CC BY
89
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-33-37 Physical development of young 11-13-year-old swimmers and divers
Evgeniya A. Raspopova*, Irina V. Chebotareva
Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Russian State University of
Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism", Moscow, Russia ORCID: 000-0002-1129-4492, [email protected]* [email protected]
Abstract: Morphofunctional indices mainly determine the propensity of athletes for different kinds of sport and can fulfill the role of the restrictor in high sports results achievement. Athletes' morphofunctional indices study in different specializations is one of the most important directions of sports science. In recent years a lot of material is gathered concerning the dynamics of athletes' physical and biological development. The connection with the tempo of sports achievements increase is shown. However, constitution and physical development indices comparison among young swimmers and divers wasn't held earlier. Materials. The article compares morphofunctional indices of young 11-13-year-old swimmers and divers, showed the differences in physical development of swimmers and divers from sports school of the Olympic reserve in Moscow. Research methods. Anthropometry, weight fractionation, experimental statistics. Results. We revealed the differences in physical development and weight content of 11-13-year-old divers and swimmers. So, the swimmers have higher indices of body length and mass, chest circumference, divers have the advantage of an active body mass. Conclusion. The held research in water since the age of 11. These differences are, apparently, conditioned by sports selection influence, on the one hand, and the process of sports training on the other.
Keywords: swimmers, divers, physical development, body weight structure.
For citation: Evgeniya A. Raspopova E.A.*, Irina V. Chebotareva. Physical development of young 11-13-year-old swimmers and divers. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(1): 29-33. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-33-37
Morphofunctional indices study among athletes of different specializations is one of the most important directions of sports science. Most popular scientists studied the peculiarities of athletes' constitution [1,2]. Morphofunctional indices study helps to solve the main problems of modern sport: - sports suitability selection and determination in different kinds of sport [2, 3, 4, 5,]; - rate of growth and a short-term potential determination during the separate age periods [6]; orientation of people from different regions in sports specialization choice and others.
In recent years a lot of material is gathered concerning the dynamics of athletes' physical and biological development. The connection with the tempo of sports achievements increase is shown [6,7]. However, constitution and physical development indices comparison among young
swimmers and divers wasn't held earlier.
The aim of the research was the peculiarities of constitution determination and the tempo of swimmers' and divers' physical development in pre-puberty and puberty periods.
The objectives of the research:
1. To study the peculiarities of physical development among 11-13-year-old young swimmers and divers.
2. To compare the indices of body weight content among young 11-13-year-old swimmers and divers.
3. To reveal the main differences of young athlete's constitution, who specialize in swimming and diving.
Research Methods
Physical development and constitution peculiarities study among young swimmers and
divers was held with the help of anthropometry. The results were handled with the help of mathematical statistics method. We calculated the average indices - X, standard deviations - o, and validity of the average indices' differences according to Student t-test. The research was held on the basis of the Olympic reserve Sports school in Moscow in 20162017. Young 11-13-year-old swimmers and divers took part in the research (20 people in each age group).
Table 1 - Comparative data of physical develops
Results and Discussion
Comparative analysis of the main physical development indices (table 1) showed that according to body length young 11-13-year-old swimmers surpass their coevals' divers. The greatest difference in body length indices was in the age group "12 years old", which is 11,0 cm. At the age of 11 the difference is 10,4 cm, at the age of 13-8.8 cm.
nt indices of 11-13-year-old swimmers and divers
Indices Age (years) Swimmers Divers P
X ± o X ± o
Body length (cm) 11 146,6 ± 4,2 136,2 ± 4,0 < 0,05
12 152,7 ± 4,9 141,7 ± 4,7 < 0,05
13 155,0 ± 5,4 146,2 ± 7,0 < 0,05
Body weight (kg) 11 35,3 ± 1,9 31,5 ± 2,6 <0,05
12 37,5 ± 4,1 35,5 ± 4,3 >0,05
13 38,4 ± 8,9 39,5 ± 6,1 >0,05
Chest circumference (cm) 11 70,9 ± 2,9 68,7 ± 2,9 >0,05
12 72,2 ± 7,2 71,7 ± 3,7 >0,05
13 77,0 ± 3,9 74,7± 5,5 >0,05
BrocaIndex(body length- body weight - 100) 11 11,3 4,7
12 15,2 6,2
13 15,5 7,8
Swimmers and divers' body weight comparison shows that at the age of 11 swimmers validly surpass divers (by 3,8 kg). However, at the age of 12 the difference is 2,0 kg, at the age of 13 divers surpass swimmers in body mass by 1,1 kg, at the same time, the differences of the average volumes are invalid.
