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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-2-13-19
Dynamics of the main signs of physical development and body weight components of swimmers and divers during the period since 11 to 15 years-
old
Evgeniya A. Raspopova*, Irina V. Chebotareva
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism
Moscow, Russia ORCID. 0000-0002-1129-4492, raspopova48@mail.ru* ORCID. 0000-0002-7654-5221, iracheb2001@mail.ru
Abstract: It is a known fact that athletes' physical development indices mainly condition the level of their sports achievements at all stages of a long-term training [1,2,3]. At the same time, physical development submits to the laws of ontogenesis. It is conditioned by hereditary factors and environment influences, including sports training. The period since 11 till 15 years-old complies with intensive biological processes in an organism of young athletes, which happen heterochronously and heterodynamously[4]. In this connection it is especially important to study the peculiarities of athletes' development of different specializations under the influence of differently oriented physical loads [1]. Special interest presents studying the dynamics of physical development indices among young swimmers and divers. Materials. The article compares annual indices increase of physical development and age-related dynamics of weight components among young 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers. They study at sports school of the Olympic reserve in Moscow. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, anthropometry, body weight fractionation, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. We revealed the differences of the main physical development and weight change indices increases within the period since 11 till 15 year-old among swimmers and divers. Conclusion. The held research helps to make the following conclusion: several factors influence the processes of growth and organism development of swimmers and divers. The factors are the following: character of sports activity, methodology of training, sports selection for these kinds of sport influence. Keywords: swimmers, divers, physical development indices increases, body weight content.
For citation: Evgeniya A. Raspopova*, Irina V. Chebotareva. Dynamics of the main signs of physical development and body weight components of swimmers and divers during the period since 11 to 15 years-old. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(2): 12-16. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-2-
13-19
Introduction
It is a known fact that athletes' physical development indices mainly condition the level of their sports achievements at all stages of a long-term training [4,5,6]. At the same time, physical development submits to the laws of ontogenesis, it is conditioned by hereditary factors and environment influences, including sports training. The period since 11 till 15 years-old complies with intensive biological processes in an organism of young athletes, which happen heterochronously and heterodynamously [7,8]. In different age groups sports result is conditioned by the level of physical development and athlete's fitness level. It means the higher the level of physical development is, the more opportunities we have for high sports results achievement. In this connection it is especially important to study the peculiarities of athletes' development of different specializations under the influence of differently oriented physical loads Several works were dedicated to athletes' morpho-
functional indices study [1,3,4]. The works show the importance of athletes' constitution characteristics for high results achievement in different kinds of sport.
We know the works of the authors [5, 8], which study physical development of athletes during the separate periods of a long-term training. During the recent years there appears the information connected with the dynamics of physical development among the athletes. They specialize in swimming and diving during the separate age periods.
Special interest presents the comparison of physical development indices dynamics among young swimmers and divers within the period since 11 till 15 years-old.
The aim of this research work is to reveal the peculiarities of physical development dynamics among swimmers and divers since 11 till 15 years-old.
The objectives of the research:
1. To set the differences in dynamics of physical development indices among young 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers.
2. To compare the changes of body weight components among young swimmers and divers during the period since 11 till 15 years-old.
Materials and methods
I n order to study physical development and the peculiarities of young swimmers' and divers' constitution we used the methods of anthropometry and body weight fractionation. The results of the research were handled with the help of mathematical statistics methods. We calculated the following: mean indices - X, standard deviations - o, validity of differences of mean indices according to Student's t-test, tempo of indices increase- A and in %.
11-15 year-old swimmers and divers of the Olympic reserve sports school in Moscow took part in the research
Apart from body length we studied weight and chest circumference indices. Body weight proves musculoskeletal system, subcutaneous fat, internal organs development.
In contrast to body length body weight is relatively labile and can change under the influence of outer factors, including sports training.
Annual increases of body weight during 1112 and 12-13 year-old among swimmers are lower, than among divers. However, at the age of 13-14 in terms of pubertal body length sudden rise, we had sufficient annual body weight increase among swimmers (for 18,4 kg, 52,12% from the initial weight at the age of 11). Among divers during this period annual increases preserve the level of the
Results and Discussion
The important criteria of organism growth and development among children and teen-agers are the indices. They characterize constitution -total body sizes. One of the most important and the most stable features of all physical development indices is body length. It characterizes the state of growing processes in an organism.
