclusion in the process of agricultural production of atmospheric nitrogen, improve the phytosanitary state of crops and significantly increase the productivity of arable land (Novak, Slajs, Biedermannova & Vondrys 2005).
The results of researches for 2011 -2013 indicate the significant influence of investigated technological techniques on the size of the grain yield of pea peas of the Ulus variety (Table 1).
Table 1. Productivity of grain of lupine and pea seedlings depending on technological methods of cultivation, t/ha (20132015)._
Foliar nutrition Pre-treatment of seeds Years Average for years
2011 2012 2013
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Ulus variety
N45P60K60 ($OH) Without treatment
Polymycobacterium 3.47 2.8 3.19 3.15
Risogumin 3.58 2.96 3.28 3.27
Risogumin+ 3.69 3.02 3.36 3.36
Polymycobacterium 3.86 3.17 3.47 3.5
Addition+I* Without treatment
Polymycobacterium 3.78 3.11 3.42 3.44
Risogumin 3.95 3.24 3.54 3.58
Risogumin+ 4.07 3.32 3.63 3.67
Polymycobacterium 4.24 3.53 3.76 3.84
Addition+I+II* Without treatment
Polymycobacterium 3.99 3.32 3.58 3.63
Risogumin 4.18 3.46 3.71 3.78
Risogumin+ 4.33 3.57 3.82 3.91
Polymycobacterium 4.54 3.8 4 4.11
Addition+I+II+III* Without treatment
Polymycobacterium 4.13 3.42 3.67 3.74
Risogumin 4.31 3.58 3.81 3.9
Risogumin+ 4.5 3.72 3.94 4.05
Polymycobacterium 4.74 3.99 4.2 4.31
Addition:* I-foliar nutrition in the phase of budding-Coda Fol 7-21 -7; II-foliar nutrition in the phase of green beans-Coda Fol 721-7; III-foliar nutrition in the phase of seed infestation-Coda Complex. LSD 0,05 t / ha; A-variety; B-pre-treatment of seeds; C-foliar nutrition.
2011 year, A-0.021; B-0.029; C-0.007; AB-0.042; AC-0.042; BC-0.059; ABC-0.083
2012 year, A-0.024; B-0.034; C-0.009; AB-0.048; AC-0.048; BC-0.068; ABC-0.096
2013 year, A-0.023; B-0.032; C-0.008; AB-0.045; AC-0.045; BC-0.064; ABC-0.091
The maximum grain yield of 4.31 t/ha seedlings in the Ulus variety was marked during growing with the use of pre-sowing seed treatment with the composition of Risoghumin+Polymycobacterium against fertilizer N45P60K60 and the three-fold, non-root crop fertilization in the flowering phases and green beans fertilized with KODA Fol 7-21-7 and pouring seeds of peas sowing fertilizer KODA Complex.
The results of research for 2013-2015 indicate the significant influence of the investigated technological methods on the grain yield of white lupine grains of Veresnevyy (Table 2).
Table 2. Productivity of grain of white lupine depending on technological methods of cultivation, t/ha (2013-2015).
Factors Years Average for years
variety Pre-treatment of seeds Foliar nutrition* 2013 2014 2015
Veresnevyy Without treatment ** Without nutrition** 3.08 3.24 2.55 2.96
1 foliar nutrition 3.13 3.35 2.59 3.02
2 foliar nutrition 3.18 3.42 2.62 3.17
Risogumin Without nutrition 3.15 3.71 2.9 3.25
1 foliar nutrition 3.31 3.88 2.94 3.38
2 foliar nutrition 3.4 3.9 3.05 3.45
Emistim C Without nutrition 3.1 3.68 2.82 3.2
1 foliar nutrition 3.2 3.74 2.86 3.27
2 foliar nutrition 3.31 3.81 2.93 3.35
Risogumin+Emistim C Without nutrition 3.08 3.62 2.88 3.19
1 foliar nutrition 3.12 3.85 3.01 3.32
2 foliar nutrition 3.58 4.1 3.15 3.61
LSD 0.5 t/ha: A-0.07; B-0.10; C-0.08; AB-0.14; AC-0.12; BC-0.17; ABC-0.24.
