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УДК 629.7.07 = 111
БИОТОПЛИВО В АВИАЦИИ
Н. В. Никитевич, А. Ю. Ромушкин Научный руководитель - П. Р. Чирков Руководитель по иностранному языку - А. Н. Ефимова
Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева
Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газ. «Красноярский рабочий», 31
Е-mail: [email protected]
Биотопливо начинает всё более и более широко использоваться во всех отраслях современной промышленности, включая транспорт. В применении к авиации, биотопливо не столь популярно, поскольку требования к стандартам качества авиационного топлива очень высоки. Однако уже были неоднократные испытательные полёты и запускались пилотные проекты по использованию определенных видов биотоплива в гражданской авиации. Работа в этом направлении продолжается, и ежегодно применение биотоплива различными авиакомпаниями в разных странах расширяется.
Ключевые слова: биотопливо, замещение, ресурс, потребление, альтернатива, производство.
BIOFUELS IN AVIATION
N. V. Nikitevich, A. Y. Romushkin Scientific Supervisor - P. R. Chirkov Foreign Language Supervisor - A. N. Efimova
Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation Е-mail: [email protected]
Biofuels become more and more widely used in all spheres of modern industry, including transport. In aviation biofuels are not very popular, because aviation fuels are liable to very high quality requirement standards. But still, there have been a number of test flights and pilot projects expanding the use of such type of fuels for civil aviation purposes. The attempts are continued, and every year brings new advancements in the use of biofuels made by different airlines in different countries.
Keywords: biofuel, substitute, resource, consumption, alternative, production.
A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic and industrial wastes. Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation. Carbon fixation is a process that takes inorganic carbon (in the form of things like CO2) and converts it into organic compounds. In other words, any process that converts carbon dioxide into a molecule that would be found in a living organism is carbon fixation. Practically, biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass (referring to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels. The chief merit of biofuel production is lies in the fact that the fuel is produced quickly and not over millions of years.
The chemical structure of biofuels can differ in the same way that the chemical structure of fossil fuels can differ. Liquid biofuels are preferable as they are easy to transport. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being
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developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. In 2010, worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17 % from 2009, and biofuels provided 2.7 % of the world's fuels for road transport, a contribution largely made up of ethanol and biodiesel.
Traditional jet fuel is a hydrocarbon, almost exclusively obtained from the kerosene fraction of crude oil. Two types of fuels are used in commercial aviation: Jet-A and Jet A-1. Fuel specifications for aviation fuels are very stringent. For aviation, advanced liquid biofuels are the only low-CO2 option for substituting kerosene, as they have a high specific energy content. Advanced biofuels for aviation should use a sustainable resource to produce a fuel that can be considered as substitute for traditional jet fuel, while not consuming valuable food, land and water resources. A big challenge facing the use of biofuels in aviation is the high quality standards requirements. Safety and fuel quality specifications are of tremendous importance in the aviation sector, however, these are not limiting the use of biofuels. The technical requirements for aviation biofuels are: a high performance fuel, that can withstand a range of operational conditions; a fuel that does not compromise safety; a fuel that can directly substitute traditional jet fuel aviation; a fuel that meets stringent performance targets. Globally, various conversion technologies are being developed by research organizations, airlines, fuel producers and aircraft manufactures. Testing of biofuels is crucial to determine suitability for aviation. In the testing process, which aims to maintain the highest standards in safety, biofuels must undergo dozens of experiments in the laboratory, on the ground and in the air. Many major airlines and air forces have been involved in some kind of test flights with biofuels and the number of these demonstration flights continues to grow and indicate the increasing interest in biofuels for aviation. Biofuels have been used in commercial passenger flights since the autumn of 2011.
According to the goals set by The White Paper - Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area, it is possible to reach a share of 40 % use of sustainable low carbon fuels in aviation by 2050. Europe aims at being established as a center of excellence on sustainable alternative fuels, based on a strong European energy policy. The initiative labeled "European Advanced Biofuels Flight Path" presented a plan to achieve an annual production of two million tons of sustainably produced biofuel for aviation by 2020, supporting and promoting the production, storage and distribution of sustainably produced drop - in biofuels for use in aviation.
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, in partnership with the Schiphol Group, Delta Air Lines and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey christened the first in a series of biofuel-powered flights between Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport on March 8. 2013 The flight of the KLM Boeing 777-200 also marked the beginning of a demonstration by Boeing and KLM of several advanced technologies aimed at improving operational efficiency, saving fuel and reducing noise and emissions. The same year, during the 1.5-hour flight above the Netherlands, one engine of the Boeing 747 ran on a mixture of 50 percent sustainable biofuel and 50 percent on traditional kerosene. The other three engines ran on 100 percent normal kerosene. KLM Chief Executive Peter Hartman said the biofuel used on the flight reduces CO2 emissions by up to 80 percent compared to conventional kerosene. Based on the outcome of the project, Boeing and KLM said they will establish new operational procedures and recommendations for further development programs with partners including the National Aerospace Laboratory of the Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, JFK airport, the Nav Canada Gander and UK NATS Shanwick oceanic control operations and the Schiphol Group, which operates Schiphol airport.
Even earlier in the USA, Virgin Atlantic and its partners Boeing, used a Boeing 747 jumbo jet in a flight from London to Amsterdam, burning a mix of 20 percent biofuel and 80 percent standard jet fuel in one of its four engines without any modifications to the aircraft. Technical advisors were on board, collecting and recording flight data for analysis, which could be used in future research and the development of next-generation biofuels. One of the latest American advances in this field is a United Airlines flight made on March 11. 2016. It was the first U.S. airline to begin use of commercial-scale volumes of sustainable aviation biofuel for regularly scheduled flights with the departure of United Flight 708 from Los Angeles International Airport. The launch marks a significant milestone in the commercial aviation industry by moving beyond demonstration flights and test programs to the use of advanced biofuels for regular operations.
References
1. Biofuels for Air Transport. Available at: http://www.biofuelstp.eu/aviation-biofuels.html [2.03.2016]
2. Deutscher H. (2008) Airline industry advances use of biofuels. Available at: http://www. biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2265/airline-industry-advances-use-of-biofuels [2.03.2016]
3. United Airlines. (2016) United Airlines begins using biojet fuel in routine LAX flights. Available at: http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/893006/united-airlines-begins-using-biojet-fuel-in-routine-lax-flights [2.03.2016]
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