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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-1-29-35 Sexual dimorphism in young 11-12 year-old divers and swimmers
Evgeniya A. Raspopova*, Irina V. Chebotareva
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism
Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-1129-4492, raspopova48@mail.ru* ORCID: 0000-0002-7654-5221, iracheb2001@mail.ru
Abstract: Morphofunctional characteristics of athletes, who specialize in different kinds of sport are interesting for many scientists and it is reflected in their works. Special interest cause the characteristics of gender differences in the tempos of physical and biological development of athletes. They specialize in water kinds of sport. However, there were no works about sexual dimorphism comparison in 11-12 year-old children, who go in for diving and swimming. Materials. The article is about yearly growth of physical development indices in boys and girls. They go in for diving and swimming (sports schools of the Olympic reserve in Moscow). Research methods. Scientific literature analysis and summarizing, anthropometry, fractionation of body weight, methods of statistical data handling. Results. We revealed sexual differences in physical development, in proportions and body mass content in 11-12 year-old divers and swimmers. More distinct sexual dimorphism was revealed in the group of young 11-12 year-old swimmers according to the main indices of physical development, according to the index of body mass and body length ratio and fat component. Conclusion. The held research showed different degree of sexual dimorphism both in swimmers and divers at the age of 11-12.
Keywords: divers, swimmers, sexual dimorphism, physical development, body mass content, body proportions.
For citation: Evgeniya A. Raspopova*, Irina V. Chebotareva. Sexual dimorphism among young 11-12 year-old divers and swimmers. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020; 15(1): 25-30. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-1-29-35
INTRODUCTION
Studying the peculiarities of male and female organism development in athletes of different specializations is one of the most important aspects of sports science [1,2]. Many well-known scientists studied the peculiarities of physical development of athletes in terms of age-related aspect [3,4 and others].
Nowadays there is no definite information concerning the methodology of training men and women. There are two different opinions concerning the problem of sexual dimorphism. One group of scientists offers to organize training women taking into account their biological characteristics and the other group of scientists insists that the training process should be organized in the same way as men [2].
In the theory of physical culture and sport the problem of sexual dimorphism is studied. This problem is based on gender differences of male and female sport. The main disadvantage of most modern research works in theory of physical
culture is in the problem that the estimation of the received scientific results is held without taking into consideration sexual dimorphism. Only such kind of an approach would help to reveal objective reasons for the existing problems of female sport and reject out-of gender study of physical culture problems in general [2, 9-14].
In water kinds of sport, in our opinion, not enough attention is paid to this problem. The works by Timakova T.S. [5] reveal considerable differences between the type of constitution and puberty of boys and girls. Some works were dedicated to studying the influence of biological maturation tempos on the dynamics of sports achievements in swimmers and divers [3,5,6,7,8]. However, there were no works about sexual dimorphism study in these kinds of sport.
In this connection the aim of this research work was to reveal the peculiarities of sexual dimorphism demonstration in the tempos of physical development among 11-12 year-old divers
and swimmers.
The objectives of the research:
1. To study sexual dimorphism in young 11-12 year-old swimmers and divers.
2. To reveal the main differences of sexual dimorphism in 11-12 year-old swimmers and divers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Physical development and constitution peculiarities study in young swimmers and divers was held by means of anthropometry method. The results were handled by means of mathematical statistics methods. We calculated the average indices - X, standard deviations - o, and the validity of differences of the average indices according to Student t-test. The research was held on the basis of sports school of the Olympic reserve in Moscow in 20i6-i7.Young 11-13 year-old swimmers and divers took part in the research (20 people in each group).
valid (table 1).
The indices of boys of the same age were higher than among girls, and the difference between them was 1,7 cm.
At the age of 12 girls (divers and swimmers) have higher indices of body length than boys, among divers the difference is insignificant (0,1 cm), among swimmers- 6,1 cm.
Yearly growth of body length in boys-divers was higher, than in girls for 2,2 cm (table 1) in swimmers yearly increases of body length among girls were higher that in boys (for 7,8 cm) (table 2).