2013p. LSD 0.5 t/ha: A-0.04; B-0.05; C-0.04; AB-0.07; AC-0.06; BC-0.08; ABC-0.12 2014p. LSD 0.5 t/ha: A-0.05; B-0.06; C-0.06; AB-0.09; AC-0.08; BC-0.11; ABC-0.16 2015p. LSD 0.5 t/ha: A-0.04; B-0.06; C-0.05; AB-0.08; AC-0.07; BC-0.10; ABC-0.14
29_Energy-economic efficiency of growth of grain-crop cultures_
Addition: *-Emistim C; **-control.
The maximum value of the grain yield of white lupine varieties was obtained on variants of the experiment with pre-sowing seed treatment with an inoculum Risogumin and growth stimulator Emistim C in combination with two non-root nutrients Emistim C. In this case, the grain yield was 3.61 t/ha, and exceeded the control variant on 0.65 t/ha, and in percents, respectively, 18%.
The economic efficiency of the technology of growing leguminous crops
Grain economy develops due to increased economic efficiency of production, with an increase in gross and marketable products (Djekoun & Planchon). In the calculations of the economic efficiency of growing peas for grain, the indicators of grain yield, grain yield, material costs for its cultivation, labor remuneration, depreciation, repair, and others were taken into account (Dorcinvil, Sotomayor-Ramirez, & Beaver, 2010). The complexity of the calculations of economic efficiency consists in instability and disparity of prices for industrial (agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, pesticides, fuel and lubricants) and agricultural products (Duke & Collins, 1985).
The basis of the analysis of the economic efficiency of the estimation of the technology of cultivation of seedlings of pea has been laid the variants of pre-seed treatment of the seeds with the composition Polymiksobacterin+Risogumin and foliar fertilization with KODA fertilizers in the phases of budding, green beans and seed filling (Table 3).
Table 3. Economic efficiency of cultivating pea sown on grain of the Ulus variety (average for 2011 -2013).
Foliar Pre-treatment Expenditure on Cost of Cost of 1 t Conditionally The level of
nutrition of seeds cultivation production net p rofit profitability,
thousand UAH/ha thousand UAH/ha thousand UAH thousand UAH/ha %
N45P60K60 Without 6905 11.4 2.2 4.4 64.4
($OH) treatment
Polymycobacteri 6911 11.8 2.1 4.9 70.5
um
Risogumin 6920 12.1 2.1 5.2 74.6
Risogumin+ 6927 12.6 2 5.7 81.9
Polymycobacteri
um
Addition+I* Without treatment 7056 12.4 2.1 5.3 75.3
Polymycobacteri 7062 12.9 2 5.8 82.3
um
Risogumin 7072 13.2 1.9 6.2 87
Risogumin+ 7078 13.8 1.8 6.8 95.5
Polymycobacteri
um
Addition Without 7197 13.1 2 5.9 81.6
+I+II* treatment
Polymycobacteri 7204 13.6 1.9 6.4 89.1
um
Risogumin 7213 14.1 1.8 6.9 95
Risogumin+ 7220 14.1 1.8 6.9 95.4
Polymycobacteri
um
Addition Without 7403 13.5 2 6.1 81.9
+I+II+III* treatment
Polymycobacteri 7410 14 1.9 6.6 89.5
um
Risogumin 7419 14.6 1.8 7.2 96.7
Risogumin+ 7426 15.5 1.7 8.1 108.9
Polymycobacteri
um
Addition:* I-foliar nutrition in the phase of budding-Coda Fol 7-21-7; II-foliar nutrition in the phase of green beans-Coda Fol 721-7; III-foliar nutrition in the phase of seed infestation-Coda Complex.
This model of cultivation technology of pea seed yielded a contingent net income of 8.1 thousand UAH / ha in the Ulus variety, while the cost of grain was 1.7 thousand UAH / ton. At the same option, the maximum profitability level was 108.9% for the Ulus variety.
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It was established that the studied elements of cultivation technology significantly influenced the economic efficiency of growing lupine white (Table 4).
Table 4. Economic efficiency of growing lupine white (average for 2013-2015).
