CC BY
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Науковий вкник НЛТУ Украши. - 2011. - Вип. 21.6
The analysis of market of tourist services in Ukraine is carried out. The location of innovations in its development is determined. Recommendations are in relation to priority directions of development of tourism in Ukraine are developed.
Keywords: tourism, tourist market, tourist services, innovations.
УДК 665.73:62-68(045) Stud. N.O. Fedun; stud. A.M. Salata; stud. O.S. Salata;
assoc. prof. O.A. Vasylthenko - National aviation university
ECOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES OF BIOETHANOL VERSUS PETROLEUM
The comparative characteristic of petroleum and bioethanol as automobile fuels was conducted. Ecological and economical advantages of bioethanol were shown that is the important aspect for economical crisis and global climatic changes overcoming.
Problem Statement. Today's world is facing two critical problems: high fuel prices and climatic changes. Experts suggest that current oil and gas reserves would suffice to last only a few more decades. It is well known that transport is almost totally dependent on fossil fuels, particularly petroleum-based fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. Of special concern are the liquid fuels used in automobiles. Hence, there has been widespread recent interest in learning more about obtaining liquid fuels from non-fossil sources.
Petroleum is the mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes, each of them are ecologically harmful and even toxic. The Middle East produces 1/3 of the world's oil and has a major influence on worldwide crude oil prices that are near US$82 a barrel. To be independent from the petroleum there are developed new technologies using the renewable energy sources out of which biomass represents an important alternative. Biomass can be converted into the most preferred liquid form of the fuel including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogasoline. Ethanol is the most widely used liquid biofuel. Domestic production and use of ethanol for fuel helps to reduce world economic crisis and global climate change because of carbon dioxide buildup.
Analysis of Studies and Published Works. Petroleum (derived from the Greek petra - rock and elaion - oil, or Latin oleum - oil) or crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold or "Texas tea", is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. It is used to describe a broad range of hydrocarbons that are found as gases, liquids, or solids beneath the surface of the Earth. The two most common forms are natural gas and crude oil. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the alkane and aromatic compounds, but may vary much in appearance and composition.
The price of a barrel (42 gallons or 159 liters) of crude oil is highly dependent on both its grade (e.g., specific gravity, sulfur content, viscosity) and location. The price is highly influenced by the demand, current supply, and perceived future supply. Both demand and supply are highly dependent on global macroeconomic and political conditions.
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Petroleum is the most important energy source, as 35 % of the world's primary energy needs is met by crude oil, 25 % by coal, and 21 % by natural gas. The transport sector (i.e., automobiles, ships, and aircrafts) relies to well over 90 % on crude oil. In fact, the economy and lifestyle of industrialized nations relies heavily upon a sufficient supply of crude oil at low cost. The Middle East produces 32 % of the world's oil and has a major influence on worldwide crude oil prices (table 1) [1].
Table 1. Percentage of petroleum production by region
Middle East 32
Latin America 14
Eastern Europe 13
North America 11
Asia and Pacific 11
Africa 10
Western Europe 9
The smaller petroleum reserves are on the verge of depletion, and the larger reserves are estimated to be depleted in less than 50 years at the present rate of consumption. Hence, the world is facing a bleak future of petroleum short supply.
Fig. 1 [2] shows global oil production scenarios based on today's production. A peak in global oil production is likely to occur by 2015 and thereafter the production will start to decline at a rate of several percent per year. By 2030, the global oil supply will be dramatically lower, which will create a supply gap that may be hard to fill by growing contributions from other fossil, nuclear, or alternati-
Aim of the Work is the investigation of the bioethanol production from cellulose containing materials in the world and showing its advantages vs petroleum.
The main material. Types of energy that are readily renewed are called renewable energy. Renewable energy sources can be readily renewed in a short time period. They are also often called alternative sources of energy that use domestic resource and have the potential to provide energy service with zero or almost zero emission of both air pollutants and gases causing greenhouse effect.
There is an urgency to develop use of the Renewable energy sources from biomass represents an important alternative. Various technologies exist through which biomass can be converted into the most preferred liquid form of the fuel including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogasoline.