In chest circumference swimmers in all age groups (11-13 years) surpass divers, though the differences are not statistically valid.
According to Broca Index swimmers considerably surpass divers. At the age of 11 Broca Index among swimmers is 11,3. At the same time, among divers this index is 4,7. This tendency preserves during the studied period (table 1). It reflects the specificity of swimming as a kind of sport: the higher Broca Index is, the higher is body buoyancy. For divers this index is not very important.
Body mass components study among the examined groups showed that divers surpass
swimmers in muscular tissue in all age groups, except for the group of 11 year-old children. However, these differences are not valid. In the course of growing muscular component of divers increases and the difference at the age of 12 is 3,2%, at the age of 134,7%.
Bone mass indices comparison also shows heavier bone mass among divers. At the same time, the difference in bone mass among swimmers and divers at the age of 13 is 3,9% and the validity of differences achieves considerable values. This is proved by the results of the active body mass, which is higher among divers in all studied age groups (table 2).
Speaking about fat component, it is more distinct among swimmers, than among divers. At the age of 11 the difference is 13,1%, at the age of 1212,5%, at the age of 13-8,1%. It reflects the specificity of swimming: as swimmers are in water for a long time period while they are training, it increases heat elimination and subcutaneous fat prevents body
Table 3 - Age-related dynamics of body proportions among young swimmers and divers at the age of 11-13
(in % from body length)
from overcooling and increases body buoyancy.
Table 2 - Comparative results of body mass content (%) among swimmers and divers at the age of 11-13
Indices Age (years) Swimmers Divers P
X ± 0 X ± 0
Muscle mass, % 11 46,1 ± 3,7 45,6 ± 3,9 >0,05
12 43,9 ± 3,5 47,1 ± 3,2 >0,05
13 42,5 ± 2,4 47,2 ± 3,3 < 0,05
Bone mass, % 11 19,2 ± 1,6 21,2 ± 1,5 >0,05
12 19,8 ± 1,6 21,1 ± 0,4 >0,05
13 17,7 ± 1,7 21,6 ± 0,6 < 0,05
Fat mass % 11 17,4 ± 5,6 4,3 ± 1,9 < 0,05
12 17,7 ± 6,0 10,6 ± 0,5 < 0,05
13 13,2 ± 2,7 10,3 ± 0,2 < 0,05
Active body mass, % 11 65,3 ± 2,7 66,8 ± 1,5 >0,05
12 63,7 ± 4,2 68,6 ± 1,8 >0,05
13 61,3 ± 4,8 67,8 ± 1,7 < 0,05
Indices Age (years) Swimmers Divers P
X ± 0 X ± 0
Weight, % 11 24,1± 0,3 23,1± 0,3 < 0,05
12 24,5± 0,2 25,0±0,3 < 0,05
13 24,8± 0,4 27,0±0,5 < 0,05
Chest circumference, % 11 48,4±0,4 50,4±0,4 < 0,05
12 47,3±0,5 50,6±0,3 < 0,05
13 49,7± 0,2 51,1±0,5 < 0,05
Shoulder breadth, % 11 21,9±0,4 21,0±0,3 < 0,05
12 22,3±0,3 22,1 ± 0,2 >0,05
13 23,0±0,2 22,2 ± 0,2 < 0,05
Width of pelvis, % 11 15,1± 0,3 15,2±0,4 >0,05
12 14,9±0,2 15,5 ± 0,1 < 0,05
13 14,8±0,15 15,5 ± 0,2 < 0,05
The research showed that a morphotype of a swimmer and a diver is formed among young athletes by the age of 13. Swimmers have the following characteristics: they are tall, have relatively low weight and high Broca indices. Divers have the following characteristics: they are not very tall and have athletic constitution, which is seen in considerable indices of muscle and bone tissue. These conclusions are proved by the results of body proportions (table 3).
We revealed valid differences of body proportions among the studied groups according
to most indices. The most evident differences are seen in terms of age-related development of young athletes by the age of 13. Swimmers have longer body and divers have athletic constitution. It is connected with the peculiarities of their sports activity.