Factors Grain yield, Expenditure Cost of Cost of Conditionally net The level of
t/ha on cultivation production 1 t p rofi t profitability,
Variety Pre- Foliar thousand thousand thousand thousand %
treatmen nutrition* UAH/ha UAH/ha UAH UAH/ha
t of seeds
Veresne Without Without 2.96 23680 12000 4054 11680 97
vyy treatment nutrition**
** 1 foliar nutrition 3.02 24160 12300 4073 11860 96
2 foliar 3.17 25360 12600 3975 12760 101
nutrition
Risogumi Without 3.25 26000 12400 3815 13600 109
n nutrition
1 foliar 3.38 27040 12700 3757 14340 113
nutrition
2 foliar 3.45 27600 13000 3768 14600 112
nutrition
Emistim C Without nutrition 3.2 25600 12200 3813 13400 110
1 foliar 3.27 26160 12500 3823 13660 109
nutrition
2 foliar 3.35 26800 12800 3821 14000 109
nutrition
Risogumi Without 3.19 25520 12600 3950 12820 102
n+Emisti nutrition
m C 1 foliar nutrition 3.32 26560 12900 3886 13660 106
2 foliar 3.61 28880 13200 3657 15680 119
nutrition
Addition: *-Emistim C; **- control.
The best indicators of economic efficiency, namely the profitability rate-119%, were noted for the technology of growing lupine of the white variety of In Veresnevyy, the lowest yield of gross (49526 MJ/ha) and exchange energy(27918 MJ/ha) in the Veresnevyy variety on the control version, where the bactericidal preparation Risogumin and the growth stimulator Emistim C in combination with two non-root nutrients Emistim C. were used in pre-planting seed treatment. Cost and profit were thus respectively-3657 UAH/t and 15680 UAH/ha.
Bioenergetic efficiency of technologies for growing leguminous crops
Widespread use of intensive technologies has led to an increase in the volume of fuel, electricity, chemicals and protection and, as a result, energy costs (Elkins, Hamilton, Chan, Briskovich & Vandeventer, 1976). The newly created technologies should be more plastic, which will allow them to adapt to the conditions of various resource-technological support (Mateos et al., 2001). They should provide for the maximum realization of the potential of cultural productivity (Furseth, Conley & Ane, 2011). The scientific substantiation of the technological process of cultivating crops will help to optimize the flow of energy through agrotechnical measures with the purpose of purposeful formation of highly productive agrocenoses (Furseth, Conley & Ane, 2012).
According to energy estimation, the technology of cultivating seedlings was the most effective, which included pre-planting of seed with the composition of Polymycobacterium+Risoguminum and the use of frozen fertilizers of KODA in the phases of budding, green beans and seeding on the background of fertilizer N45P60K60, which ensured a gross energy output of 76.24 GJ/ha, net energy gain-58.12 GJ/ha in the Ulus variety (Table 5).
Table 5. Energy efficiency of growing peas for grain of the Ulus variety, depending on the effect of pre-seed treatment and extra-root crops (average for 2011 -2013).
Foliar nutrition
N45P6QK60
($OH)
Pre-treatment of seeds
Without treatment Polymycobacter ium
Risogumin
Output of gross energy, MJ/ha
16.9
17.08 17.67
Exit of exchange energy, MJ/ha
55.78
57.91 59.38
Energy costs, MJ/ha
38.88
40.83 41.71
Bionergic coefficient
5.36
5.22 5.26
Energy efficiency
2.3
2.39 2.36
31_Energy-economic efficiency of growth of grain-crop cultures
Risogumin+ 17.84 61.92 44.07 5.1 2.47
Polymycobacter
ium
Addition+I Without 16.95 60.8 43.85 4.93 2.59
* treatment
Polymycobacter 17.12 63.27 46.15 4.79 2.7
ium
Risogumin 17.71 64.98 47.27 4.82 2.67
Risogumin+ 17.88 67.99 50.11 4.65 2.8
Polymycobacter
ium
Addition+I Without 16.99 64.22 47.23 4.68 2.78
+II* treatment
Polymycobacter 17.16 66.93 49.76 4.54 2.9
ium
Risogumin 17.75 69.11 51.36 4.54 2.89
Risogumin+ 17.93 72.77 54.84 4.36 3.06
Polymycobacter
ium
Addition+I Without 17.18 66.16 48.98 4.59 2.85
+II+III* treatment
Polymycobacter 17.36 68.99 51.63 4.45 2.97
ium
Risogumin 17.95 71.7 53.76 4.43 3
Risogumin+ 18.12 76.24 58.12 4.2 3.21
Polymycobacter
ium
Addition:* I-foliar nutrition in the phase of budding-Coda Fol 7-21-7; II-foliar nutrition in the phase of green beans-Coda Fol 721-7; III-foliar nutrition in the phase of seed infestation-Coda Complex.