Biorenewable materials such as lignocellulosic materials, crops, grasses, animal wastes, and biogas are combustible renewable energy sources. Biomass resources include various natural and derived materials, such as woody and herbaceous species, wood wastes, bagasse, agricultural and industrial residues, waste paper, municipal solid waste, sawdust, grass, waste from food processing, animal
ve energy sources in that time frame.
Fig. 1. Global oil production scenarios based on today's production
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HiiyK'QBiiii bïchhk H^TY YKpaÏHH. - 2011. - Bin. 21.6
wastes, aquatic plants and algae, etc. The major organic components of biomass can be classified as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The average majority of biomass energy is produced from wood and wood wastes (64 %), followed by municipal solid waste (24 %), agricultural waste (5 %) and landfill gases (5 %). World production of biomass is estimated at 146 billion metric tons a year, mostly wild plant growth. Some farm crops and trees can produce up to 20 metric tons per acre of biomass a year [3].
There are three ways to use biomass. It can be burned to produce heat and electricity, changed to gas-like fuels such as methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide or converted to a liquid fuel. Liquid fuels, also called biofuels, are predominantly two forms of alcohol: ethanol and methanol. Because biomass can be converted directly into a liquid fuel, it may someday supply much of our transportation fuel needs for cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains.
The term biofuel is referred to as liquid or gaseous fuels for the transport sector that are predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuels generally offer many benefits including sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, regional development, reduction of rural poverty, and fuel security. The biofuel economy, and its associated biorefineries, will be shaped by many of the same forces that shaped the development of the hydrocarbon economy and its refineries over the past century. The biggest difference between biofuels and petroleum fuels is the oxygen content. Biofuels have 10-45 % oxygen while petroleum fuels have essentially none, making the chemical properties of biofuels very different than those from petroleum. There are two biomass-based liquid transportation fuels that might replace petroleum. Bioethanol can replace gasoline and biodiesel can replace diesel. Biomass can be converted into liquid and gaseous fuels through thermoche-mical and biological routes.
Ethanol is the most widely used liquid biofuel. In fact, ethanol is the oldest synthetic organic chemical used by mankind. Table 2 shows bioethanol production in different continents [2].
Table 2. Bioethanol production in different continents
America 22.3
Asia 5.7
Europe 4.6
Africa 0.5
Oceania 0.2
billion liters/year)
It is produced by fermentation of sugars, which can be obtained from natural sugars (e.g., sugar cane, sugar beet), starches (e.g., corn, wheat), or cellulosic biomass (e.g., corn stover, straw, grass, wood). The most common feedstock is sugar cane or sugar beet, and the second common feedstock is corn starch, but the process of ethanol obtaining not limited by these cultures. The production of bioethanol from the above-mentioned raw material requires the sufficient amount of fertile soils and water for them irrigation. For solution of this problem the technologies of bioethanol production from cellulose containing raw material, which include stalks or straw of grain, wastes of timber industry without attraction of additional soils were provided.
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Ethanol is non toxic for environment and soluble in water. In comparison with methyl-tert-butiric ester ethanol does not cause the pollution of soil waters. At the flood of petrol ethanol decomposes by natural way faster than other components, not causing the harm for environment.
The petroleum is the most source of artificial carcinogenic substances. Thanks to the addition of ethanol the petrol is reached with oxygen that causes much complete combustion and decreasing of emission of CO2 to 30 % (fig. 2) [4].
It also decreases the emissin of toxic substances to 30 % and emission of volatile organic compounds - more than to 25 %. Analyzing the life cycle of ethanol is determined that it produces 134 % of energy, which expended on growing, harvesting and treatment of biomass. But petrol returns only 80 % of energy, which is used at its retreatment. Ethanol, unlike gasoline, is an oxygenated fuel that contains 35 % oxygen, which reduces NOx emissions from combustion [4].
Fig. 2. Comparison of CO2 emission by bioethanol and other sources of energy
Bioethanol can be used as a 10 % blend with gasoline without need for any engine modification. However, with some engine modification, bioethanol can be used at higher levels, for example, E85 (85 % bioethanol).
Domestic production and use of ethanol for fuel can decrease dependence on foreign oil, reduce trade deficits, create jobs in rural areas, reduce air pollution, and reduce global climate change carbon dioxide buildup.