According to body weight in divers and swimmers at the age of 11 the difference between boys and girls was the same and is 0,7 kg. By the age of 12 the differences between the athletes of both genders increase. Divers boys surpass girls in weight for 3,2 kg, in swimmers this index is higher in girls (8,7 kg). At the same time we revealed considerable differences of yearly weight increase in divers and swimmers. So yearly increases in boys-divers are 2,5 kg higher, than in girls and in swimmers yearly increases of girls were higher, than in boys for 9,4 kg.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sexual dimorphism study in young divers and swimmers showed that among 11 year-old girls, who go in for diving, body length indices are 2,3 cm higher, than among boys. The differences were not
Table 1 - Comparative results of the main indices yearly increases in 11-12 year-old divers physical development
Indices Age (years) Boys Girls A P
X ± o X ± o
Length of body (cm) 11 136,2 ± 4,0 138,5 ± 4,9 - 2,3 >0,05
12 141,7 ± 4,7 141,8 ± 4,7 - 0,1 > 0,05
Yearly increase A 5,5 3,3 2,2
Weight (kg) 11 31,5 ± 2,6 30,8 ± 3,3 0,7 >0,05
12 35,5 ± 4,3 32,3 ± 8,4 3,2 >0,05
Yearly increase A 4,0 1,5 2,5
Chest volume (cm) 11 68,7 ± 2,9 67,1 ± 3,7 1,6 >0,05
12 71,7 ± 3,7 69,9 ± 3,1 1,8 >0,05
Yearly increase A 3 2,8 0,2
Broca Index (body length -weight - 100) 11 4,7 7,8 -3,1
12 6,2 9,5 -3,3
Yearly increase A 1,5 1,7 -,0,2
Divers-boys surpass girls in chest volume for 1,6 cm, and girls-swimmers surpass boys for 0,4 cm (differences are invalid in both cases in case P>0,05).
By the age of 12 the differences according to this index in boys-divers increase insignificantly (1,8 cm), in swimmers there is considerable chest volume increase in girls for 10,8 cm, at the same
Table 2 - Comparative results of yearly increases of 1 swimmers
time the difference of chest volume in girls and boys is 9,9 cm.
We revealed gender differences in yearly increases of chest volume index in the representatives of divers and swimmers. In divers the differences are insignificant. But swimmers-girls surpass boys in yearly increase for 9,5 cm (p<0,05).
main physical development indices in 11-12 year-old
Indices Age (years) Boys Girls A P
X ± 0 X ± 0
Body length (cm) 11 146,6 ± 4,2 144,9 ± 1,6 1,7 <0,05
12 152,7 ± 4,9 158,8 ± 4,8 - 6,1 <0,01
Yearly increase A 6,1 13,9 -7,8
Weight (kg) 11 35,3 ± 1,9 34,6 ± 0,7 0,7 >0,05
12 37,5 ± 4,1 46,2 ±1,3 - 8,7 <0,05
Yearly increase A 2,2 11,6 -9,4
Chest volume (cm) 11 70,9 ± 2,9 71,3 ± 1,2 - 0,4 >0,05
12 72,2 ± 7,2 82,1 ± 4,8 - 9,9 <0,05
Yearly increase A 1,3 10,8 -9,5
Broca Index (body length -weight - 100) 11 11,3 10,3 1,0
12 15,2 12,6 2,6
Yearly increase A 3,9 2,3 1,6
Broca Index in female divers is higher both of yearly increase of Broca Index was insignificantly at 11 and at 12 years-old, than in boys. In swimmers higher (0,2%) in female divers, and in swimmers it this index was higher than in boys. The difference is higher in boys (1,6%).
Table 3 - Comparative results of body proportions yearly changes in young 11-12 year-old divers, (in %)
Indices Age (years) Boys Girls A P
X ± 0 X ± 0
Weight / body length 11 23,1± 0,3 22,2± 0,3 0,9 < 0,05
12 25,0±0,3 22,7±0,3 2,3 < 0,01
Yearly increase A 1,9 0,5 1,4
Chest volume / body length 11 50,4±0,5 48,4±0,4 2,0 < 0,05
12 50,6±0,4 49,3±0,3 1,3 < 0,05
Yearly increase A 0,2 0,9 -0,7
Shoulders width / body length 11 21,0±0,3 20,4±0,3 0,6 < 0,01
12 22,1±0,5 22,1 ± 0,2 0 > 0,05
Yearly increase A 1,1 1,7 -0,6
Body proportions were studied according to the ratio of body weight, chest volume, shoulders width and body length of young 11-12 year-old divers and swimmers. The received results analysis show (tables 3 and 4) that at the age of 11 and 12 the ratio of body weight to body length in divers is higher in boys, than in girls. At the same time in boys yearly increase of this index is higher and the difference between boys and girls increases by the age of 12. Among swimmers gender differences at the age of 11 are insignificant and by the age of 12 there is considerable increase of this index among girls, which leads to valid differences at the age of 12.
The ratio of chest volume to body length in divers is higher in boys, than in girls. The situation in swimmers is different: at the age of 11 and 12 higher results have girls.
According to the ratio of shoulders width to body length there were differences at the age of 11. Among divers higher indices have boys
among swimmers girls. But by the age of 12 these differences disappear.
Weight content analysis in divers and swimmers showed that girls have advantage in muscle component of body weight both at the age of 11 and 12 (tables 5 and 6). Yearly increases of muscle mass are higher in female divers (3,9%), and in female swimmers they are lower (1,9%). In boys-swimmers there is percentage of muscle mass decrease by the age of 12 (for 2,2%), in divers there is positive dynamics. It is probably connected with the peculiarities of the divers training process, directed toward speed-power qualities development.
