ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
ECONOMICAL-POLITICAL SITUATION IN KHOREZMSHAKH-ANUSHTEGINS STATE IN CENTRAL ASIA
Nurmatov J.K.
Nurmamatov Jasurbek Kuromboy ogli - Student, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, HISTORY FACULTY, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article highlights the changes in the economic and political life of Central Asia during Khorezmshakh Anushtegins reign (1097-1231) and the actions of the dynasty leaders to improve the economic and political situation. In the political life of Central Asia, the activity of a new state, Anushtegins, which emerged in the 12th century, is important. The economic and political situation in Central Asia during the Anushtegin period is marked by its richness of events. The ideas are approved with examples. Keywords: isfakhsalar (the leader of the army), tashtdor (the head of the sultan's hammam), voliy (governor), Qorakhitoy, Mangishloq.
This period was a time of economic and political development in Central Asia. Significant changes took place during this period, especially in political life. The political situation in the Khorezmshakh-Anushtegins era required Khorezmians to act with extreme caution. In this perilous situation Khorezmian princes made their way and raised the country further. Before the creation of the Khorezm state, Central Asia, in particular the area of Khorezm, was under the Seljuk government. Anushegins' coming to power in Khorezm is closely associated with the Seljuk's occupy Khorezm.Anushtagin, the founder of the Khorezmian dynasty, was a Turkish slave who lived in Georgia at a young age (according to historical sources). Historians Rashididdin and Hofizi Abru wrote that his descendants were of the Bekdili tribe of the Turks. When isfakhsalar Izziddin Onar (Unar) Bilgatagin purchased Anushtagin as a young slave, he became a servant of the Seljuk Sultan Malikshah (1072-1092), and his reputation grew over time. He became one of the closest courtiers of Malikshah, and later even held the position of treasurer of Sultan's pools and baths as a tashtdor. The Sultan appointed very trustworthy men for the position of tashtdor, and soon Anushtagin became one of the sultan's close people. Due to the fact that expenses for the tashtdors were taken from Khorezm at that time, Sultan Malikshoh had appointed Anushtagin to be the mutasarrif (spender), and he was given a title Khorezm mutasarrif(chief, leader of the fort). At that time the governor of Khorezm was the son of Sultan Malikshah, mamluk Ekinchi ibn Kuchkar, was a member of the political events in Central Asia for a number of years. Therefore, Anushtagin, the Khorezmian leader, could not intervene in the activities in Khorezm at the time. Under the reign of Sultan Barkeruk (1094-1104) the eastern provinces of the Seljuks were under the rule of Emir of Khurasan Dodbek Habashiy ibn Altintosh. He skillfully used the conflicts and wars of the Seljuk dynasty, and in 1097 gained independence from the Seljuks. Anushtagin died that year. Dodbek Habashi, the ruler of Khurasan appointed Anushtagin's son Kutbiddin Muhammad as the governor of Khorezm instead of Ekinchn bin Kuchkar. He was the mukto (the landowner) of Khorezm and received "Khorezmshakh" rank. The history of the Anushtegins Khorezm dynasty began with the reign of this Khorezmshah Kutbiddin Muhammad. During the reign of Malikshah's son Sultan Sanjar, who ruled after him, Khorezm still acted as a political subordinate to the Seljuk government. It is precisely the Khorezmian state's independence that dates back to Sultan Sanjar's time. It was during that time that Khorezmshah Otsiz acted as a representative of the Seljuks in Khorezm and repeatedly led to rebellion against Sultan Sanjar. In the early 40s of the 12th century, nomadic the Karakhitoys from the east defeated the Karakhanids near Khojand in 1138 and the 30,00011
strong army of the Seljuk Sultan Sanjar around Samarkand in 1141 and subjugated Movaraunnahr. However, despite the fact that only the name of Karakhoniy state was ruling here, the capital was Samarkand. Because the Karakhitoys did not stay in Movarounnahr and were limited to collecting tribute from their representatives. The Karakhitoys also conquered Khorezm. However, the Karakhitoys did not interfere in Khorezm's internal affairs and were content only with collecting customs duties and taxes from their respective countries. In return, Khorezmshakh Otsiz signed a treaty with the Karakhitoys, and Bukhara was then transferred to Khorezm. Otsiz did not stop there, and took control of Jand and the surrounding areas, which were invaded by the Karakhitoys in the lower basin of Syrdarya in 1152. As a result, the boundary of Khorezm extended considerably to the north. In general, Otsiz struggled to make Khorezm an independent state during his reign and strengthened his position. It is precisely from the beginning of the Otsiz's period that the Khorezmian state gradually gained independence. The heirs after him continued his policy. In the period of Muhammad Khorezmshakh the Khorezmshah state became a politically powerful state. As a result of continuous occupations, the territory of the country was significantly expanded. In spite of the continuous wars of the rulers, the economic life of society underwent great changes. Khorezm has always been one of the regions with the development of artificial irrigation, agriculture, livestock and crafts. In ancient times one of the main factors in the development of this land was that the Great Silk Road passed through this region. With the appearance of large political associations during the Khorezmshakh state, the political status of the state increased. This, in turn, contributed to the development of crafts, trade and the growth of cities. As a result of reaching greater political integrity and stability in the larger region, positive changes took place in the development of socio-economic relations. According to the information of archaeological research and evidence of written sources, artificial irrigation was paid great attention, and extensive use of the oasis was made as much as possible. As a result, there were no interruptions in the development of agriculture. Various agricultural products were grown. High yields were obtained from them. The cities were boiling with life, commerce and crafts were flourishing. . During this period Khorezmshakh state contained about 450 cities and regions. Since the 13th century, Gurganj flourished as a major shopping and craft center. Cities such as Hazorasp, Kat, Darghan, Mangyshlak had a leading role in trade and economic relations. Economic growth was observed not only in Khorezm, but also in many cities, such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Mazondaran, Gazna, Seiston, Khuroson, and Georgia, which were part of the Khorezm state at that time.
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