Biofuels appear to be a potential alternative "greener" energy substitute for fossil fuels. They are renewable and available throughout the world. Biomass can contribute to sustainable development and globally environmental preservation.
Conclusions. In a given work ecological and economical advantages of bioethanol vs petroleum were investigated.
Petroleum reserves are on the verge of depletion, which cause the serious problem in future. Nowadays it is the most source of artificial carcinogenic substances. So, the solution of this problem is bioethanol.
Thanks to the addition of ethanol the petrol is reached with oxygen that causes much complete combustion and decreasing CO2 emission.
Ethanol is the most widely used liquid biofuel. Domestic production and use of ethanol for fuel helps to reduce world economic crisis and global climate change because of carbon dioxide buildup.
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Науковий вкник НЛТУ Укра'1'ни. - 2011. - Вип. 21.6
References
1. Edinger R., Kaul S. Humankind's detour toward sustainability: Past, present, and future of renewable energies and electric power generation. - Washington : Renew Sustain Energy, 2000. -167 p.
2. Demirbas A. Bioethanol: A realistic fuel alternative for diesel engines. - London : Springer, 2008. - 128 p.
3. Cuff D.J., Young W.J. US energy atlas. - New York : McMillan, 1980. - 42 p.
4. Weimer P.J. In vitro gas production as a surrogate measure of the fermentability of cellulo-sic biomass to ethanol. - Boston : Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2005. - 67 p.
Федун Н.О., Салата А.М., Салата О.С., Васильченко О.А. Еколо-Нчш переваги бюетанолу порiвняно з бензином
Проведено порiвняльну характеристику бензину та бюетанолу як автомобшь-ного палива. З'ясовано еколопчш та економiчнi переваги бюетанолу, щое важливим аспектом для подолання економiчноi кризи i глобальних ^матичних змш.
Фэдун Н.О., Салата А.М., Салата О. С., Васыльченко О.А. Экологические преимущества биоэтанола по сравнению с бензином
Проведена сравнительная характеристика бензина и биоэтанола как автомобильного топлива. Показаны экологические и экономические преимущества биоэтанола, что является важным аспектом для преодоления экономического кризиса и глобальных климатических изменений.
УДК 504.054 Докторант Н.Г. Мiронова, канд. техн. наук -
НЛТУ Украти, м. Львiв
Г1ДРОХ1М1ЧН1 УМОВИ ТЕХНОГЕННИХ ВОДОЙМ СХ1ДНО1 ЧАСТИНИ МАЛОГО ПОЛ1ССЯ
Проаналiзовано пдрогеолопчш умови формування та хiмiчний склад води тех-ногенних водойм схщно'1 частини Малого Полюся, що утворилися внаслщок видобу-вання тску.
Ключов1 слова: вщпрацьоваш кар'ери, техногенш водойми, хiмiчний склад, Мале Полюся.
Вступ. Видобування вщкритим способом осадових корисних копалин пов'язане з утворенням кар'ерних пол1в, як виступають основним деструктив-ним елементом формування техногенних ландшафт1в. З огляду на це, розроб-лення наукових основ оптим1заци вщпрацьованих кар'ер1в засобами рекульти-ваци та ф1томелюраци е одшею з актуальних проблем, виршення яко! забез-печуватиме поступову ренатурал1зацда природно-техногенних комплекЫв [1].
Розроблення поклад1в корисних копалин мокрим вийманням супрово-джуеться нагромадженням грунтових та шдземних вод у лож1 кар'еру. При цьому, взаемодшчи з прськими породами кар'ерного поля, щ води можуть змшювати х1м1чний склад, що необхщно враховувати тд час визначення нап-рямку рекультиваци та розроблення й реал1заци ф1томелюративних заход1в.
Мета роботи - дослщити пдрогеолопчш умови формування та х1м1ч-ний склад води техногенних водойм схщно! частини Малого Полюся.
Методи досл1дження - анал1тичш, описов1, статистичш.
Результати дослiдження. Мале Полюся - це територ1я з полюькими формами природи, яка вклинилась у середину Захщноукрашсько! люостепо-
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