Speaking about bone component of body mass, it should be noted that swimmers have relatively lower indices, than divers. It is conditioned by the specificity of sports swimming. There light skeleton provides better hydrostatic and hydrodynamic qualities of an athlete.
Table 4 - Comparative results of body proportions yearly changes in 11-13 year-old swimmers (in %)
Indices Age (years) Boys Gils A P
X ± 0 X ± 0
Weight / body length 11 24,1± 0,3 23,9± 1,3 0,2 > 0,05
12 24,5± 0,2 29,1± 1,2 - 4,6 < 0,05
Yearly increase A 0,4 5,2 - 4,8
Chest volume / body length 11 48,4±0,4 49,2±0,5 - 0,8 < 0,05
12 47,3±0,5 51,7±1,5 -4,4 < 0,05
Yearly increase A - 1,1 2,5 -1,4
Shoulders width/ body length 11 21,9±0,4 22,6±1,4 - 0,7 < 0,05
12 22,3±0,3 22,3±1,3 0 >0,05
Yearly increase A 0,4 - 0,3 0,1
Studying percentage of fat component 12. It is connected with the necessity to accumulate
content in body weight showed that swimmers have fat in order to have the opportunity to spend more the advantage over divers both at the age of 11 and time in water.
Table 5 - Comparative results of weight content yearly changes in 11-13 year-old divers (%)
Indices Age (years) Boys Girls A P
X ± 0 X ± 0
Muscle mass % 11 45,6 ± 3,9 46,4 ± 3,0 - 0,8 >0,05
12 47,1 ± 3,2 50,3 ± 6,6 - 3,2 >0,05
Yearly increase A 1,5 3,9 -2,4
Bone mass % 11 21,2 ± 1,5 20,9± 1,1 0,3 <0,05
12 21,1 ± 0,4 21,2 ± 3,6 - 0,1 <0,05
Yearly increase A - 0,1 0,3 0,2
Fat mass % 11 4,3 ± 1,9 5,9 ± 1,7 - 1,6 < 0,05
12 10,6 ± 0,5 6,2 ± 2,1 4,4 < 0,05
Yearly increase A 6,3 0,3 6,0
Table 6 - Comparative results of weight content yearly changes in 11-12 year-old divers (%)
Indices Age (years) Boys Girls A P
X ± 0 X ± 0
Muscle mass % 11 46,1 ± 3,7 48,0 ± 3,7 - 1,9 >0,05
12 43,9 ± 3,5 49,9 ± 3,5 - 6,0 >0,05
Yearly increase A - 2,2 1,9 - 0,3
Bone mass % 11 19,2 ± 1,6 17,8 ± 1,6 1,4 >0,05
12 19,8 ± 1,6 17,9 ± 1,6 1,9 >0,05
Yearly increase A 0,6 0,1 0,5
Fat mass % 11 17,4 ± 5,6 18,0 ± 5,6 - 0,6 < 0,05
12 17,7 ± 6,0 21,8 ± 6,0 - 4,1 < 0,05
Yearly increase A 0,3 3,8 -3,5
CONCLUSION of swimmers.
1. We revealed considerable
. . .... 2. Body proportions study (the ratio of
gender differences of the main physical
... . . weight, chest volume and shoulders width to body
development indices yearly increases in
length) in young divers and swimmers showed that
divers and swimmers during the age period
.. T . , yearly changes during the age period: 11-12 years
11-12 years-old. In swimmers the difference
. . . . , . . . old are insignificant in terms of chest volume and
of yearly body length indices increase in
... „ ... shoulders width to body length. According to the
boys and girls was 7,8 cm, in divers - 2,2
. . ... . ratio of mass to body length gender differences are
cm., according to body weight in swimmers
more vivid in swimmers.
- 9,4 kg, in divers- 2,5kg, according to chest
3. It was stated that according to muscle
volume - 9,5 cm in swimmers and 0,2 cm in
component of weight at the age of 11 and 12 girls
divers and according to Broca Index- i,6and
have the advantage (both divers and swimmers).
0,2. Thus, sexual dimorphism at the age of
..... . . . However, sexual dimorphism is more distinct in
11-12 is vividly demonstrated in the group
divers. According to fat component more distinct gender differences are in swimmers.
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Submitted: 03.02.2020 Author's information:
EvgeniyaA. Raspopova - Doctor ofPedagogics, Professor, Russian State University ofPhysical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyi blvd., House 4, e-mail: raspopova48@ mail.ru
Irina V. Chebotareva - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyi blvd., House 4, e-mail: iracheb2001@mail.ru