Studying annual increases of the main features of 11-15 year-old swimmers' and divers' physical development, showed pre-pubertal body length sudden rise at the age of 11-12. The increase is almost the same and is 4,16 and 4,04. The greatest body length increase was revealed among swimmers at the age of 13-14, it is 14,6 cm, or 9,96%, from the initial level (11 year-old), among divers - at the age of 14-15, 10,8 cm, or 7,93% (Fig. 1).
Thus, pubertal body length sudden rise among divers happens in the average one year later, than among swimmers. The volume of pubertal body length sudden rise among divers is smaller, than among swimmers.
previous years (11-12, 12-13 13-14), and during the period since 14 till 15 years-old muscle mass increase achieves its maximal values (8,9 kg, or 28,25%) (Fig. 2).
One of the main indices of physical development is chest circumference. It characterizes functional state of thoracic cavity organs.
Analysis of the dynamics of chest circumference increase among swimmers and divers proves that during the period of 11-12 years-old divers have advantage over swimmers. However, starting from 12 the volumes of increases among swimmers become higher, than among divers. The character of increase curves of this index among swimmers and divers is identical (Fig. 3).
20 15 10 5 0
11- 12
12-13 -swimmers A
13 -14 l— diversA
14-15
Fig. 1. Dynamics of body length increase among 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers
20
15
16 14 12 10
8 6 4 2 0
11-12
12-13 -swimmers A
13-14 ■—divers A
14-15
Fig. 2. Dynamics of annual body weight increases among 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers
Fig. 3. Dynamics of annual increases of chest circumference among 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers
Apart from body weight, we studied its components - muscle, fat and bone. Body weight components analysis among the respondents is important, as in case of one and the same weight the percentage of the components can be different. Studying the content of body weight among
swimmers and divers since 11 till 15 years-old proves uneven character of its components change. Muscle mass index among the respondents is the same at the age of 11 and 15, however, at the age of 12-14 higher indices were revealed among divers
(Fig. 4).
qn
4B __——' ^^ 46 , ---- ---- 44 42 ——
40 3S
11 12 13 14 1 5
—♦—swimmers —■—divers
(in %)
25 20 15 .- -■---
10
5
0
11 12 13 14 —*—swimmers ■ divers 1 5
Fig. 5. Dynamics of bone component indices of body weight among 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers
(in %)
Comparing the dynamics of active body mass of young swimmers and divers helps to underline that during the period of the research divers have the advantage over the swimmers, the
smallest differences were revealed at the age of 11. The dynamics of active body mass curves among swimmers and divers has similar character (Fig. 6).
2D 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
♦ —
^ | __
■ - ■ J
-----
11 12 13 14 15 —+— swim mers —■— divers
Fig. 6. Dynamics of active body mass indices among 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers (in %)
Fig. 7. Dynamics of fat component indices of body weight among 11-15 year-old swimmers and divers (in
%)
Speaking about fat component (Fig. 7), it is stronger expressed among swimmers. The greatest differences were at the age of 11. At the age of 1214 the difference gradually decreases, achieving minimum at the age of 15.
Conclusion
We revealed the differences of the main physical development indices increases and the content of body mass change during the period since 11 till 15 years-old among swimmers and divers: -- pubertal body length sudden rise among divers happens one year later, than among swimmers and the volume of body length increase among divers during this period is lower, than among swimmers;
- maximal increase of body weight among swimmers was at the age of 13-14 and it corresponds with the peak of body length increase, among divers it happens one year later;
- the character of the curves, which reflect the increases of chest circumference, among swimmers and divers at the age of 12-15 was identical, but the values of increase among divers were lower, than among swimmers;
- according to an active body weight during the period of the research divers had the advantage over the swimmers, the smallest differences were revealed at the age of 11 and maximal were revealed at the age of 13;
- the greatest differences according to fat component were revealed between swimmers and divers at the age of 11, further this difference decreases and achieves minimal values at the age of 15.
The held research helps to make the following conclusion: several factors influence the processes of growth and organism development of swimmers and divers. The factors are the following: character of sports activity, methodology of training, sports selection for these kinds of sport influence.
References
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Submitted: 10.02.2022 Author's information:
EvgeniyaA. Raspopova - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyi blvd str., House 4, e-mail: raspopova48@ mail.ru
Irina V. Chebotareva - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Russian State University of
