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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN KHOREZMSHAHS STATE AND KUCHLUKHAN STATE Nurmamatov J.K.
Nurmamatov Jasurbek Kuromboy o g li - Student, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, HISTORY FACULTY, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article describes the diplomatic relations of the Khorezmshah-Anushtegin's state with Kuchluk, who was one of the most powerful statesmen of his time, through historical sources. At the beginning of the 12th century, the rise of the Khorezmshah state increased the status of the ruler Alouddin Muhammad among the people. The defeat of the Guriy state, the infliction of several serious blows on the Korakhitays, and the transfer of the territory of Khorasan to the full state of the Khorezmshahs, increased the confidence of the people of Movoraunnahr in the Khorezmshah. Keywords: Kuchluk, Toyongkhan, Kozgar, Gorkhan, Khotan, Nayman.
For the people of Movaraunnahr, it was better for Movaraunnahr to be part of Khorezm than of Korakhitays. Taking all this into account, Muhammad Khorezmshah started a war against the Korakhitays for Movaraunnahr. Now there was a more dangerous opponent for the Korakhitays than Khorezmshah. These rivals were the Nayman tribes led by Kuchlukhan.
Kuchluk was the son of Toyongkhan, the leader of the Naimans tribes, one of the greatest and most formidable enemies of the Mongols. After a long preparation in the summer of 1204, Chingizkhan sent an army under the command of Jaba (Jafar) and Subutoy to subdue the Naimans. In the battle between the two, despite the numerical superiority, the Naimans were defeated and Toyongkhan was taken prisoner. As a result, Kuchlukhan escaped Mongol persecution and headed west [4].
As a result, Kuchlukhan escaped the Mongols' long persecution and came to Gorkhan, the khan of the Korakhitays (according to some historical sources, Kuchlukhan was taken captive to Gorkhan). Later, Kuchlukhan's prestige in the country increased, and even he married the daughter of Gorkhan and he was given one of the most important positions in the state. Kuchlukhan's influence in the country's political life was growing. Kuchlukhan was allowed to gather the Naimans in the country, and this pretext strengthened in East Turkestan and began the struggle for power [3]. Meanwhile, Sultan Muhammad was inflicting a series of brutal blows on the Korakhitays. At the same time, it was natural for the two countries to come closer to a common enemy.
According to some historical sources, at this time Kuchlukhan sent envoys to Sultan Muhammad and offered to unite against a common enemy. An agreement was signed in between and it is agreed to divide the state of Korakhitays. According to the treaty, if Sultan Muhammad was the first to succeed, then the region up to Qazghar and Khotan would belong to Khorezm, otherwise the lands up to Syrdarya would be given to the Nayman rulers if Kuchlukhan won before him.[1] It was this agreement between the two that later led to a conflict between the two states (Khorezmshahs and Kuchluk's state). On the one hand, Kuchlukhan sent an envoy and offered to help defeat the Korakhitays, on the other hand, the Korakhitays, led by Gorkhan, were waiting for help from Khorezmshah in the fight against the Naimans.
Gorkhan even sent a letter to the Khorezmshah with ambassadors, telling him to forget his grievances and to become an ally again, in which case Khorezmshah would give up his claim to the territories he had taken from the Korakhitays. The continuation of events in this way made Sultan Muhammad think. The Sultan, whose goal was to weaken both states (the
state of the Naimans and the Qarahitays), agreed to the ambassadors of both rulers, and soon Sultan Muhammad began marching towards Beshbalik (now Beijing).
Both rulers (Gorkhan and Kuchlukhan) thought that Khorezmshah was coming to their aid. This continuation of events will ensure that the fate of the war would ultimately be decided in favor of Kuchlukhan. In the battle, Gorkhan was captured and the country fell into the hands of the Naimans led by Kuchlukhan (1211). Meanwhile, the Sultan of Khorezm, who did not expect such a situation, repeatedly reminded his promise to the emperor Muhammad Kuchlukhan through ambassadors. As mentioned above, a dispute arises between the two through a contract. The reason for the dispute was the first: according to the agreement with Gorkhan, Gorkhan's daughter Tovgach was to be given to Sultan Muhammad, and in turn, Gorkhan's treasure was to be given to him as a dowry. Second: The conquered Korakhitays had a smaller share of the territories than was specified in the treaty. In addition, Sultan Muhammad demanded that Gorkhan personally surrender to Khorezmshah [5]. After these events, Khorezmshah Muhammad, as a result of the invasion, conquered a large areas and his confidence increased.
As a result, he repeatedly sent ambassadors to Kuchluk to demand his share. Kuchluk, in turn, prolongs the process under various pretexts. This process was a waste of time for Kuchluk to gather strength against Khorezmshah. Al-Nasawi describes the situation of Sultan Muhammad, who was outraged by these events, as follows: "If his demands were not met, Khorezmshah wanted to march on Kuchluk with such force that neither the sharpness of swords nor the strength of resistance could save him." [1].
Fig. 1. The borders of Khorazmshakhs' state
This situation forced Khorezmshah to side with Kuchluk for the first time, and Kuchluk sent great gifts to Khorezmshah. But he refused to give Gorkhan to Khorezmshah. The main reason for this is Gorkhan's resistance and his willingness to give his daughter to Kuchluk.
After Gorkhan's death (1214) the situation changed. Now Sultan Muhammad began to demand open territories from Kuchluk. Kuchluk, in turn, could not resist the demands of Khorezmshah. However, this did not last long, and the return of Khorezshah from Astrobod (1217) radically changed the situation and helped Kuchluk to increase his self-confidence.
Now Kuchluk openly refused any request of Khorezmshah. Kuchluk's words that the sword would settle the disputes between the two showed how serious the situation was for Khorezmshah. According to al-Nasawi, once the ambassadors of Khorezmshah, led by Amir Muhammad Qara Qasim, carried the Khorezmshah's letter, were chained and imprisoned by order of Kuchluk.
Meanwhile, the struggle against the Arab caliphate, which occupied the imagination of Khorezmshah, did not allow him to take any measures against the actions of Kuchluk. Meanwhile, Kuchluk was waging war on Muslims in the country and trying to force the population to convert to Buddhism, and the murderer is on the rise in the country. The main reason for the forced assimilation of Buddhism among the population was that Kuchluk believed in this religion. People repeatedly wrote letters to Khorezmshah Alouddin Muhammad seeking a safe place against the violence. But at this time there was no sound from the panicked Sultan. Under such circumstances, hope sparks appeared for the common people. These sparks were the Mongols, who were moving west with great force under Genghis Khan. The Mongols proved to be the savior of the Muslim people, which ultimately ensured the Mongol supremacy. Returning from a voyage to China, Chingizkhan sent an army led by one of his closest commanders, Jaba Noyon (Jafar), and the Naimans were defeated and the State of Kuchluk was conquered. As a result, the border of the Mongol state was connected with the border of the Khorezmshakhs. Alouddin Muhammad, on the other hand, was an observer of the Mongol conquest of the State of Kuchluk during this period, and in practice decided the fate of his own state as well.
References
1. An-Nasawi, Siyrat as-sultan Jalalad-Din Mingburni. Tashkent, 1999.
2. Azamat Ziyo. History of Uzbek statehood. Tashkent, 2000.
3. Bunyodov Z. Anushtegin's Khorezmshah state. Tashkent, 2012.
4. Ibrahim Kafes o 'g 'li. History of Khorezmshah's state. Tashkent, 2016.
5. Masharipov Q. Jaloliddin Manguberdi is a great patriotic commander. Tashkent, 2019.
6. Muhammadjonov A. History of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 1994.