The energy efficiency factor at the same time in the Ulus variety was 3.21.
The energy analysis of white lupine growing technologies, which included pre-sowing seed treatment and root-grown nutrition, had different energy saturations and unequal values of the energy coefficient and bioenergy efficiency (Table 6). The largest yield of gross (60.402 MJ/ha) and the exchange (3.8098 MJ/ha) of energy in the Veresnevyy variety was obtained in the version where the bacterial preparation Risogumin and the growth stimulator Emistim C in combination with two non-root nutrients Emistim C were used in pre-sowing seed treatment.
In Veresnevyy, the lowest yield of gross (49526 MJ/ha) and exchange energy(27918 MJ/ha) in the Veresnevyy variety on the control version.
Table 6. Bioenergy efficiency of lupine growing technologies (average for 2013-2015).
Factors Output of gross Exit of exchange Energy Bionergic Energy
variet Pre- Foliar energy, MJ/ha energy, MJ/ha costs, coefficient efficiency
y treatment of seeds nutrition* MJ/ha
Veres Without Without 49526 27918 11468 4.31 2.43
nevyy treatment ** nutrition**
1 foliar 50531 28086 12404 4.07 2.27
nutrition
2 foliar 53040 30190 13340 3.97 2.26
nutrition
Risogumin Without nutrition 54379 31505 14323 3.79 2.2
1 foliar 56554 32765 15259 3.7 2.15
nutrition
2 foliar 57725 33489 16195 3.56 2.07
nutrition
Emistim C Without nutrition 53542 31188 13790 3.88 2.26
1 foliar 54714 32127 14726 3.71 2.18
nutrition
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2 foliar 56052 nutrition
Risogumin+E Without 53375 mistim C nutrition
1 foliar 55550 nutrition
2 foliar 60402 nutrition
38098
34250
32720
33045
18217
17281
16345
15662
3.21
3.27
3.31
3.57
2.09
2.11
1.97
1.98
Addition: * - Emistim C; ** - control.
Consequently, pre-sowing seed treatment with a bacterial drug and a growth stimulator in combination with two non-root nutrients in the cultivation of white lupine contributed to the formation of maximum gross and metabolism.
Conclusions
In the article the processes of yield growth, development and formation of leguminous crops and influence of organized factors in view of hydrothermal conditions of right-bank Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine made on them are theoretically founded and practically proved. Researches were aimed at solution of set scientific problem. It helped to make next conclusions:
Top yield 4.31 t/ha of field pea variety Ulus developed owing to seed inoculation with Ryzohumin and Polymycobacterium and to arranging foliar nutrition with fertilizers CODA Fol 7-21 -7 in the stages of budding and green beans and CODA Complex in the stage of seed filling, that is relatively more on 1.16 t/ha comparing to control.
Seeds pre-treatment with the bacterial fertilizer Ryzohumin and the growth stimulator Emistim C in combination with two foliar nourishments with Emistim C conduced to development of the highest of lupine white seeds productivity. Therewith the productivity of the variety Veresnevyy was 3.61 t/ha that is more on 0.65 than without seeds pre-treatment. Evaluation of cost efficiency shows that the highest operating profit 8.1 thousand grn/ha, the level of profitability 108.9 % and the lowest prime cost 1.7 thousand grn/t were obtained owing to seed inoculation with Ryzohumin and Polymycobacterium and to arranging foliar nutrition with fertilizers CODA Fol 7-21-7 in the stages of budding and green beans and CODA Complex in the stage of seed filling. The same production methods provided the best energy measures and turned out to be competitive. So energy coefficient was 3.21.
Economic and energy analyses of growing technology shows that the lowest prime cost 3657 grn/t and the highest level of profitability of the variety Veresnevyy 119% were obtained owing to seeds pre-treatment with the bacterial fertilizer Ryzohumin and the growth stimulator Emistim C in combination with two foliar nourishments with Emistim C. In this case energy coefficient was 2.09.
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Citation: Victor, M., Igor, D., Ganna, P., Natali, T. (2018). Energy-economic efficiency of growth of grain-crop cultures in conditions of right-bank forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(4), 26-33. I (CI)E^^MIThk work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