Conclusion
Thus, the held research showed that there are differences in physical development of swimmers and divers since the age of 11. These differences are apparently conditioned by the influence of sports training. It is proved by the absence of some physical
development indices and body mass content valid differences at the age of 11 and the increase of differences by the age of 13.
It was stated that swimmers surpass divers in the main physical development indices (body length and weight, chest circumference). The most vivid differences were revealed according to Broca index.
Divers have higher active body mass indices (bone and muscle components) and swimmers surpass them in fat mass. The revealed differences of body proportions among swimmers and divers prove that there are peculiarities of body mechanism among athletes-swimmers and athletes-divers.
References
1. Bulgakova N.Zh., Popov O.I., Chebotareva I.V. Age-related periods of a swimmer's morphotype formation at the stages of a long-term training. Fiziologiya razvitiya cheloveka: materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii, Iyun', 22-24, 2009 [Human fiziology: materials of the International scientific conference, June, 22-24, 2009]. Moscow. 2009; 97-99 (In Russ.).
2. Raspopova E.A., Panasyuk T.V. The role of morphofunctional criteria of divers selection at different stages of a long-term training process. Sovremennoe obrazovanie, fizicheskaya kultura, sport i turism: materialy 2-j regional'noj, mezhvuzovsokoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Sochi, Noyabr', 22-23, 2011 [Modern education, physical culture, sport and tourism: materials of the 2nd regional, interuniversity scientific-practical conference, Sochi, November, 22-23, 2011]. Sochi: Sochi State University. 2011; 80-83 (In Russ.).
3. Raspopova E.A., Panasyuk T.V., Shovgenya N.E. The peculiarities of sports achievements and biological development tempo dynamics among male-divers. Problemy I perspektivy razvitiya fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta: Vserossijskaya yubilejnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya conferenciya [Problems and perspectives of physical culture and sport: All-Russian anniversary scientific-practical conference]. V.Luki. 2005; 311317 (In Russ.).
4. Bulgakova N.Zh., Popov O.I.,
Chebotareva I.V. The level of maturation and age-related zones of more intensive tempos of somatic and functional indices increase as the criterion of the training influences orientation. Sovremennyi Olimpiyskiy sport i sport dlya vsekh: materialy XIV Mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kongressa, Kiev, Ukraina [Modern Olympic sport and sport for all: materials of the XIV International scientific congress, Kiev, the Ukraine]. Kiev. 2010; 1: 388-391.
5. Evgeniya A. Raspopova, Yuliya A. Postolnik. Physical readiness increases among female students on the basis of innovative approach use to teaching swimming in terms of Physical culture discipline at a pedagogical higher educational establishment. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i medico-biologicheskie problem fizicheskoy kultury i sporta = The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2018; 13(4): 62-66. DOI: 10.14526/20704798-2018-13-4-73-79 (In Russ., In Engl.).
6. Nataliya V. Popovich, Evgeniya A. Raspopova. The role of breath holding at the initial stage of teaching children with mental disorders swimming. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i medico-biologicheskie problem fizicheskoy kultury i sporta = The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2018; 13(4): 39-42. DOI: 10.14526/20704798-2018-13-4-43-47 (In Russ., In Engl.).
7. Bar-Or O. The young athlete: Some physiological considerations. Journal of Sports Sciences. 1995; 13: 31-33.
8. Cardelli C., Lerda R., Chollet D. Analysis of breathing in the crawl as a function of skill and stroke characteristics. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2000; 90: 979-987.
9. Eriksson B.O., Saltin B. Muscle metabolism during exercise in boys aged 11 to 16 years compared to adults. Acta Paediatrica Belgica.
1974; 28: 257-265.
10. Fernandes R.J., Cardoso C.S., Soares S.M., Ascensao A.A., Colaco P.J., Vilas-Boas J.P. Time limit and VO2 slow component at intensities corresponding to VO2max in swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003; 24: 576-581.
11. Hebestreit H., Beneke R. Testing for aerobic capacity. The young athlete. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2008: 443-452.
12. Toubekis A., Tsami A., Tokmakidis S. Critical velocity and lactate threshold in young swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006; 27: 117-123.
Submitted: 23.01.2019 Author's information:
Evgenya A. Raspopova* - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyi Boulevard, House 4, e-mail: [email protected]*
Irina V. Chebotareva - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyi Boulevard, House 4, e-mail: [email protected]
